Nina Braunwald: The First Female Cardiothoracic Surgeon.

Dr Nina Braunwald is celebrated for her work as the first female cardiothoracic surgeon and her key role in the design and implementation of the first prosthetic mitral valve. She began her residency at Bellevue Hospital in 1952, a time in the United States where the scope of women's work was limited. Once her training took her to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), her historic flexible leaflet valve was developed and Dr Braunwald paved an innovative step toward the advanced prostheses of today. Afterward, she was recognized by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery in 1963. Her extensive research and educational passion for cardiothoracic surgery led to numerous publications, a leadership role with the NIH, and associate professorship at University of California San Diego and Harvard; leaving behind a significant legacy to be memorialized in awards and fellowships to women in academic cardiac surgery. Her work inspired continued evolution of the prosthetic valve and countless women to pursue surgery as a career before passing away in 1992, leaving behind a new generation of women surgeons. Despite her successful career, she was never promoted to full professor by her academic institutions.

"It Will Work": The Story of Nina Starr Braunwald and the First Successful Mitral Valve Replacement.

Cardiothoracic surgery is a clinical and scientific discipline that has evolved enormously over the last decades. Cardiac problems that were historically death sentences can now be addressed with approaches that only continue to improve. In the late 1950s, while cardiothoracic surgery was still a nascent field, Nina Starr Braunwald emerged as a pioneer for this exponential improvement. As the first woman cardiac surgeon in an era in which general surgery and surgical specialties were dominated by men, Dr Braunwald not only made revolutionary contributions to cardiothoracic surgery, but also did so while balancing roles as a dedicated mother and supportive partner.

Diamond Anniversary of Mechanical Cardiac Valve Prostheses: A Tale of Cages, Balls, and Discs.

This year marks the 60th anniversary of the first aortic and mitral valve replacements using mechanical artificial prosthesis. The first caged-ball devices represented a milestone in cardiac surgery and in the treatment of valvular disease. The following decades witnessed a great evolution in mechanical valve technology providing, through frustrating complications and stimulating successes, more reliable models to be safely used in the clinical setting. This review pays tribute to pioneers of this field who made currently available the most advanced models of mechanical prostheses with extended records of durability and performance, to be used as reliable alternatives to biological devices.

The early days of vascular and heart valve prostheses: a historical review.

This surgical heritage article provides a historical overview of the most important early advances of vascular- and valvular surgery, that lead to the development of currently used vascular- and valvular prostheses and materials. The first writings describing techniques in vascular surgery mainly focussed on hemorrhage control and date from around 1600 B.C. The strategy of vessel ligation was first mentioned in Western literature around 200 B.C. In the 18th century, techniques of ligation were expanded towards attempts of vessel restoration. The first artificial vascular prosthesis was made in 1894. From this time on, vascular prostheses were used in animal experiments and around 1900 for the first time in humans. More than 60 years later, in 1952, the first mechanical heart valve prosthesis was implanted. Four years later, the first successful biological heart valve implantation followed. In 2000, a transcatheter heart valve was successfully implanted in a human for the first time. Over time, procedures and techniques became more efficient and effective. This led to new developments, such as the manufacturing of a tissue engineered blood vessel in 1986. Nowadays, dozens of different valve prostheses have been devised, both mechanical and biological. Still, no ideal model of vascular and heart valve prosthesis exists.

How Did We Get Here?: A Historical Review and Critical Analysis of Anticoagulation Therapy Following Mechanical Valve Replacement.

Managing severe valvular heart disease with mechanical valve replacement necessitates lifelong anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist. Optimal anticoagulation intensity for patients with mechanical valves remains uncertain; current recommendations are inconsistent across guideline bodies and largely based on expert opinion. In this review, we outline the history of anticoagulation therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves and critically evaluate current antithrombotic guidelines for these patients. We conclude that randomized trials evaluating optimal anticoagulation intensity in patients with mechanical valves are needed, and that future guidelines must better justify antithrombotic treatment recommendations.

The Stented Porcine Bioprosthesis: A 50-Year Journey Through Hopes and Realities.

The year 2018 marked the 50th anniversary of the first implant of a commercially manufactured stented porcine bioprosthesis. During the subsequent years considerable clinical and pathologic research was done to evaluate the overall performance of such devices and to identify the leading causes of failure. This brief review covers 5 decades, summarizing the initial hopes and the realities faced by surgeons who have believed from the start in these cardiac valve substitutes. From reported failures and long-term results a new generation of durable and reliable stented porcine bioprosthetic valves is currently available.

Karl Viktor Hall: From In Situ Vein Bypass to the Tilting Disc Heart Valve Prosthesis.

In 1977, Karl Viktor Hall implanted a novel tilting disc heart valve prosthesis at Rikshospitalet in Oslo, Norway. The Medtronic-Hall valve was known for its excellent durability and low thrombogenicity. Hall popularized the use of the great saphenous vein in situ as an arterial shunt in the 1960s, made a metal stripper to lyse vein valves, and introduced electromagnetic flowmeters in vascular surgery. He performed the first coronary artery bypass graft in Scandinavia in 1969. Under his leadership the first heart transplantation and the first heart-lung transplantation were performed in Scandinavia by his successor Tor Frøysaker in 1983 and 1986, respectively.

Implante de marcapasso endocárdico em paciente com válvulas tricúspide e mitral metálicas / Implantation of endocardial pacemaker in a patient with metal tricuspid and mitral valves

O implante de marcapasso endocárdico transvenoso é contraindicado em pacientes com válvulatricúspide mecânica. Relata-se o caso de uma mulher de 79 anos de idade, com válvulas mitral e tricúspidemetálicas para estimulação permanente devido à fibrilação atrial crônica de baixa resposta ventricular, que passoua apresentar sintomas de pré-síncope. Um cabo-eletrodo endocárdico foi colocado no ventrículo esquerdo porvia transvenosa através do seio coronariano na veia cardíaca posterolateral. O implante foi realizado através doseio coronário. Oferece um ritmo seguro e eficaz em pacientes com válvula tricúspide mecânica, eliminandoa necessidade de toracotomia para o implante epicárdico de cabo-eletrodo. Normalmente, a colocação é feitamediante toracotomia anterolateral ou esternotomia. Nesse caso, tanto a vida do eletrodo é reduzida quanto o seulimiar de comando geralmente aumenta com o tempo. O tecido em torno dos ventrículos é friável, especialmenteapós cirurgia cardíaca, e um eventual dano para os ventrículos durante a incisão pode ser fatal...

Transvenous endocardial pacemaker implantation is contraindicated in patients with a mechanicaltricuspid valve. An endocardial lead was placed in the left ventricle by transvenous approach through thecoronary sinus in the posterolateral cardiac vein in 79 year-old woman with metal mitral and tricuspid valve forpermanent pacing due to chronic atrial fibrillation with low ventricular response and nearsyncope symptoms.It was implanted through the coronary sinus providing a safe and effective rhythm in patients with mechanicaltricuspid valve, thereby eliminating the need for thoracotomy to implant an epicardial electrode. Transvenousendocardial pacemaker implantation is not indicated in patients with a mechanical tricuspid valve. Typically, theyare implanted by anterolateral thoracotomy or sternotomy. However, in this case, the lead mean life is reduced,and its threshold will usually increase over time. The tissue around the ventricles is friable, especially after cardiacsurgery, and an eventual ventricular damage during incision may be fatal...