RESUMO
The 3 Screen ICA ELISA is a novel assay capable of simultaneously measuring autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A), making it a valuable tool for screening type 1 diabetes. Despite its advantages, it cannot specify which individual autoantibodies are positive or negative. This study aimed to estimate individual positive autoantibodies based on the 3 Screen ICA titer. Six hundred seventeen patients with type 1 diabetes, simultaneously measured for 3 Screen ICA and three individual autoantibodies, were divided into five groups based on their 3 Screen ICA titer. The sensitivities and contribution rates of the individual autoantibodies were then examined. The study had a cross-sectional design. Sixty-nine percent (424 of 617) of patients with type 1 diabetes had 3 Screen ICA titers exceeding the 99th percentile cut-off level (20 index). The prevalence of GADA ranged from 80% to 100% in patients with a 3 Screen ICA over 30 index and 97% of patients with a 3 Screen ICA ≥300 index. Furthermore, the prevalence of all individual autoantibodies being positive was 0% for ≤80 index and as high as 92% for ≥300 index. Significant associations were observed in specific titer groups: the 20-29.9 index group when all the individual autoantibodies were negative, the 30-79.9 index group when positive for GADA alone or IA-2A alone, the 30-299.9 index group when positive for ZnT8A alone, the 80-299.9 index group when positive for both IA-2A and ZnT8A, the 300-499.9 index group when positive for both GADA and ZnT8A, and the ≥300 index group when positive for all individual autoantibodies. These results suggest that the 3 Screen ICA titer may be helpful in estimating individual positive autoantibodies.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Glutamato Descarboxilase , Transportador 8 de Zinco , Humanos , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Masculino , Feminino , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Adulto , Transportador 8 de Zinco/imunologia , Glutamato Descarboxilase/imunologia , Estudos Transversais , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Adulto Jovem , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , CriançaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Two or more autoantibodies against either insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A) or zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) denote stage 1 (normoglycemia) or stage 2 (dysglycemia) type 1 diabetes prior to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Automated multiplex Antibody Detection by Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assays in two laboratories were compared to single plex radiobinding assays (RBA) to define threshold levels for diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. METHODS: IAA, GADA, IA-2A and ZnT8A were analysed in 1504 (54% females) population based controls (PBC), 456 (55% females) doctor's office controls (DOC) and 535 (41% females) blood donor controls (BDC) as well as in 2300 (48% females) patients newly diagnosed (1-10 years of age) with stage 3 type 1 diabetes. The thresholds for autoantibody positivity were computed in 100 10-fold cross-validations to separate patients from controls either by maximizing the χ2-statistics (chisq) or using the 98th percentile of specificity (Spec98). Mean and 95% CI for threshold, sensitivity and specificity are presented. FINDINGS: The ADAP ROC curves of the four autoantibodies showed comparable AUC in the two ADAP laboratories and were higher than RBA. Detection of two or more autoantibodies using chisq showed 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) sensitivity and 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) specificity in ADAP compared to 0.90 (0.88, 0.95) sensitivity and 0.97 (0.94, 0.98) specificity in RBA. Using Spec98, ADAP showed 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) sensitivity and 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) specificity compared to 0.89 (0.77, 0.86) sensitivity and 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) specificity in the RBA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were higher in PBC compared to DOC and BDC. INTERPRETATION: ADAP was comparable in two laboratories, both comparable to or better than RBA, to define threshold levels for two or more autoantibodies to stage type 1 diabetes. FUNDING: Supported by The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant number 2009-04078), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Dnr IRC15-0067) and the Swedish Research Council, Strategic Research Area (Dnr 2009-1039). AL was supported by the DiaUnion collaborative study, co-financed by EU Interreg ÖKS, Capital Region of Denmark, Region Skåne and the Novo Nordisk Foundation.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Feminino , Masculino , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Transportador 8 de Zinco/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , Glutamato Descarboxilase/imunologia , Curva ROC , Programas de Rastreamento/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to screen and validate noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), construct genetic risk prediction models, and evaluate higher-order gene-gene, gene-environment interactions for NIHL in Chinese population. METHODS: First, 83 cases and 83 controls were recruited and 60 candidate SNPs were genotyped. Then SNPs with promising results were validated in another case-control study (153 cases and 252 controls). NIHL-associated SNPs were identified by logistic regression analysis, and a genetic risk model was constructed based on the genetic risk score (GRS), and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to evaluate interactions among gene-gene and gene-environment. RESULTS: Six SNPs in five genes were significantly associated with NIHL risk (p < 0.05). A positive dose-response relationship was found between GRS values and NIHL risk. CART analysis indicated that strongest interaction was among subjects with age ≥ 45 years and cumulative noise exposure ≥ 95 [dB(A)·years], without personal protective equipment, and carried GJB2 rs3751385 (AA/AB) and FAS rs1468063 (AA/AB) (OR = 10.038, 95% CI = 2.770, 47.792), compared with the referent group. CDH23, FAS, GJB2, PTPRN2 and SIK3 may be NIHL susceptibility genes. CONCLUSION: GRS values may be utilized in the evaluation of the cumulative effect of genetic risk for NIHL based on NIHL-associated SNPs. Gene-gene, gene-environment interaction patterns play an important role in the incidence of NIHL.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído , Ruído Ocupacional , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estratificação de Risco Genético , Genótipo , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/genética , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/epidemiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/genéticaRESUMO
Gene fusion events have been linked to oncogenesis in many cancers. However, gene fusions in meningioma are understudied compared to somatic mutations, chromosomal gains/losses, and epigenetic changes. Fusions involving B-raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) are subtypes of oncogenic BRAF genetic abnormalities that have been reported in certain cases of brain tumors, such as pilocytic astrocytomas. However, BRAF fusions have not been recognized in meningioma. We present the case of an adult female presenting with episodic partial seizures characterized by déjà vu, confusion, and cognitive changes. Brain imaging revealed a cavernous sinus and sphenoid wing mass and she underwent resection. Histopathology revealed a World Health Organization (WHO) grade 1 meningioma. Genetic profiling with next generation sequencing and microarray analysis revealed an in-frame BRAF::PTPRN2 fusion affecting the BRAF kinase domain as well as chromothripsis of chromosome 7q resulting in multiple segmental gains and losses including amplifications of cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), tyrosine protein-kinase Met (MET), and smoothened (SMO). Elevated pERK staining in tumor cells provided evidence of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. This report raises the possibility that gene fusion events may be involved in meningioma pathogenesis and warrant further investigation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Meníngeas , Meningioma , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Meníngeas/genética , Neoplasias Meníngeas/cirurgia , Meningioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Meningioma/genética , Meningioma/cirurgia , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a ReceptoresRESUMO
Smoking has been linked to male infertility by affecting the sperm epigenome and genome. In this study, we aimed to determine possible changes in the transcript levels of PGAM5 (the phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5), PTPRN2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, N2-type receptor), and TYRO3 (tyrosine protein kinase receptor) in heavy smokers compared to non-smokers, and to investigate their association with the fundamental sperm parameters. In total, 118 sperm samples (63 heavy-smokers (G1) and 55 non-smokers (G2)) were included in this study. A semen analysis was performed according to the WHO guidelines. After a total RNA extraction, RT-PCR was used to quantify the transcript levels of the studied genes. In G1, a significant decrease in the standard semen parameters in comparison to the non-smokers was shown (p < 0.05). Moreover, PGAM5 and PTPRN2 were differentially expressed (p ≤ 0.03 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively) and downregulated in the spermatozoa of G1 compared to G2. In contrast, no difference was observed for TYRO3 (p ≤ 0.3). In G1, the mRNA expression level of the studied genes was correlated negatively with motility, sperm count, normal form, vitality, and sperm membrane integrity (p < 0.05). Therefore, smoking may affect gene expression and male fertility by altering the DNA methylation patterns in the genes associated with fertility and sperm quality, including PGAM5, PTPRN2, and TYRO3.
Assuntos
Infertilidade Masculina , Sêmen , Masculino , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Fertilidade , Análise do Sêmen , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases , Proteínas MitocondriaisRESUMO
ICA512/PTPRN is a receptor tyrosine-like phosphatase implicated in the biogenesis and turnover of the insulin secretory granules (SGs) in pancreatic islet beta cells. Previously we found biophysical evidence that its luminal RESP18 homology domain (RESP18HD) forms a biomolecular condensate and interacts with insulin in vitro at close-to-neutral pH, that is, in conditions resembling those present in the early secretory pathway. Here we provide further evidence for the relevance of these findings by showing that at pH 6.8 RESP18HD interacts also with proinsulin-the physiological insulin precursor found in the early secretory pathway and the major luminal cargo of ß-cell nascent SGs. Our light scattering analyses indicate that RESP18HD and proinsulin, but also insulin, populate nanocondensates ranging in size from 15 to 300 nm and 10e2 to 10e6 molecules. Co-condensation of RESP18HD with proinsulin/insulin transforms the initial nanocondensates into microcondensates (size >1 µm). The intrinsic tendency of proinsulin to self-condensate implies that, in the ER, a chaperoning mechanism must arrest its spontaneous intermolecular condensation to allow for proper intramolecular folding. These data further suggest that proinsulin is an early driver of insulin SG biogenesis, in a process in which its co-condensation with RESP18HD participates in their phase separation from other secretory proteins in transit through the same compartments but destined to other routes. Through the cytosolic tail of ICA512, proinsulin co-condensation with RESP18HD may further orchestrate the recruitment of cytosolic factors involved in membrane budding and fission of transport vesicles and nascent SGs.
Assuntos
Insulina , Proinsulina , Insulina/química , Proinsulina/análise , Proinsulina/química , Proinsulina/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/análise , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/metabolismo , Vesículas Secretórias/química , Vesículas Secretórias/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of non-HLA antibody is gaining special attention in solid-organ transplantation and in highly sensitized (HS) patients because of its potential involvement in graft loss (GL) and/or antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). The identification of non-HLA antibodies while listed may provide deeper information about the increased immunologic risk prior to transplant. We aimed to identify non-HLA antibodies pretransplant that could involve GL in HS patients. METHODS: Nineteen pretransplant samples from HS patients who underwent transplant at the Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital were studied for both HLA antibodies and a panel of 39 non-HLA antigens analyzed based on Luminex platform. RESULTS: Eleven patient (57.9%) maintained the graft (KT group), whereas 8 (42.1%) had a GL within a median of 30 days. The median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of the 39 non-HLA antigens were compared within the groups, obtaining a statistically significant differences in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type N (P < .04) with a MFI mean of 1408 vs 4931 for KT and GL groups, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in non-HLA MFI between ABMR and non-ABMR KT recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of non-HLA antibodies in HS is high. The levels of anti-protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type N before transplant could indicate a potential risk of GL, although longitudinal studies with large number of cases are needed to define anti-non-HLA profiles of risk of ABMR.
Assuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto , Transplante de Rim , Humanos , Anticorpos , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Isoanticorpos , Tirosina , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a ReceptoresRESUMO
Antigen-specific immune tolerance, which possesses great potential in preventing or curing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), can be induced by oral vaccination with T1DM-related autoantigens. However, direct administration of autoantigens via oral route exhibits a low tolerance-inducing effect as a result of the digestion of protein antigens in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and therefore, a large dosage of autoantigens may be needed. In this study, bacterium-like particles (BLPs) made from food-grade lactic acid bacteria were used to deliver the intracellular domain of the insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2ic). For this purpose, BLPs-IA-2ic vaccine in which IA-2ic bound to the surface of BLPs was constructed. BLPs enhanced the stability of the delivered IA-2ic based on the stability analysis in vitro. Oral administration of BLPs-IA-2ic significantly reduced T1DM incidence in NOD mice. The mice fed BLPs-IA-2ic exhibited a significant reduction in insulitis and preserved the ability to secrete insulin. Immunologic analysis showed that oral vaccination with BLPs-IA-2ic induced antigen-specific T cell tolerance. The results revealed that the successful induction of immune tolerance was dependent on the immune deviation (in favor of T helper 2 responses) and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Hence, oral vaccination with BLPs-IA-2ic shows potential for application in preventing T1DM.
Assuntos
Autoantígenos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores , Animais , Autoantígenos/administração & dosagem , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/prevenção & controle , Insulina , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/administração & dosagem , Linfócitos T ReguladoresRESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and diabetes are two of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide with dysregulated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and strong co-occurrence correlation. Plasma autoantibodies represent a promising early diagnostic marker for both diseases before symptoms appear. In this study, we explore the value of autoantibodies against receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN; full-length or selected domains) as diagnostic markers using a cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), CRC, or both diseases or healthy individuals. We show that PTPRN autoantibody levels in plasma discriminated between patients with T2D with and without CRC. Consistently, high PTPRN expression correlated with decreased survival of patients with CRC. Mechanistically, PTPRN depletion significantly reduced invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro and liver homing and metastasis in vivo by means of a dysregulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a decrease of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Therefore, PTPRN autoantibodies may represent a particularly helpful marker for the stratification of patients with T2D at high risk of developing CRC. Consistent with the critical role played by tyrosine kinases in diabetes and tumor biology, we provide evidence that tyrosine phosphatases such as PTPRN may hold potential as therapeutic targets in patients with CRC.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/sangue , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/imunologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/fisiologia , Adulto , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transplante de Neoplasias , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Dysfunction of pancreatic ß cell insulin secretion is related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Rab proteins have been shown to be key players in insulin secretion by pancreatic ß cells, and phogrin is a marker for the processes of exocytosis and insulin secretion. The purposes of this study were to clarify the regulatory role of Rab35 in insulin secretion and analyse the Rab35/phogrin interaction mechanism in ß-TC-6 cells. We studied the effects of Rab35 gene overexpression and interference on insulin secretion and phogrin expression and levels in ß-TC-6 cells. The Rab35/phogrin interaction was verified by GST pulldown, co-IP and co-localisation experiments. Here, we report that Rab35 is mainly distributed in the ß-TC-6-cell plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Rab35 overexpression promotes insulin secretion and decreases phogrin expression in ß-TC-6 cells, whereas its silencing significantly inhibits insulin secretion, promotes phogrin expression (p < 0.05) and causes phogrin redistribution. Furthermore, Rab35 silencing suppresses exocytosis of insulin. Rab35 interacts with phogrin, and both proteins co-localise in the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of ß-TC-6 cells. Our study presents novel evidence that Rab35 regulates insulin secretion by inhibiting phogrin expression and causing intracellular phogrin redistribution in pancreatic ß cells.
Assuntos
Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/fisiologia , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/fisiologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/fisiologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/metabolismo , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismoRESUMO
In the present study, we evaluated how Ptprn-2 (encoding tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N2 polypeptide protein) affects the onset of puberty in female rats. We evaluated the expression of Ptprn-2 mRNA and protein in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis of female rats using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence at infancy, prepuberty, puberty, peripuberty, and adulthood. We evaluated the effects of Ptprn-2 gene knockdown on different aspects of reproduction-related biology in female rats, including the expression levels of puberty-related genes in vivo and in vitro, the time to onset of puberty, the concentration of serum reproductive hormones, the morphology of ovaries, and the ultrastructure of pituitary gonadotropin cells. Our results demonstrated that PTPRN-2 was primarily distributed in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), periventricular nucleus (PeN), adenohypophysis, and the ovarian follicular theca, stroma, and granulosa cells of female rats at various stages. Ptprn-2 mRNA levels significantly varied between peripuberty and puberty (P < 0.05) in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In hypothalamic cells, Ptprn-2 knockdown decreased the expression of Ptprn-2 and Rfrp-3 mRNA (P < 0.05) and increased the levels of Gnrh and Kiss-1 mRNA (P < 0.05). Ptprn-2 knockdown in the hypothalamus resulted in delayed vaginal opening compared to the control group (n = 12, P < 0.01), and Ptprn-2, Gnrh, and Kiss-1 mRNA levels (P < 0.05) all decreased, while the expression of Igf-1 (P < 0.05) and Rfrp-3 mRNA (P < 0.01) increased. The concentrations of FSH and P4 in the serum of Ptprn-2 knockdown rats were lower than in control animals (P < 0.05). Large transverse perimeters and longitudinal perimeters (P < 0.05) were found in the ovaries of Ptprn-2 knockdown rats. There were fewer large secretory particles from gonadotropin cells in adenohypophysis tissue of the Ptprn-2 knockdown group compared to the control group. This indicates that Ptprn-2 knockdown can regulate levels of Gnrh, Kiss-1, and Rfrp-3 mRNA in the hypothalamus, regulate the concentration of serum FSH and P4, and alter the morphology of ovarian and gonadotropin cells, delaying the onset of puberty in female rats.
Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Maturidade Sexual , Animais , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/genética , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Kisspeptinas/genética , Hipófise/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a ReceptoresRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We examined whether the non-HLA susceptibility locus ERBB3/IKZF4 influences progression of type 1 diabetes stage specifically according to sex. METHODS: SNPs of ERBB3 (rs2292239 T/G) and IKZF4 (rs1701704 G/T) were screened by allelic discrimination quantitative PCR assay in first-degree relatives of type 1 diabetes patients who had developed at least one circulating autoantibody. The effect of ERBB3/IKZF4 genotypes and sex, on the progression of single autoantibody positivity to multiple autoantibody positivity and from multiple autoantibody positivity to diabetes, was studied by Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: In the cohort of autoantibody-positive first-degree relatives, the risk allele frequencies for ERBB3 rs2292239 (T) and IKZF4 rs1701704 (G) were increased. There was a significant male excess at the stage of multiple autoantibody positivity (p = 0.021). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, progression from single to multiple antibody positivity was delayed in female participants with genotype ERBB3 GG (p = 0.018, vs ERBB3 TG+TT) or IKZF4 TT (p = 0.023, vs IKZF4 GT+GG), but not in male participants. In multivariate Cox regression models, the interaction effects between female sex and ERBB3 GG (p = 0.012; HR = 0.305 [95% CI 0.120, 0.773]) or between female sex and IKZF4 TT (p = 0.011; HR = 0.329 [95% CI 0.140, 0.777]) emerged as potential determinants of delayed progression to multiple autoantibodies. The progression from multiple autoantibody positivity to type 1 diabetes appeared not to be influenced by ERBB3/IKZF4. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In siblings and offspring of type 1 diabetes patients, polymorphism in region ERBB3/IKZF4 may affect disease progression at the level of epitope spreading in female individuals. Our findings suggest that interaction between sex and ERBB3/IKZF4 may contribute to the post-pubertal male excess in type 1 diabetes.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição Ikaros/genética , Receptor ErbB-3/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Insulina/imunologia , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , Transportador 8 de Zinco/imunologiaRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Accurate prediction of disease progression in individuals with pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes has potential to prevent ketoacidosis and accelerate development of disease-modifying therapies. Current tools for predicting risk require multiple blood samples taken during an OGTT. Our aim was to develop and validate a simpler tool based on a single blood draw. METHODS: Models to predict disease progression using a single OGTT time point (0, 30, 60, 90 or 120 min) were developed using TrialNet data collected from relatives with type 1 diabetes and validated in independent populations at high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes (TrialNet, Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1, The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young [1]) and in a general population of Bavarian children who participated in Fr1da. RESULTS: Cox proportional hazards models combining plasma glucose, C-peptide, sex, age, BMI, HbA1c and insulinoma antigen-2 autoantibody status predicted disease progression in all populations. In TrialNet, the AUC for receiver operating characteristic curves for models named M60, M90 and M120, based on sampling at 60, 90 and 120 min, was 0.760, 0.761 and 0.745, respectively. These were not significantly different from the AUC of 0.760 for the gold standard Diabetes Prevention Trial Risk Score, which requires five OGTT blood samples. In TEDDY, where only 120 min blood sampling had been performed, the M120 AUC was 0.865. In Fr1da, the M120 AUC of 0.742 was significantly greater than the M60 AUC of 0.615. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Prediction models based on a single OGTT blood draw accurately predict disease progression from stage 1 or 2 to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. The operational simplicity of M120, its validity across different at-risk populations and the requirement for 120 min sampling to stage type 1 diabetes suggest M120 could be readily applied to decrease the cost and complexity of risk stratification.
Assuntos
Doenças Assintomáticas , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Anti-Insulina/sangue , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , Transportador 8 de Zinco/imunologia , Adolescente , Área Sob a Curva , Glicemia/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peptídeo C/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Curva ROCRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Prognostic factors and characteristics of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 6 years of age were compared with those diagnosed at 6-13 years of age in the TEDDY study. METHODS: Genetically high-risk children (n = 8502) were followed from birth for a median of 9.9 years; 328 (3.9%) were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the association of prognostic factors with the risk of type 1 diabetes in the two age groups. RESULTS: Children in the younger group tended to develop autoantibodies earlier than those in the older group did (mean age 1.5 vs 3.5 years), especially insulin autoantibodies (IAA), which developed earlier than GAD autoantibodies (GADA). Children in the younger group also progressed to diabetes more rapidly than the children in the older group did (mean duration 1.9 vs 5.4 years). Children with autoantibodies first appearing against insulinoma antigen-2 (IA-2A) were found only in the older group. The significant diabetes risk associated with the country of origin in the younger group was no longer significant in the older group. Conversely, the diabetes risk associated with HLA genotypes was statistically significant also in the older group. Initial seroconversion after and before 2 years of age was associated with decreased risk for diabetes diagnosis in children positive for multiple autoantibodies, but the diabetes risk did not decrease further with increasing age if initial seroconversion occurred after age 2. Diabetes risk associated with the minor alleles of rs1004446 (INS) was decreased in both the younger and older groups compared with other genotypes (HR 0.67). Diabetes risk was significantly increased with the minor alleles of rs2476601 (PTPN22) (HR 2.04 and 1.72), rs428595 (PPIL2) (HR 2.13 and 2.10), rs113306148 (PLEKHA1) (HR 2.34 and 2.21) and rs73043122 (RNASET2) (HR 2.31 and 2.54) (HR values represent the younger and older groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS: Diabetes at an early age is likely to be preceded by IAA autoantibodies and is a more aggressive form of the disease. Among older children, once multiple autoantibodies have been observed there does not seem to be any association between progression to diabetes and the age of the child or family history. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00279318.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Antígenos HLA/genética , Humanos , Anticorpos Anti-Insulina/sangue , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Masculino , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The homeobox (HOX) family plays an important role in multi-biological processes, such as morphogenesis and tumors. However, the function of HOXD13 in colon cancer remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to analyze the expression of HOXD13 and its effect on the survival rate of colon cancer patients. Wound healing, Transwell, and clone formation were used to evaluate the effects of changes in HOXD13 expression on the function of colon cancer cells. A nude mouse xenograft tumor model was used to test the effects of HOXD13 on tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS: Our results showed that HOXD13 was highly expressed in colon cancer and predicted a poor prognosis for patients. In in vitro experiments, the knockdown of HOXD13 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells. In vivo experiments showed the inhibited tumor growth after the knockdown of HODX13. In addition, HOXD13 bound to the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type N2 (PTPRN2) promoter and promoted the transcription of PTPRN2. CONCLUSION: We revealed the function and mechanism of HOXD13 in colon cancer and suggest that HOXD13 may be a candidate marker for the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/mortalidade , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Progressão da Doença , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Camundongos , Prognóstico , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Taxa de Sobrevida , Regulação para Cima , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Oxylipins are lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some oxylipins are proinflammatory (e.g. those derived from arachidonic acid [ARA]), others are pro-resolving of inflammation (e.g. those derived from α-linolenic acid [ALA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) and others may be both (e.g. those derived from linoleic acid [LA]). The goal of this study was to examine whether oxylipins are associated with incident type 1 diabetes. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control analysis in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), a prospective cohort study of children at risk of type 1 diabetes. Plasma levels of 14 ARA-derived oxylipins, ten LA-derived oxylipins, six ALA-derived oxylipins, four DHA-derived oxylipins and two EPA-related oxylipins were measured by ultra-HPLC-MS/MS at multiple timepoints related to autoantibody seroconversion in 72 type 1 diabetes cases and 71 control participants, which were frequency matched on age at autoantibody seroconversion (of the case), ethnicity and sample availability. Linear mixed models were used to obtain an age-adjusted mean of each oxylipin prior to type 1 diabetes. Age-adjusted mean oxylipins were tested for association with type 1 diabetes using logistic regression, adjusting for the high risk HLA genotype HLA-DR3/4,DQB1*0302. We also performed principal component analysis of the oxylipins and tested principal components (PCs) for association with type 1 diabetes. Finally, to investigate potential critical timepoints, we examined the association of oxylipins measured before and after autoantibody seroconversion (of the cases) using PCs of the oxylipins at those visits. RESULTS: The ARA-related oxylipin 5-HETE was associated with increased type 1 diabetes risk. Five LA-related oxylipins, two ALA-related oxylipins and one DHA-related oxylipin were associated with decreased type 1 diabetes risk. A profile of elevated LA- and ALA-related oxylipins (PC1) was associated with decreased type 1 diabetes risk (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40, 0.94). A profile of elevated ARA-related oxylipins (PC2) was associated with increased diabetes risk (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.03, 2.29). A critical timepoint analysis showed type 1 diabetes was associated with a high ARA-related oxylipin profile at post-autoantibody-seroconversion but not pre-seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The protective association of higher LA- and ALA-related oxylipins demonstrates the importance of both inflammation promotion and resolution in type 1 diabetes. Proinflammatory ARA-related oxylipins may play an important role once the autoimmune process has begun.
Assuntos
Autoimunidade/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Oxilipinas/sangue , Adolescente , Ácido Araquidônico/sangue , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Glutamato Descarboxilase/imunologia , Antígeno HLA-DR3/genética , Antígeno HLA-DR4/genética , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Insulina/imunologia , Ácido Linoleico/sangue , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/imunologia , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Between 1962 and 1971, the US Air Force sprayed Agent Orange across Vietnam, exposing many soldiers to this dioxin-containing herbicide. Several negative health outcomes have been linked to Agent Orange exposure, but data is lacking on the effects this chemical has on the genome. Therefore, we sought to characterize the impact of Agent Orange exposure on DNA methylation in the whole blood and adipose tissue of veterans enrolled in the Air Force Health Study (AFHS). METHODS: We received adipose tissue (n = 37) and whole blood (n = 42) from veterans in the AFHS. Study participants were grouped as having low, moderate, or high TCDD body burden based on their previously measured serum levels of dioxin. DNA methylation was assessed using the Illumina 450 K platform. RESULTS: Epigenome-wide analysis indicated that there were no FDR-significantly methylated CpGs in either tissue with TCDD burden. However, 3 CpGs in the adipose tissue (contained within SLC9A3, LYNX1, and TNRC18) were marginally significantly (q < 0.1) hypomethylated, and 1 CpG in whole blood (contained within PTPRN2) was marginally significantly (q < 0.1) hypermethylated with high TCDD burden. Analysis for differentially methylated DNA regions yielded SLC9A3, among other regions in adipose tissue, to be significantly differentially methylated with higher TCDD burden. Comparing whole blood data to a study of dioxin exposed adults from Alabama identified a CpG within the gene SMO that was hypomethylated with dioxin exposure in both studies. CONCLUSION: We found limited evidence of dioxin associated DNA methylation in adipose tissue and whole blood in this pilot study of Vietnam War veterans. Nevertheless, loci in the genes of SLC9A3 in adipose tissue, and PTPRN2 and SMO in whole blood, should be included in future exposure analyses.
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Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Agente Laranja , Substâncias para a Guerra Química , Metilação de DNA , Desfolhantes Químicos , Veteranos , Guerra do Vietnã , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ilhas de CpG , Exposição Ambiental , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/sangue , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/genética , Trocador 3 de Sódio-Hidrogênio/genéticaRESUMO
We hypothesized that epigenetics is a link between smoking/allergen exposures and the development of Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ACO). A total of 75 of 228 COPD patients were identified as ACO, which was independently associated with increased exacerbations. Microarray analysis identified 404 differentially methylated loci (DML) in ACO patients, and 6575 DML in those with rapid lung function decline in a discovery cohort. In the validation cohort, ACO patients had hypermethylated PDE9A (+ 30,088)/ZNF323 (- 296), and hypomethylated SEPT8 (- 47) genes as compared with either pure COPD patients or healthy non-smokers. Hypermethylated TIGIT (- 173) gene and hypomethylated CYSLTR1 (+ 348)/CCDC88C (+ 125,722)/ADORA2B (+ 1339) were associated with severe airflow limitation, while hypomethylated IFRD1 (- 515) gene with frequent exacerbation in all the COPD patients. Hypermethylated ZNF323 (- 296) / MPV17L (+ 194) and hypomethylated PTPRN2 (+ 10,000) genes were associated with rapid lung function decline. In vitro cigarette smoke extract and ovalbumin concurrent exposure resulted in specific DNA methylation changes of the MPV17L / ZNF323 genes, while 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment reversed promoter hypermethylation-mediated MPV17L under-expression accompanied with reduced apoptosis and decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Aberrant DNA methylations may constitute a determinant for ACO, and provide a biomarker of airflow limitation, exacerbation, and lung function decline.
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Asma/genética , Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/genética , Fumar/efeitos adversos , 3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/genética , 3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Asma/complicações , Asma/etiologia , Asma/metabolismo , Estudos de Coortes , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/genética , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Análise em Microsséries , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/etiologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptor A2B de Adenosina/genética , Receptor A2B de Adenosina/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Receptores de Leucotrienos/genética , Receptores de Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Testes de Função Respiratória , Septinas/genética , Septinas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
We and others previously demonstrated that a type 1 diabetes genetic risk score (GRS) improves the ability to predict disease progression and onset in at-risk subjects with islet autoantibodies. Here, we hypothesized that GRS and islet autoantibodies, combined with age at onset and disease duration, could serve as markers of residual ß-cell function following type 1 diabetes diagnosis. Generalized estimating equations were used to investigate whether GRS along with insulinoma-associated protein-2 autoantibody (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8A), and GAD autoantibody (GADA) titers were predictive of C-peptide detection in a largely cross-sectional cohort of 401 subjects with type 1 diabetes (median duration 4.5 years [range 0-60]). Indeed, a combined model with incorporation of disease duration, age at onset, GRS, and titers of IA-2A, ZnT8A, and GADA provided superior capacity to predict C-peptide detection (quasi-likelihood information criterion [QIC] = 334.6) compared with the capacity of disease duration, age at onset, and GRS as the sole parameters (QIC = 359.2). These findings support the need for longitudinal validation of our combinatorial model. The ability to project the rate and extent of decline in residual C-peptide production for individuals with type 1 diabetes could critically inform enrollment and benchmarking for clinical trials where investigators are seeking to preserve or restore endogenous ß-cell function.
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Autoanticorpos/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/metabolismo , Autoanticorpos/genética , Peptídeo C/genética , Peptídeo C/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores/genética , Transportador 8 de Zinco/genética , Transportador 8 de Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. However, the determination of the autoimmune status of type 1 diabetes mellitus relies on islet autoantibodies (Abs), as T-cell assay is not routinely carried out. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of combined assay of islet antigen-specific T cells and Abs in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 54 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 56 healthy controls were enrolled. Abs against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8 were detected by radioligand assay. Interferon-γ-secreting T cells responding to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and C-peptide (CP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot. RESULTS: The positive rate for T-cell responses was significantly higher in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus than that in controls (P < 0.001). The combined positive rate of Abs and T-cell assay was significantly higher than that of Abs assay alone (85.2% vs 64.8%, P = 0.015). A significant difference in fasting CP level was found between the T+ and T- groups (0.07 ± 0.05 vs 0.11 ± 0.09 nmol/L, P = 0.033). Furthermore, levels of fasting CP and postprandial CP were both lower in the Ab- T+ group than the Ab- T- group (fasting CP 0.06 ± 0.05 vs 0.16 ± 0.12 nmol/L, P = 0.041; postprandial CP 0.12 ± 0.13 vs 0.27 ± 0.12 nmol/L, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Enzyme-linked immunospot assays in combination with Abs detection could improve the diagnostic sensitivity of autoimmune diabetes.