¿Cómo mejoramos la participación comunitaria en salud? Análisis de las acciones propuestas tras la aplicación de una herramienta de evaluación / How to improve community engagement in health: Analysis of proposed actions following the implementation of a community engagement assessment tool

Objetivo Analizar las líneas de acción propuestas por los proyectos de promoción de la salud participantes en el proyecto de investigación EvaluAGPS, y su relación con las puntuaciones obtenidas con EvalGuía, una herramienta para evaluar la participación comunitaria basada en la evidencia. Diseño Estudio multicéntrico cuali-cuantitativo. Emplazamiento Proyectos de atención primaria o de red intersectorial de atención primaria y municipalidades de 5 comunidades autónomas en España. Participantes Personas que trabajan en 10 proyectos de promoción de la salud, seleccionados con muestreo intencional según criterios de inclusión (proyectos con un mínimo de participación comunitaria centrados en la salud comunitaria). Método Se recogieron los datos mediante cuestionarios (herramienta EvalGuía) y talleres participativos. Los datos cuantitativos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva, los datos cualitativos se analizaron utilizando el análisis de matriz. Resultados Tras pasar la herramienta EvalGuía, las puntuaciones más bajas estaban en la evaluación de resultados, conocimiento de leyes relacionadas con participación comunitaria, diversidad en el grupo motor, medidas de conciliación, recursos financieros y devolución de resultados. Las líneas de acción planteadas eran heterogéneas y no siempre coinciden con las priorizadas. Las líneas priorizadas giraban en torno a la organización del proyecto y a la comunicación. Conclusiones La herramienta EvalGuía puede ser útil para diseñar planes de acción en proyectos de promoción de la salud. La implementación de medidas en 12 meses para aumentar la diversidad del grupo motor, incorporar medidas de conciliación o mejorar la evaluación es difícil. Se requiere más tiempo para implementar este tipo de medidas. (AU)

Objective To analyse the lines of action identified in the health promotion projects participating in the EvaluA GPS research, and their relationship with the scores assigned in EvalGuia, a tool for evaluating evidence-based community participation. Design Qualitative-quantitative multicentre study. Setting Primary care or intersectoral network of primary care and municipalities in five autonomous communities in Spain. Participants Participants of 10 health promotion projects, selected with convenience sampling, following inclusion criteria (projects with a minimum of community engagement and centred on community health). Method Data were collected through questionnaires (EvalGuía tool) and participatory workshops. Quantitative data were analysed with descriptive statistics, qualitative data were analysed using matrix analysis. Results After implementing the EvalGuide tool, the lowest scores were assigned in outcome evaluation, knowledge of policies related to community participation, diversity in the core working group, inclusivity policies, financial resources and diffusion of results. The lines of action proposed were heterogeneous and did not always match with those prioritised as lower score. The prioritised lines revolved around project organisation and communication. Conclusions The EvalGuide tool can be helpful to design action plans in Health Promotion projects. The implementation of measures in 12 months to increase the diversity of the core working group, to incorporate work–life balance measures or to improve evaluation is difficult. More time is needed to implement such measures. (AU)

An mHealth Intervention Promoting Physical Activity and Healthy Eating in a Family Setting (SMARTFAMILY): Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Numerous smartphone apps are targeting physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE), but empirical evidence on their effectiveness for the initialization and maintenance of behavior change, especially in children and adolescents, is still limited. Social settings influence individual behavior; therefore, core settings such as the family need to be considered when designing mobile health (mHealth) apps. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a theory- and evidence-based mHealth intervention (called SMARTFAMILY [SF]) targeting PA and HE in a collective family-based setting. METHODS: A smartphone app based on behavior change theories and techniques was developed, implemented, and evaluated with a cluster randomized controlled trial in a collective family setting. Baseline (t0) and postintervention (t1) measurements included PA (self-reported and accelerometry) and HE measurements (self-reported fruit and vegetable intake) as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes (self-reported) were intrinsic motivation, behavior-specific self-efficacy, and the family health climate. Between t0 and t1, families of the intervention group (IG) used the SF app individually and collaboratively for 3 consecutive weeks, whereas families in the control group (CG) received no treatment. Four weeks following t1, a follow-up assessment (t2) was completed by participants, consisting of all questionnaire items to assess the stability of the intervention effects. Multilevel analyses were implemented in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) to acknowledge the hierarchical structure of persons (level 1) clustered in families (level 2). RESULTS: Overall, 48 families (CG: n=22, 46%, with 68 participants and IG: n=26, 54%, with 88 participants) were recruited for the study. Two families (CG: n=1, 2%, with 4 participants and IG: n=1, 2%, with 4 participants) chose to drop out of the study owing to personal reasons before t0. Overall, no evidence for meaningful and statistically significant increases in PA and HE levels of the intervention were observed in our physically active study participants (all P>.30). CONCLUSIONS: Despite incorporating behavior change techniques rooted in family life and psychological theories, the SF intervention did not yield significant increases in PA and HE levels among the participants. The results of the study were mainly limited by the physically active participants and the large age range of children and adolescents. Enhancing intervention effectiveness may involve incorporating health literacy, just-in-time adaptive interventions, and more advanced features in future app development. Further research is needed to better understand intervention engagement and tailor mHealth interventions to individuals for enhanced effectiveness in primary prevention efforts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00010415; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00010415. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/20534.

Theoretical approaches in the development of interventions to promote breastfeeding: A scoping review.

PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND: There is a low world rate of exclusive breastfeeding and a short duration of breastfeeding. More studies have constructed interventions to improve breastfeeding behavior, but the actual effect is not significant. AIM: The purpose of this review is identifying the ways that various theories have an influence on theory-based breastfeeding intervention studies. METHODS: A scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's framework explored breastfeeding promotion practices. PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched from database creation to March 9, 2024. Building on previous research, key terms were used to search the literature. Data analysis involved descriptive and interpretive summaries of theories used and the proposed interventions. FINDINGS: An online search yielded 906 articles, with 28 meeting the inclusion criteria for the scoping review, including 5 reviews and 23 articles. Reviews demonstrated that interventions based on theories were more effective. Articles promoting breastfeeding used theories of self-efficacy (n = 9), theory of planned behavior (n = 8), social cognitive theory (n = 5) and individual and family self-management theory (n = 1). These theories were used in developing specific content of the intervention program (n = 20, 86.9%), constructing the framework of the program (n = 10, 43.5%), and evaluating outcomes (n = 19, 82.6%). Most interventions focused on education, professional support, and/or peer support for breastfeeding. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Theory can guide decisions and play a role in selecting a methodology or lens. Researchers should make deliberate choices in the use of a theory that relates to aspects of breastfeeding behavior. Future interventions based on theories should be more varied and effective and need to consider families' and social factors.

Integrating real-world skills and diabetes lifestyle coach training into a revised health promotion and communications course.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Effective communication skills are essential for all pharmacists, regardless of practice setting. An implicit need in pharmacy education is to emphasize direct application of these skills to future healthcare practice prior to experiential rotations. The aim of this article is to describe how we revised a required first professional year (P1) doctor of pharmacy course to achieve two main goals: 1) improve the course relevance by connecting content to real-world skills; and 2) qualify all pharmacy students at our institution as certified National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle coaches upon course completion. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Lifestyle coach training approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was integrated into a P1 communications course consisting of 14 modules that include: review of diabetes pathophysiology, group facilitation skills, social determinants of health, food tracking, action planning, participant retention and program administration. This content serves as a direct application of pre-existing course objectives related to knowledge (evidence-based theory) and skills (technical and counseling) required for effective communication with patients, families, and health professionals. FINDINGS: Between 2019 and 2022, the redesigned course was offered to 373 P1 students. Course evaluations during this time were consistently positive. The average evaluation score since DPP activities were integrated into the course was 3.41 (on a 4-point scale). Based upon course evaluations, students appreciated three main benefits of incorporating lifestyle coach certification into the pharmacy curriculum: 1) a certified skill that can differentiate them in the job market; 2) practice of skills on real patients under faculty supervision in the community setting; 3) early exposure to pharmacy patient care topics, thus contributing to professional identity. SUMMARY: Integration of lifestyle coach training into an existing core P1 pharmacy course increased application and assessment of communications skills and allowed wider availability of trained coaches to deliver DPP in the community.

Community infant safe sleep and breastfeeding promotion and population level-outcomes: A mixed methods study.

PROBLEM: In the U.S., sudden unexpected infant deaths due to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed are increasing. Though breastfeeding is a protective factor against sudden unexpected infant death, motivations to breastfeed often couple with unsafe infant sleep practices. Racial/ethnic disparities are present in sudden unexpected infant death, accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed, and breastfeeding. BACKGROUND: Promoting infant safe sleep and breastfeeding through community-level initiatives could address disparities in related outcomes. AIM: Investigate the relationship between community-level strategies and associated state-level outcomes for infant safe sleep and breastfeeding. METHODS: We employed an intervention mixed methods framework and exploratory sequential design. The qualitative component entailed a hermeneutical phenomenological framework to analyze key informant interview data from seven U.S. community-level providers participating in a practice improvement initiative. The quantitative component entailed descriptively analyzing infant safe sleep and breastfeeding indicators from the 2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and Ohio Pregnancy Assessment Survey. Qualitative and quantitative data were linked through embedded integration. FINDINGS: We identified two mixed insights: gaps in promotion and outcomes, and persistent disparities between infant safe sleep and breastfeeding promotion and outcomes. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate conversational approaches could improve infant safe sleep and breastfeeding promotion, outcomes, and relative disparities. We find that community collaboration is needed to address organizational capacity limitations in promoting infant safe sleep and breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Community-level organizations and providers should consider tailoring program offerings and care delivery to include conversational approaches and community collaboration to promote infant safe sleep and breastfeeding and decrease relative disparities in outcomes.

Quasi-experimental evaluation of a nationwide diabetes prevention programme.

Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and cost of illness1,2. Health behaviours, particularly those related to nutrition and physical activity, play a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus3. Whereas behaviour change programmes (also known as lifestyle interventions or similar) have been found efficacious in controlled clinical trials4,5, there remains controversy about whether targeting health behaviours at the individual level is an effective preventive strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus6 and doubt among clinicians that lifestyle advice and counselling provided in the routine health system can achieve improvements in health7-9. Here we show that being referred to the largest behaviour change programme for prediabetes globally (the English Diabetes Prevention Programme) is effective in improving key cardiovascular risk factors, including glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), excess body weight and serum lipid levels. We do so by using a regression discontinuity design10, which uses the eligibility threshold in HbA1c for referral to the behaviour change programme, in electronic health data from about one-fifth of all primary care practices in England. We confirm our main finding, the improvement of HbA1c, using two other quasi-experimental approaches: difference-in-differences analysis exploiting the phased roll-out of the programme and instrumental variable estimation exploiting regional variation in programme coverage. This analysis provides causal, rather than associational, evidence that lifestyle advice and counselling implemented at scale in a national health system can achieve important health improvements.

[Appropriate range of body mass index and body weight management guidelines for Chinese oldest old (T/CNSS 021-2023)].

Body mass index (BMI) is widely recognized as an important indicator of physical health. However, the current BMI standard and guidelines primarily focus on children and general adults, neglecting the specific needs of the oldest old aged 80 years or older. To address this gap, this guideline aims to provide recommendations on the appropriate range of BMI and weight management for the oldest old in China, including age calculation, defining the appropriate BMI range, BMI measurement indicators, and weight management strategies. It is intended to be utilized by medical and health organizations at all levels, as well as medical and nursing service institutions, to evaluate the BMI and manage the weight of the oldest old population.

Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2019-2030 / Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion within the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals 2019-2030 / Stratégie et plan d'action sur la promotion de la santé dans le contexte des objectifs de développement durable 2019-2030

El objetivo de esta Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2019-2030 es renovar la promoción de la salud por medio de acciones sociales, políticas y técnicas que aborden los determinantes sociales de la salud, con el fin de mejorar la salud y reducir las inequidades en el contexto de la Agenda 2030. Este documento está vinculado a la Estrategia para el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud de la OPS y se centra en el trabajo con todos los niveles de gobierno, en particular el nivel local, para empoderar a las personas y comunidades en sus entornos y territorios. Dada su importancia, la intersectorialidad y la participación social se consideran como dos ejes transversales en todo el plan de acción y deberían reflejarse en las actividades para alcanzar cada línea estratégica (véase el anexo A). El compromiso con los principios del respeto de los derechos humanos, la equidad y la inclusión, teniendo en cuenta específicamente las cuestiones de género, la etnicidad, la interculturalidad y las discapacidades entre otros aspectos, es la base de todas las líneas estratégicas de acción. Cada país deberá adaptar la respuesta nacional, subnacional y local a su propia situación, contexto y prioridades. El presente plan de acción se basa en cuatro líneas estratégicas de acción que se refuerzan mutuamente, a saber, fortalecer los entornos saludables clave; facilitar la participación y el empoderamiento de la comunidad, y el compromiso de la sociedad civil; fortalecer la gobernanza y el trabajo intersectorial para mejorar la salud y el bienestar, y abordar los determinantes sociales de la salud, y fortalecer los sistemas y servicios de salud incorporando un enfoque de promoción de la salud.

The goal of this Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion within the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals 2019-2030 is to renew health promotion through social, political, and technical actions, and addressing the sustainable development goals in order to improve health and reduce health inequities within the context of the 2030 Agenda. This document is linked to PAHO's Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage and focuses on work with all levels of government, but particularly the local level, to empower people and communities in their settings and territories. Given the importance of intersectoral action and social participation, these are considered as two cross-cutting axes throughout the Plan of Action and should be reflected in actions to achieve each strategic line. Commitment to the principles of respect for human rights, equity, and inclusivity, with specific consideration of gender, ethnicity, interculturality and disabilities, among others, underpins all the strategic lines of action. Each country will need to tailor its national, subnational, and local responses to its own situation, context and priorities. This Plan of Action is based on four mutually reinforcing strategic lines of action: strengthening key healthy settings; enabling community participation and empowerment and civil society engagement; enhancing governance and intersectoral work to improve health and well-being and address the social determinants of health; and strengthening health systems and services by incorporating a health promotion approach. The Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion are aligned with the Universal Access to Health and Health Coverage 2014, the Astana Declaration 2018 and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Le but de la Stratégie et plan d'action sur la promotion de la santé dans le contexte des objectifs de développement durable 2019-2030 est de renouveler la promotion de la santé grâce à des mesures de nature sociale, politique et technique qui agissent sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé, afin d'améliorer la santé et de réduire les iniquités en santé dans le contexte du Programme à l'horizon 2030. Le présent document est lié à la Stratégie pour l'accès universel à la santé et la couverture sanitaire universelle de l'OPS et est axé sur la collaboration avec tous les niveaux de gouvernement, mais en particulier le niveau local, visant à accroître l'autonomie des personnes et des communautés dans leurs milieux et leurs territoires. Étant donné l'importance de l'action intersectorielle et de la participation sociale, ces deux aspects sont considérés comme représentant deux axes transversaux dans l'ensemble du plan d'action et devront se traduire par des mesures destinées à réaliser chaque axe stratégique (voir l'annexe A). L'adhésion aux principes de respect des droits de l'homme, de l'équité et de l'inclusivité, en tenant compte plus particulièrement du sexe, de l'appartenance ethnique, de l'interculturalité et des handicaps, entre autres facteurs, sous-tend tous les axes stratégiques d'intervention. Chaque pays devra adapter les réponses qu'il met en œuvre aux niveaux national, infranational et local à sa propre situation, à son propre contexte et à ses propres priorités. Ce plan d'action se fonde sur quatre axes stratégiques d'intervention qui se confortent mutuellement : renforcer des milieux sains névralgiques ; permettre la participation et l'autonomisation des communautés et la mobilisation de la société civile ; consolider la gouvernance et l'action intersectorielle en vue d'améliorer la santé et le bien-être et d'agir sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé, et renforcer les systèmes et les services sanitaires par l'intégration d'une approche de promotion de la santé.

Blog: ACT Promoção da Saúde: Dia Mundial do Câncer 2022

O Dia Mundial do Câncer é uma data celebrada anualmente em 4 de fevereiro. Em 2022, o Dia Mundial estará focado na conscientização sobre as desigualdades enfrentadas pelos pacientes na busca por tratamento. Segundo o site oficial, “embora estejamos vivendo em uma época de avanços surpreendentes na prevenção, no diagnóstico e no tratamento do câncer, muitas pessoas encontram dificuldades pelo caminho. Renda, nível educacional, localização geográfica e discriminação por raça, gênero, orientação sexual, idade, capacitismo e estilo de vida são alguns dos fatores que podem influenciar negativamente a busca por cuidados.” Em apoio ao Dia Mundial, a ACT fará um relançamento da nota técnica reformulada “Câncer: é possível prevenir fatores de risco”, publicada originalmente em novembro, com várias postagens nas mídias sociais e produção de vídeos falando sobre os principais fatores de risco modificáveis da doença. Também somos apoiadores da campanha Vá de Lenço, organizada anualmente pela Abrale para a data.

Mississippi CHAMPS: Decreasing Racial Inequities in Breastfeeding.

Mississippi CHAMPS addressed racial inequities in breastfeeding by implementing community and hospital-based practice changes in accordance with the BFHI and by parallel community work.

Estrategia Nacional de Salud para los objetivos sanitarios al 2030 / National Health Strategy for health objectives by 2030

La Reforma de Salud del año 2004 (Ley de Autoridad Sanitaria Nº19.937), establece como parte de la función rectora del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), la definición de objetivos sanitarios y en torno a ellos, el desarrollo de procesos de planificación sanitaria que han considerado una década para su logro. Los objetivos sanitarios se sitúan en una posición estratégica para el sector, enmarcando su desarrollo a través del Plan Nacional de Salud, instrumento que figura como su carta de navegación y que expone los principales desafíos sanitarios, estableciendo acciones y abordajes para enfrentarlos. Estos expresan la misión que la política pública se propone alcanzar en el mediano y largo plazo, específicamente en lo que respecta a mejorar la salud de la población, haciendo los esfuerzos para prolongar la vida y los años de vida libres de enfermedad y, simultáneamente, actuar sobre la reducción de las desigualdades en salud, mejorando la salud de los grupos más desfavorecidos de la sociedad(1). Cada ciclo de formulación de objetivos guarda coherencia con el periodo que lo antecede, dado que, los resultados alcanzados o no alcanzados modulan y determinan las prioridades y metas que el sector se propondrá para el nuevo decenio. En Chile, la formulación de OS fue impulsada por la ministra de Salud Michelle Bachelet el año 2000 en el marco del proceso de Reforma que empezaba a tomar forma en el sector. La experiencia de países como Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido y Canadá que habían realizado procesos similares, sirvió de referencia para el primer ejercicio de formulación que se realizó en Chile. La evaluación de ese periodo concluyó que más del 50% de las metas propuestas habían sido logradas. No obstante, había muchos aspectos que mejorar como la alineación sectorial con los OS y los instrumentos de gestión, la incorporación de mecanismos de monitoreo, la disponibilidad de instrumentos estandarizados y el fortalecimiento del Plan Nacional de Salud en el sector y el intersector. El decenio 2011 a 2020, convocó al sector salud en torno a la formulación de nuevos OS, así se definieron: Mejorar la salud de la población; Disminuir las inequidades; Aumentar la satisfacción de la población y Asegurar la calidad de las prestaciones de salud. Al finalizar esta década, el balance deja resultados disímiles entre las diferentes temáticas, sin embargo, la experiencia planteó aprendizajes relevantes para la formulación de los nuevos OS tanto en materia de salud poblacional como de gestión institucional, no sólo para el sector sino tambien para el intersector. En contexto del inicio de una nueva década, el Departamento de Estrategia Nacional de Salud (DENS) de la División de Planificación Sanitaria (DIPLAS) desarrolló el proceso de formulación de los Objetivos Sanitarios de la Década 2021-2030 y la construcción de un nuevo Plan Nacional de Salud, abarcando la implementación de cinco etapas sucesivas y considerando el desarrollo de una dimensión estratégica, una operativa y una participativa, a fin de crear una red de intervenciones coordinadas, coherentes y sólidas. Para ello, a lo largo de dicho proceso, se promovió el involucramiento de los distintos actores de la organización y la instalación de diversos escenarios para el desarrollo de una planificación sanitaria integrativa y multinivel, basada en el trabajo intra-intersectorial

Prevention of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity: Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Based on an Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews.

This Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Position Paper reports current evidence on pediatric overweight and obesity prevention interventions and discusses implications for registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). An overview of current systematic reviews provided evidence-based results from a range of nutrition interventions according to developmental age group (ages 2 to 5, 6 to 12, and 13 to 17 years). Twenty-one current systematic reviews of nutrition interventions demonstrated a beneficial effect of nutrition and physical activity interventions on body mass index measures and no adverse events were identified. RDNs impart nutrition expertise in a wide range of settings to provide comprehensive care for children and adolescents as their nutrition and developmental needs change over time. This Position Paper outlines the current roles of, and proposed directions for, RDNs engaged in pediatric overweight and obesity prevention. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity requires comprehensive strategies ranging from policy-level to individual-level interventions in settings that will have the most beneficial impact for children according to their developmental stage. This Position Paper advocates for increased availability of nutrition and food access programs and interventions to reduce risk of pediatric obesity and associated adverse health outcomes both now and for future generations.

What is the effectiveness of community-based health promotion campaigns on chlamydia screening uptake in young people and what barriers and facilitators have been identified? A mixed-methods systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The UK National Chlamydia Screening Programme uses an opportunistic approach. Many programmes use campaigns to raise awareness of chlamydia screening in young people. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of campaigns on uptake of chlamydia screening in young people. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of articles assessing the outcomes of community-based health-promotion campaigns to increase chlamydia screening in young people, their experiences of the campaigns and other facilitators and barriers to the conduct of the campaigns. We searched four databases for quantitative and qualitative studies with no language restrictions. MAIN RESULTS: From 10 329 records identified, 19 studies (20 articles) were included in the review: 14 quantitative, 2 qualitative and 3 mixed methods. All studies with quantitative outcomes were before-after study designs or interrupted time series. The prediction interval for relative change (RC) in test counts ranged from 0.95 to 1.56, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 1.22 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.30, 13 studies, I2=97%). For test positivity rate, 95% prediction interval was 0.59 to 1.48, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 0.93 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.07, 8 studies, I2=91.8%). Large variation in characteristics between studies precluded exploring outcomes by type of campaign components. Seven major qualitative themes to improve screening were identified: targeting of campaigns; quality of materials and message; language; anonymity; use of technology; relevance; and variety of testing options. CONCLUSIONS: Health promotion campaigns aiming to increase chlamydia testing in those aged 15-24 years may show some effectiveness in increasing overall numbers of tests, however numbers of positive tests do not follow the same trend. Qualitative findings indicate that campaigns require clear, relevant messaging that displays the full range of testing options and assures anonymity in order to be effective.

Recomendações para operacionalização da política nacional de promoção da saúde na atenção primária à saúde / Recommendations for the Operationalization of the National Health Promotion Policy in Primary Health Care

A promoção da saúde consiste em um conjunto de estratégias focadas na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos e coletividades. As ações de promoção da saúde são potencializadas por meio de ações coordenadas entre governo, setor saúde e outros setores sociais e econômicos para estabelecer estratégias que devem dialogar com as necessidades locais e as diferenças socioeconômicas e culturais em prol da construção de políticas públicas que promovam ambientes e territórios saudáveis, reforcem a ação comunitária na direção dos assuntos de saúde, desenvolvam habilidades pessoais de cuidado por meio da divulgação de informação e da educação para a saúde e reorientem os serviços de promoção da saúde, com a participação da comunidade e de outros setores (1). O desenvolvimento de ações para a promoção da saúde no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) desponta como importante resposta à reestruturação do modelo de atenção à saúde e à operacionalização de ações que priorizam uma abordagem fundamentada nos determinantes sociais da saúde. Nessa perspectiva, a promoção da saúde seria a estratégia preferencial para viabilizar a articulação de conhecimentos interdisciplinares no cuidado individual e coletivo, bem como a APS seria o lócus privilegiado para mobilização comunitária, capaz de propiciar mudanças de cultura organizacional, ampliação do escopo de ações e reorganização dos sistemas locais de saúde (1,2). O presente documento tem como objetivo definir recomendações, no sentido de orientar a operacionalização da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) na APS, obtidas por meio de consenso de especialistas vinculados à temática de promoção da saúde, seguida de consulta pública, e direcionadas a colocar em prática os princípios e as proposições derivadas da PNPS, nas diversas conjunturas e nos diferentes contextos em que venham a ser implementadas (3)

Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible: 2019-2030

En la Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2019-2030 se busca renovar la promoción de la salud por medio de acciones sociales, políticas y técnicas que aborden los determinantes sociales de la salud, las condiciones en las cuales las personas nacen, crecen, viven, trabajan y envejecen (1), con el fin de mejorar la salud y reducir las inequidades en la salud en el marco de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.

Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Fall Prevention and Management for Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

Importance: With the global population aging, falls and fall-related injuries are ubiquitous, and several clinical practice guidelines for falls prevention and management for individuals 60 years or older have been developed. A systematic evaluation of the recommendations and agreement level is lacking. Objectives: To perform a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for falls prevention and management for adults 60 years or older in all settings (eg, community, acute care, and nursing homes), evaluate agreement in recommendations, and identify potential gaps. Evidence Review: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement methods for clinical practice guidelines on fall prevention and management for older adults was conducted (updated July 1, 2021) using MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, PEDro, and Epistemonikos databases. Medical Subject Headings search terms were related to falls, clinical practice guidelines, management and prevention, and older adults, with no restrictions on date, language, or setting for inclusion. Three independent reviewers selected records for full-text examination if they followed evidence- and consensus-based processes and assessed the quality of the guidelines using Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE-II) criteria. The strength of the recommendations was evaluated using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation scores, and agreement across topic areas was assessed using the Fleiss κ statistic. Findings: Of 11 414 records identified, 159 were fully reviewed and assessed for eligibility, and 15 were included. All 15 selected guidelines had high-quality AGREE-II total scores (mean [SD], 80.1% [5.6%]), although individual quality domain scores for clinical applicability (mean [SD], 63.4% [11.4%]) and stakeholder (clinicians, patients, or caregivers) involvement (mean [SD], 76.3% [9.0%]) were lower. A total of 198 recommendations covering 16 topic areas in 15 guidelines were identified after screening 4767 abstracts that proceeded to 159 full texts. Most (≥11) guidelines strongly recommended performing risk stratification, assessment tests for gait and balance, fracture and osteoporosis management, multifactorial interventions, medication review, exercise promotion, environment modification, vision and footwear correction, referral to physiotherapy, and cardiovascular interventions. The strengths of the recommendations were inconsistent for vitamin D supplementation, addressing cognitive factors, and falls prevention education. Recommendations on use of hip protectors and digital technology or wearables were often missing. None of the examined guidelines included a patient or caregiver panel in their deliberations. Conclusions and Relevance: This systematic review found that current clinical practice guidelines on fall prevention and management for older adults showed a high degree of agreement in several areas in which strong recommendations were made, whereas other topic areas did not achieve this level of consensus or coverage. Future guidelines should address clinical applicability of their recommendations and include perspectives of patients and other stakeholders.

Development and Validation of a Lifestyle Behavior Tool in Overweight and Obese Women through Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.

There is a paucity of effective intervention tools for overweight/obese women to assess, guide and monitor their eating behavior. This study aimed to develop a lifestyle intervention tool, assess its acceptability and usefulness, and verify its construct validity in overweight/obese women. The 6P tool (Portion, Proportion, Pleasure, Phase, Physicality, Psychology) was developed and 15 women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were interviewed to assess its perceived acceptability and usefulness. Subsequently, the revised 6P tool was tested in 46 women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short (IPAQ), and weight were measured at baseline and one-month. Most participants were satisfied with the presentation of the 6P tool (86.8%), and agreed it was useful in guiding healthy eating (81.6%) and raising awareness of eating behavior (97.4%). There were significant improvements in cognitive restraint (p = 0.010) and disinhibition (p = 0.030) (TFEQ), portion size (P1), pleasure behaviors (P3), and total composite 6P score (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant reduction in weight or increase in physical activity. The 6P tool is acceptable and presents with good validity for assessing lifestyle behaviors.

Composición nutricional y declaraciones nutricionales del plátano de Canarias / Nutritional composition and nutritional claims of Canary Islands banana

Objetivos: el plátano de Canarias es el único fruto del género Musa que se produce en territorio español. Desde el año 2013 se cataloga como un alimento con Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP). El plátano de Canarias presenta características propias a nivel organoléptico que lo diferencian de otros frutos de consumo del mismo género como la banana. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se habían realizado estudios detallados sobre su composición nutricional y las posibles declaraciones nutricionales derivadas de su composición. Métodos: en el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados del análisis bromatológico del plátano de Canarias, realizado a través de distintas técnicas (cromatografía liquida, espectroscopia, espectrofotometría y polarimetría) en un estado óptimo de maduración del fruto (estadio 6). Adicionalmente, se hizo uso de la legislación vigente concerniente a las declaraciones de la composición nutricional de alimentos (Reglamento N.º 1169/2011) para esclarecer aquellas atribuibles al plátano. Resultados: el plátano de Canarias es un alimento con alto contenido por porción comestible en vitamina B6 (0,52 g/100 g) y fuente de potasio (419,9 mg/100 g), fibra dietética total (2,22 g/100 g) y vitamina C (12,35 mg/100 g) de manera natural, de acuerdo con la legislación vigente en materia de etiquetado alimentario. Conclusiones: la ingesta diaria de un plátano de Canarias contribuye a alcanzar el consumo recomendado de tres piezas de fruta al día, aportando unos valores de referencia de nutrientes (VRN) óptimos de vitaminas (B6, C), minerales (potasio) y fibra dietética, con el consiguiente valor añadido a nivel nutricional que pone de manifiesto su importancia como alimento de producción local y su incorporación como tal en el contexto de una dieta saludable. (AU)

Objectives: Canary Islands bananas represent the only native cultivar of Musa spp. present in Spanish territory. Since 2013, it has the Protected Geographical Indication label, which confers an additional value to this fruit. Bananas from the Canary Islands have certain organoleptic properties that make them stand out from among other commonly consumed Musa spp. However, to date, no studies have been reported including an extended nutritional composition of this product. Methods: the present work shows the main nutritional components of bananas from the Canary Islands as determined by different analytical techniques (mainly liquid chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and polarimetry) when at their best in terms of ripeness (grade 6). Moreover, potential nutrition claims relating to their composition were proposed using the current legislation. Results: the fruit's remarkable content, edible portion, in vitamin B6 (0.52 g/100 g), dietary fiber (2.22 g/100 g), potassium (419.9 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (12.35 mg/100 g) should be highlighted. Additionally, these components could appear on nutritional labeling as claims, according to current European regulations. Conclusions: a daily consumption of one Canary Islands banana contributes to the recommended dietary intake of vitamin B6, vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. The high nutritional value of this fruit enhances its presence in the Mediterranean eating pattern, being remarkable as a local product with excellent nutritional properties. (AU)

Plan de Acciones Integrales de Salud (PAIS) / Comprehensive Action Plan of Health (PAIS)

A partir del enfoque de la salud presentado en el informe "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians" de 1974 escrito por Marc Lalonde, entonces ministro de salud y bienestar de Canadá, se desarrolló el concepto de "determinantes sociales de la salud" (DSS). La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) los define como "Las circunstancias en que las personas nacen, crecen, traba- jan, viven y envejecen, incluido el conjunto más amplio de fuerzas y sistemas que influyen sobre las condiciones de la vida cotidiana". Numerosos programas y políticas nacionales e internacio- nales los han utilizado como marco de referencia. Entre esos programas está la estrategia de Municipios Saludables que se implementó durante los años 2001-2019. Si bien hay un consenso muy amplio en torno a esta perspectiva en el campo de la salud, no hay una clara definición de estrategias de abordaje concretas para las problemáticas de salud relacionadas a los determi- nantes sociales. El desafío que implica definir estas estrategias aumenta mientras más distancia se toma de los temas y perspectivas usualmente utilizadas en el campo de la salud. En este sen- tido, se diseñó el Plan de Acciones Integrales de Salud (PAIS) como herramienta para lograr abordajes operativos de los determinantes de la salud, de objetivar este desafío en los distintos contextos sociosanitarios de la Argentina. El PAIS se compone de siete líneas de promoción de la salud municipal con temáticas generales: 1) Ciudad Amigable para Personas Mayores, cuyas sublíneas abordan: la accesibilidad del entor- no físico, la integración social y las Residencias para Personas Mayores; 2) Gestión de Servicios de Salud sólo estará disponible en las provincias que tienen municipios con efectores de salud propios y se divide en las siguientes sublíneas: Salud Mental, Géneros y Diversidad y Enfermeda- des Crónicas no Transmisibles; 3) Salud Ambiental, posee también una sublínea: Gestión de Resi- duos Sólidos Urbanos; 4) Seguridad Vial; 5) Seguridad Alimentaria; 6) Entornos Saludables y 7) Fortalecimiento Institucional que se divide en las sublíneas: Fortalecimiento Institucional, Parti- cipación Comunitaria y Equidad. Cada línea de promoción de la salud está compuesta de acciones, con sus respectivos indicadores de avance y medios de verificación. Las acciones están secuenciadas en cinco etapas, siendo la primera de una duración de dos meses mientras que las siguientes de cuatro meses, cuyo cum- plimiento determina las transferencias: firma del convenio, diagnóstico, dos de implementación y por último una de evaluación y resultados finales. De esta forma, el PNCMyCS logra establecer una estrategia financiera de apoyo por objetivos alcanzados entre los municipios y las provin- cias.

[Nutritional composition and nutritional claims of Canary Islands banana]. / Composición nutricional y declaraciones nutricionales del plátano de Canarias.

INTRODUCTION: Objectives: Canary Islands bananas represent the only native cultivar of Musa spp. present in Spanish territory. Since 2013, it has the Protected Geographical Indication label, which confers an additional value to this fruit. Bananas from the Canary Islands have certain organoleptic properties that make them stand out from among other commonly consumed Musa spp. However, to date, no studies have been reported including an extended nutritional composition of this product. Methods: the present work shows the main nutritional components of bananas from the Canary Islands as determined by different analytical techniques (mainly liquid chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and polarimetry) when at their best in terms of ripeness (grade 6). Moreover, potential nutrition claims relating to their composition were proposed using the current legislation. Results: the fruit's remarkable content, edible portion, in vitamin B6 (0.52 g/100 g), dietary fiber (2.22 g/100 g), potassium (419.9 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (12.35 mg/100 g) should be highlighted. Additionally, these components could appear on nutritional labeling as claims, according to current European regulations. Conclusions: a daily consumption of one Canary Islands banana contributes to the recommended dietary intake of vitamin B6, vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. The high nutritional value of this fruit enhances its presence in the Mediterranean eating pattern, being remarkable as a local product with excellent nutritional properties.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: el plátano de Canarias es el único fruto del género Musa que se produce en territorio español. Desde el año 2013 se cataloga como un alimento con Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP). El plátano de Canarias presenta características propias a nivel organoléptico que lo diferencian de otros frutos de consumo del mismo género como la banana. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se habían realizado estudios detallados sobre su composición nutricional y las posibles declaraciones nutricionales derivadas de su composición. Métodos: en el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados del análisis bromatológico del plátano de Canarias, realizado a través de distintas técnicas (cromatografía liquida, espectroscopia, espectrofotometría y polarimetría) en un estado óptimo de maduración del fruto (estadio 6). Adicionalmente, se hizo uso de la legislación vigente concerniente a las declaraciones de la composición nutricional de alimentos (Reglamento N.º 1169/2011) para esclarecer aquellas atribuibles al plátano. Resultados: el plátano de Canarias es un alimento con alto contenido por porción comestible en vitamina B6 (0,52 g/100 g) y fuente de potasio (419,9 mg/100 g), fibra dietética total (2,22 g/100 g) y vitamina C (12,35 mg/100 g) de manera natural, de acuerdo con la legislación vigente en materia de etiquetado alimentario. Conclusiones: la ingesta diaria de un plátano de Canarias contribuye a alcanzar el consumo recomendado de tres piezas de fruta al día, aportando unos valores de referencia de nutrientes (VRN) óptimos de vitaminas (B6, C), minerales (potasio) y fibra dietética, con el consiguiente valor añadido a nivel nutricional que pone de manifiesto su importancia como alimento de producción local y su incorporación como tal en el contexto de una dieta saludable.