Self-control and bed procrastination as mediators between mindfulness and sleep quality among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In recent years, sleep problems among college students have become increasingly prominent, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and their sleep quality has deteriorated dramatically, severely affecting their physical and mental health. Numerous research studies have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality; however, it is still unclear what psychological process underlies this relationship. In the current study, college students' bed procrastination and self-control as mediating factors in the association between mindfulness and sleep quality were investigated. Using the convenience sampling method, 763 Chinese college students (mean age = 19.48 years, SD = 2.06) were recruited to complete self-reported questionnaires that included the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Self-Control Scale, Bed Procrastination Scale, and Sleep Quality Scale. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0 software. Results showed that (a) mindfulness was positively associated with sleep quality; (b) both self-control and bed procrastination mediated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality, and (c) self-control and bed procrastination sequentially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality. These findings collectively suggest a potential mechanism for how mindfulness influences sleep quality, providing a therapeutic target for mindfulness-based interventions aimed at helping college students improve sleep quality.

The effects of mobile phone addiction on bedtime procrastination in university students: the masking effect of physical activity and anxiety.

PURPOSE: Good sleep is one of the necessary conditions to ensure the normal performance of the physiological and psychological functions of college students. This study aimed to explore the relationship between mobile phone addiction and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students and the mediating mechanisms of physical exercise and anxiety between the two, with a view to seek ways to prevent and intervene in college students' sleep procrastination and improve their sleep quality. METHODS: Using SPSS 29.0 analysis with Bootstrap's method, 3,800 first-year students, sophomores, and juniors were given the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Physical Activity Scale, and Anxiety Scale. The results of the analyses included mediation tests and effect analyses of anxiety and physical activity. RESULTS: The correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between mobile phone addiction and bedtime procrastination (r = 0.149, p < 0.01) as well as anxiety (r = 0.497, p < 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between mobile phone addiction and physical activity (r = -0.447, p < 0.01). Physical activity was also found to have significant negative correlations with anxiety (r = -0.506, p < 0.01) and bedtime procrastination (r = -0.424, p < 0.01). Furthermore, anxiety showed a significant positive correlation with bedtime procrastination (r = 0.334, p < 0.01). Physical activity and anxiety acted as substantial mediators between mobile phone addiction and nighttime procrastination. Both mediators had considerable masking effects, with the mediating effect amounting to 50.3% and 25.1%, respectively. Physical exercise and anxiety played a chain mediating role between mobile phone addiction and bedtime procrastination, and the masking effect was also significant, with a mediating effect size of 13.4%. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the special characteristics of the influencing factors and pathways of bedtime procrastination in this group of college students, providing targeted evidence for the prevention and intervention of bedtime procrastination in college students. It also has an important reference value for the effects of exercise and comprehensive intervention to improve bedtime procrastination and enhance the quality of sleep in college students.

The mediating role of ego depletion in the relationship between state anxiety and academic procrastination among University students.

The issue of academic procrastination is highly prevalent among university students. It not only has a deterimental effect on students' academic performance but also poses a risk to their physical and mental well-being. Anxiety, as a negative emotion, has attracted researchers' attention in relation to academic procrastination. Research indicates a correlation between state anxiety and academic procrastination, but the underlying mechanisms that drive this association remain unclear. When individuals experience ego-depletion, it can lead to psychological exhaustion, subsequently leading to procrastination. Gender role conceptions, shaped by sociocultural and psychological mechanisms, have profound implications on individuals' cognition, emotions, and behaviors. This study primarily aims to explore the relationship between state anxiety and academic procrastination among university students, with a particularly focus on the mediating role of ego-depletion and the moderating role of gender. A survey using the State Anxiety Scale, Ego-Depletion Scale, and Irrational Procrastination Scale was administered to 3370 undergraduates. State anxiety shows positive correlations with ego depletion and academic procrastination (r = 0.665, p < 0.01; r = 0.491, p < 0.01), while ego depletion is also positively linked to academic procrastination (r = 0.500, p < 0.01). State anxiety serves as a positive predictor of academic procrastination, with a confidence interval of 95% [0.626, 0.696]; additionally, ego depletion partially mediates the relationship between state anxiety and academic procrastination, with a confidence interval of 95% [0.168, 0.251]. Gender acts as a moderator in directly predicting the impact of state anxiety on academic procrastination and in the latter stage of mediating the effect of ego depletion. State anxiety can significantly and positively predict academic procrastination among university students. Ego-depletion partially mediates the relationship between state anxiety and academic procrastination. The direct predictive effect of state anxiety on academic procrastination, as well as the mediating role of ego-depletion, is moderated by gender. This provides educators and university students themselves with reference for addressing the issue of academic procrastination.

Procrastination and Health in Nurses: Investigating the Roles of Stress, Health Behaviours and Social Support.

Objectives: Evidence linking chronic procrastination to a range of poor health outcomes and trajectories continues to build. Yet, much of this research has been conducted in academic contexts or in non-student samples. Despite theory indicating that high-stress contexts increase vulnerability for procrastination, the pathways linking chronic procrastination to health outcomes proposed by the procrastination-health model have not been examined in a high stress environment. Accordingly, we tested the contribution of procrastination to health in nurses and whether social support was a protective factor. Design: Pre-registered cross-sectional study using a random sample of nurses recruited from the membership of a regional nursing association, supplemented by nurses and nurse trainees recruited from online nursing associations, conferences and forums. Methods: Nurses and nurse trainees (N = 597) completed measures of chronic procrastination, stress, health behaviours, social support and self-rated health. Results: Chronic procrastination was associated with perceived stress, health behaviours, self-rated health and social support in the expected directions. Consistent with the procrastination-health model, structural equation modelling revealed significant indirect effects linking chronic procrastination to poor self-rated health through higher stress and fewer health behaviours. Contrary to our hypotheses, social support did not moderate these pathways. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate the relevance of procrastination for health in high-stress, non-academic contexts and to find support for both the stress and behavioural pathways linking procrastination to poor health outcomes. Findings further highlight the importance of addressing chronic procrastination as a vulnerability factor for poor health in nurses.

Parental psychological control and depression, anxiety among adolescents: The mediating role of bedtime procrastination and moderating role of neuroticism.

Studies have shown that maladaptive parenting styles, particularly parental psychological control may be an important risk factor for emotional problems in adolescence. However, the potential mechanisms behind this association are still not fully understood. To fill the research gap, this study investigated the relationship between parental psychological control and depression and anxiety among adolescents. It also explored the mediating effect of bedtime procrastination and the moderating effect of neuroticism through a moderated mediation analysis. A sample of 665 adolescents (331 girls) were recruited from two secondary schools in southern China. All participants completed standardized self-report questionnaires measuring the severity of parental psychological control, bedtime procrastination, depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS macros. The results indicated that parental psychological control had a positive predictive effect on depression and anxiety among adolescents. Bedtime procrastination partially mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and depression, as well as parental psychological control and anxiety. Neuroticism was found to play a moderating role in the path from bedtime procrastination to depression and from bedtime procrastination to anxiety, with these effects being stronger for adolescents with higher levels of neuroticism. This study advances a deeper understanding of how and when or for whom parental psychological control is related to adolescents' severe depression and anxiety. Our findings suggest that intervention programs or strategies aimed at reducing parental psychological control and assisting adolescents in establishing healthy sleep hygiene practices should be developed to decrease the risk of depression and anxiety in adolescents.

The multiple mediating effects of self-efficacy and resilience on the relationship between social support and procrastination among vocational college students: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has revealed a negative association between social support and procrastination. However, few studies have investigated the mechanism underlying this relationship among vocational college students. OBJECTIVE: Based on the social cognitive theory, this study was intended to investigate the multiple mediating effects of self-efficacy and resilience on the relationship between social support and procrastination among vocational college students. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional design involving a sample of 1,379 students from a vocational college in China. Data were collected using the General Procrastination Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Resilience Scale-14. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to examine the multiple mediation model. RESULTS: Our findings indicate significant negative correlations between social support, self-efficacy, resilience, and procrastination. The multiple mediation analysis showed that social support did not have a significant direct impact on procrastination. Instead, the relationship between social support and procrastination was fully mediated by self-efficacy (indirect effect: -0.017; 95% CI: -0.032, -0.004) and resilience (indirect effect: -0.047; 95% CI: -0.072, -0.025), and sequentially mediated by both factors (indirect effect: -0.013; 95% CI: -0.020, -0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasise the importance of enhancing self-efficacy and resilience in initiatives aimed at preventing and intervening in case of procrastination among vocational college students. Additionally, strengthening social support may also be crucial to preventing or reducing procrastination among this population.

The relationship between physical activity and procrastination behavior among Chinese university students: a chain mediated effect of body self-esteem and overall self-esteem.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between physical activity and procrastination behavior among college students and the serial mediating roles of body self-esteem and overall self-esteem. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 1,018 college students. The Physical Activity Rating Scale, the College Students' Physical Self-perception Profile, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Chinese Procrastination Scale were utilized. Serial mediating effect analysis and Bootstrap analysis were applied to the data. Results: (1) Individuals engaging in high levels of physical activity demonstrated significantly lower levels of procrastination behavior compared to those with moderate or low levels of physical activity (Partial η2 = 0.01, F = 2.762, p < 0.01). (2) Physical activity was positively correlated with body self-esteem (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and overall self-esteem (r = 0.29, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with procrastination behavior (r = -0.14, p < 0.01). body self-esteem was positively correlated with overall self-esteem (r = 0.11, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with procrastination behavior (r = -0.13, p < 0.01). Overall self-esteem also showed a significant negative correlation with procrastination behavior (r = -0.26, p < 0.01). (3) Mediation effect analysis indicated that body self-esteem and overall self-esteem played partial mediating roles in the relationship between physical activity and procrastination behavior among college students. The mediating effects were composed of three pathways: "Physical Activity → body self-esteem → Procrastination Behavior," "Physical Activity → Overall Self-Esteem → Procrastination Behavior," and "Physical Activity → body self-esteem → Overall Self-Esteem → Procrastination Behavior," with the effect sizes accounting for 27.70, 12.26, and 7.28% of the total effect, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study lead to several key conclusions regarding the relationship between physical activity, self-esteem, and procrastination behavior among college students. Firstly, engagement in moderate levels of physical activity is more effective in reducing procrastination behavior among college students. Secondly, participation in high volumes of physical activity is associated with increased levels of both body self-esteem and overall self-esteem. Lastly, physical activity not only directly impacts procrastination behavior but also indirectly influences it by enhancing body self-esteem and overall self-esteem, thereby further reducing the individual's level of procrastination. These conclusions suggest that physical activity plays a multifaceted role in mitigating procrastination behavior in college students. By promoting self-esteem, physical activity can foster a positive psychological state that is conducive to proactive behavior and academic success. The study's findings underscore the importance of integrating physical activity into college students' daily routines as a strategy to combat procrastination and enhance self-esteem.

Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world.

People procrastinate, but why? One long-standing hypothesis is that temporal discounting drives procrastination: in a task with a distant future reward, the discounted future reward fails to provide sufficient motivation to initiate work early. However, empirical evidence for this hypothesis has been lacking. Here, we used a long-term real-world task and a novel measure of procrastination to examine the association between temporal discounting and real-world procrastination. To measure procrastination, we critically measured the entire time course of the work progress instead of a single endpoint, such as task completion day. This approach allowed us to compute a fine-grained metric of procrastination. We found a positive correlation between individuals' degree of future reward discounting and their level of procrastination, suggesting that temporal discounting is a cognitive mechanism underlying procrastination. We found no evidence of a correlation when we, instead, measured procrastination by task completion day or by survey. This association between temporal discounting and procrastination offers empirical support for targeted interventions that could mitigate procrastination, such as modifying incentive systems to reduce the delay to a reward and lowering discount rates.

Unraveling symptom interplay: a network analysis of procrastination in gifted students.

BACKGROUND: This study explores the intricate web of symptoms experienced by academically gifted high school students, focusing on procrastination, rumination, perfectionism, and cognitive flexibility. The well-being of these gifted adolescents remains a pivotal concern, and understanding the dynamics of these symptoms is vital. METHODS: A diverse sample of 207 academically gifted high school students from Mashhad, Iran, participated in this study. Using convenience sampling, participants from grades 10, 11, and 12 were included, with detailed assessments conducted through questionnaires measuring the mentioned symptoms. RESULTS: Our network analysis uncovers compelling insights into the interplay of these symptoms: Procrastination, though moderately central, exerts significant influence within the network, underscoring its relevance. Cognitive flexibility, while centrally positioned, curiously exhibits a negative influence, potentially serving as a protective factor. Negative perfectionism emerges as the keystone symptom, with both high centrality and a positive influence. Rumination displays substantial centrality and a positive influence, indicating its role in symptom exacerbation. Positive perfectionism, moderately central, lacks direct influence on other symptoms. CONCLUSION: This network analysis provides a nuanced understanding of the relationships among procrastination, rumination, perfectionism, and cognitive flexibility in academically gifted adolescents. Negative perfectionism and cognitive flexibility emerge as critical factors deserving attention in interventions aimed at enhancing the well-being of this unique group. Further research should explore causal relationships to refine targeted interventions.

The mediating role of cognitive test anxiety on the relationship between academic procrastination and subjective wellbeing and academic performance.

Background: Promoting wellness as a predictor of sustainable development empowers schools to model healthy behavior. The multiple interactions in real and virtual environments that today's youth are subjected to force schools to explore effective educational strategies to provide a quality education for students and their families. Purpose: This study examines the relationship between academic procrastination, assessment anxiety, subjective wellbeing, and academic performance. Methods: A convenience sample of 322 undergraduate students () was used, and questionnaires were administered to students measuring academic procrastination, cognitive test anxiety, and subjective wellbeing. For the same target group, the level of academic performance was identified using personal reports. The questionnaires were administered between May and June 2023 in an online format. For the data analysis, we applied correlational analysis and path analysis using. Results: Both test anxiety and academic procrastination negatively correlate with performance and subjective wellbeing, leading to decreased performance and subjective wellbeing. Procrastination correlates positively with test anxiety. Cognitive test anxiety partially mediated the relationship between academic procrastination and subjective wellbeing and fully mediated the relationship between academic procrastination and academic performance. Thus, high procrastination leads to decreased performance and subjective wellbeing both directly and indirectly through increased test anxiety, leading to decreased performance and subjective wellbeing. Significance/discussions: As a result of theoretical and practical investigations, it emerges that joint action of educational actors is required in the generation of effective educational strategies for the prevention and control of procrastination and evaluation anxiety, given the fact that both a high level of procrastination as well as assessment anxiety led to the decrease of students' wellbeing, to the registration of low academic performances. In the long term, disruptive behavior (procrastination and anxious behavior) could generate low social and professional performance, which is a research question for a future longitudinal study.

Relationship between academic procrastination and self-efficacy amongst dental undergraduate students at a public university in Karachi, Pakistan.

Objective: To compare the procrastination and self-efficacy scores among students with respect to the academic year of dental undergraduate programme, and to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and academic procrastination among the students. METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, from January to March 2023, and comprised medical students of either gender from all the 4 academic years. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire whose validity was assessed using a pilot study. Data was analysed using SPSS 18. RESULTS: Of the 136 students, 84(61.8%) were females and 52(38.2%) were males. There were 34(25%) students from the 1st year, 32(23.5%) from 2nd year, 38(28%) from the 3rd year, and 32(23.5%) from the final year. The highest mean score for procrastination was from 3rd year students 67.7±12.8, while the highest mean score for self-efficacy was from 1st year students 30.2±4. There was no significant difference in terms of gender (p>0.05). Procrastination scores had a significant association with the academic year (p=0.016). Conclusion: Procrastination scores were high among the dental students with the highest score from 3rd year students. The academic environment should provide support help the students devise strategies to optimally utilise the available time.

Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress.

BACKGROUND: It is generally assumed that procrastination leads to negative consequences. However, evidence for negative consequences of procrastination is still limited and it is also unclear by which mechanisms they are mediated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the harmful consequences of procrastination on students' stress and mental health. We selected the procrastination-health model as our theoretical foundation and tried to evaluate the model's assumption that trait procrastination leads to (chronic) disease via (chronic) stress in a temporal perspective. We chose depression and anxiety symptoms as indicators for (chronic) disease and hypothesized that procrastination leads to perceived stress over time, that perceived stress leads to depression and anxiety symptoms over time, and that procrastination leads to depression and anxiety symptoms over time, mediated by perceived stress. METHODS: To examine these relationships properly, we collected longitudinal data from 392 university students at three occasions over a one-year period and analyzed the data using autoregressive time-lagged panel models. RESULTS: Procrastination did lead to depression and anxiety symptoms over time. However, perceived stress was not a mediator of this effect. Procrastination did not lead to perceived stress over time, nor did perceived stress lead to depression and anxiety symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS: We could not confirm that trait procrastination leads to (chronic) disease via (chronic) stress, as assumed in the procrastination-health model. Nonetheless, our study demonstrated that procrastination can have a detrimental effect on mental health. Further health outcomes and possible mediators should be explored in future studies.

Academic procrastination of nursing students in higher vocational college: Application of latent profile analysis and network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Academic procrastination is especially prevalent among nursing students in higher vocational colleges and it is considered an important factor of poor academic performance. However, existing research mainly focused on the overall level of academic procrastination, and little is known about the individual heterogeneity of academic procrastination among nursing students in higher vocational colleges. Thus, the aim of this study was to clarify the subgroups and factors of academic procrastination among nursing students in higher vocational college and explore academic procrastination networks of the latent subgroups. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with online survey. 1369 nursing students in one higher vocational college were recruited using convenience sampling. Participants completed electronic questionnaires that collected demographic and academic characteristics, perceived stress, and academic procrastination. Latent profile analysis, multinomial logistic regression analysis, and network analysis were performed to analyze the data. RESULTS: Three latent profiles of academic procrastination were identified: low (32.4 %), medium (53.3 %), and high (14.3 %). Higher vocational college nursing students who have reset an exam, low professional identity, and perceived more stress are more likely to have higher academic procrastination than other profiles. Network analysis showed that academic procrastination networks structure of the three latent profiles had distinct central components. For the low academic procrastination group, AP11 ("I make study plans, but I often fail to stick to them") and AP12 ("If there is no external pressure, I tend to postpone assignments or reports with deadlines") were the core components. For the medium academic procrastination group, AP17 ("I always wait until I can't postpone my academic tasks any longer before starting them") and AP16 ("I always tend to postpone on assignments or other academic tasks") were the central components. For the high academic procrastination group, AP16 and AP7 ("When studying in my dorm room, I often stop to do other things") were the essential components. CONCLUSIONS: There is heterogeneity in higher vocational college nursing students' academic procrastination that can be classified into three latent profiles. The examined factors of academic procrastination and identified the central components of academic procrastination networks of the three latent profiles help nurse educators tailor targeted interventions.

Impact of Mindfulness on sleep quality in innovative corporate employees: A chain mediation of Social Interaction Anxiety and bedtime procrastination.

In the context of innovative enterprises in China, the significance of sleep quality for employees' physical and mental well-being cannot be understated. This study explores the complex relationship between Mindfulness and sleep quality and examines the potential interaction between Social Interaction Anxiety and prolonged sleep behavior. To this end, a thorough evaluation involving the administration of the Mindfulness scale, Social Interaction Anxiety scale, sleep delay scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was conducted among a significant sample of innovative enterprise employees (N = 1648). The findings reveal that a notable proportion of these employees, 31.1% to be precise (as per PSQI 8), grapple with compromised sleep quality. Subsequent analyses shed light on compelling patterns, underscoring a robust negative correlation between Mindfulness and factors like Social Interaction Anxiety, sleep delay, and sleep quality (ß = -0.71, -0.37, -0.35; P < 0.01). Conversely, a significant positive correlation emerges connecting Social Interaction Anxiety, sleep delay, and sleep quality (ß = 0.23, 0.37, 0.32; P < 0.01). Interestingly, mediation analysis demonstrates that Mindfulness significantly negatively influences sleep quality, independent of demographic factors such as sex and age. This impact is mediated by sleep delay, which also interacts with Social Interaction Anxiety. In summary, the research emphasizes the predictive function of Mindfulness in improving sleep quality among employees in innovative enterprises, achieved through its reduction of Social Interaction Anxiety and bedtime procrastination tendencies.

The vmPFC-IPL functional connectivity as the neural basis of future self-continuity impacted procrastination: the mediating role of anticipated positive outcomes.

Procrastination is universally acknowledged as a problematic behavior with wide-ranging consequences impacting various facets of individuals' lives, including academic achievement, social accomplishments, and mental health. Although previous research has indicated that future self-continuity is robustly negatively correlated with procrastination, it remains unknown about the neural mechanisms underlying the impact of future self-continuity on procrastination. To address this issue, we employed a free construction approach to collect individuals' episodic future thinking (EFT) thoughts regarding specific procrastination tasks. Next, we conducted voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to explore the neural substrates underlying future self-continuity. Behavior results revealed that future self-continuity was significantly negatively correlated with procrastination, and positively correlated with anticipated positive outcome. The VBM analysis showed a positive association between future self-continuity and gray matter volumes in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Furthermore, the RSFC results indicated that the functional connectivity between the right vmPFC and the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) was positively correlated with future self-continuity. More importantly, the mediation analysis demonstrated that anticipated positive outcome can completely mediate the relationship between the vmPFC-IPL functional connectivity and procrastination. These findings suggested that vmPFC-IPL functional connectivity might prompt anticipated positive outcome about the task and thereby reduce procrastination, which provides a new perspective to understand the relationship between future self-continuity and procrastination.

Neural basis responsible for effect of grit on procrastination: The interaction between the self-regulation and motivation neural pathways.

Procrastination has a detrimental impact on academic performance, health, and subjective well-being. Previous studies indicated that grit was negatively related to procrastination. However, the underlying neural basis of this relationship remains unclear. To address this issue, we utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to identify the neural substrates of how is grit linked to procrastination. Behavioral results showed that procrastination was negatively associated with grit. VBM analysis revealed that gray matter volume (GMV) in the left precuneus was positively associated with the consistency of interest (CI), a subcomponent of grit, while the right medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) was positively correlated with the perseverance of effort (PE), another subcomponent of grit. Moreover, the RSFC analysis indicated that both precuneus-medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG) and precuneus-insula connectivity were positively related to CI, while the functional coupling of right mOFC with left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was positively related to PE. Importantly, the structural equation modeling (SEM) results were well suited for the influence of grit on procrastination via both self-regulation (mOFC-ACC) and motivation pathways (precuneus-mSFG, precuneus-insula). Together, these findings imply that self-regulation and motivation could be two neural circuits underlying the impact of grit on procrastination.

Procrastination in the Intention-Behaviour gap: Exercise procrastination and the moderating role of emotion.

Health behaviour procrastination is closely associated with the intention-behaviour gap. However, research on health behaviour procrastination has tended to focus on bedtime procrastination, with relatively few studies on exercise procrastination. This research examined the relationship between exercise procrastination and the intention-behaviour gap through three studies. Additionally, based on the temporal-affective self-regulation resource model, the moderating role of emotion as a self-regulatory resource in exercise procrastination was explored. Study 1 validated the Chinese version of the newly developed Procrastination in Exercise Scale in two Chinese adult samples (N = 2376 and N = 393). Study 2 collected two waves of data from 447 Chinese adults (Mage = 31.19) and examined the mediating role of exercise procrastination in the intention-behaviour gap. Using a sample of 453 Chinese adults (Mage = 20.39), Study 3 investigated the moderating role of positive and negative affect in the association between intention and exercise procrastination. Cross-lagged analyses revealed the predictive roles of Time 1 intention on Time 2 exercise procrastination and Time 1 exercise procrastination on Time 2 physical activity. Exercise procrastination mediated the relationship between intention and physical activity. Examining the moderating role of emotion between intention (Time 1) and exercise procrastination (Time 2), Study 3 found that negative affect buffered this association. Findings highlight the role of exercise procrastination in explaining the intention-behaviour gap and shed new light on physical activity interventions, with implications for promoting exercise behaviour.

Procrastination, depressive symptomatology, and loneliness in later life.

OBJECTIVES: Procrastination is an almost universal behaviour and yet little research to date has focused on procrastination among older adults. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential association between age and procrastination, and the potential mediating roles of depressive symptomatology and loneliness. METHOD: Structural equation modelling was applied to data from 1309 participants (aged 29-92) from two waves United States Health and Retirement Study (2016-2020). Within the model, sex, education, marital status, and job status were added as covariates. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant direct effect between age and procrastination (ß = 0.06, p = 0.106). However, an indirect effect was present via depressive symptomatology (ß = -0.40, p < 0.001). No mediating effect of loneliness was observed (ß = - 0.01, p = 0.371). Subsequent analysis revealed that the symptoms, fatigue, loneliness, and lack of motivation significantly predicted procrastination. CONCLUSION: While age was not directly associated with procrastination, increasing age was associated with a decreased likelihood of depressive symptomatology, which was in turn associated with an increased likelihood of procrastination. Such findings indicates that age demonstrates no association with procrastination because of the suppressing effect of depressive symptomatology.

Future optimism group based on the chronological stress view is less likely to be severe procrastinators.

Previous studies have shown that procrastinators tend to disregard the future. However, the "time view" of procrastinators, including their impressions of the future, has not been sufficiently examined. Therefore, we introduced new indices, "chronological stress view" and "chronological well-being view," which treat impressions of the past, present, and future (= time view) as time-series data via stress and well-being, respectively. The results showed that the group that believed that stress did not increase as they moved into the future had a lower percentage of severe procrastinators. No relationship was found between the chronological well-being view and procrastination. This result suggests that people who are relatively optimistic about the future based on the chronological stress view are less likely to be severe procrastinators. This may suggest the importance of having a hopeful prospect in the future to avoid procrastinating on actions that should yield greater rewards in the future.

The relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students: the chain mediating effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction.

BACKGROUND: Bedtime procrastination refers to an individual's inability to go to bed at a predetermined time without external obstacles. Previous researchers have found that the bedtime procrastination is harmful to human physical and mental health, but these research on bedtime procrastination have mostly focused on exploring individual factors, while ignoring the external environmental factors. Therefore, this is the first study to investigate bedtime procrastination from the perspective of family environments. METHODS: The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method and online questionnaires. Family Cohesion Scale, Coping Styles Questionnaire, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale and Bedtime Procrastination Scale were used to measure sleep and psychological condition of 1,048 college students. RESULTS: Family cohesion negatively predicted bedtime procrastination. Additionally, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had significant independent mediating effects. Furthermore, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had chain mediating effects between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction on the relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students. These findings explained the mechanisms of bedtime procrastination from the perspective of environment, so as to effectively intervene the bedtime procrastination of college students from the perspective of external environment.