Characterization of Proteus vulgaris Strain P3M, a Foodborne Multidrug-Resistant Bacterium Isolated from Penaeus vannamei in China.

Proteus vulgaris is an important foodborne opportunistic pathogen, both environmentally and clinically. The use of appropriate antibiotics has significant therapeutic effects, but has led to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. In this study, a P. vulgaris strain, designated "P3M," was isolated from Penaeus vannamei in Tianjin, China. The whole genome of P3M was sequenced, generating detailed information, including the key genes involved in important metabolic pathways and their physiological functions. A total of 218 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were predicted in the genome. The determination of various minimum inhibitory concentrations indicated that P3M is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterium, with significant resistance to 16 antibiotics in seven categories. Determination of fractional inhibitory concentration index showed that the combination of ciprofloxacin plus tetracycline exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity. Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses detected the presence of two two-component systems that mediate multidrug resistance and several mobile genetic elements involved in the horizontal transfer of ARGs in P3M. P. vulgaris strains represent a serious challenge to clinicians and infection control teams for its ubiquity worldwide and close relevance with human life. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first isolation and characterization of an important foodborne MDR P. vulgaris strain, and this study will provide necessary theoretical basis for the selection and clinical use of the appropriate antibiotics.

[Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Community-Acquired Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Level III Hospital - A Retrospective Study]. / Infeções Urinárias Causadas por Enterobacteriaceae Produtoras de ß-Lactamases de Espetro Expandido Adquiridas na Comunidade num Hospital de Nível III - Um Estudo Retrospetivo.

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of ß-lactamases producing bacteria is a problem worldwide, with increasing importance in communityacquired infections, especially in urinary tract infections. Data regarding the use of non-carbapenem antimicrobials in these infections are scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse the treatment and outcome of urinary tract infections caused by community-acquired ß-lactamase-producing bacteria in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study performed in a level III paediatric hospital, between June 2007 and December 2017. All children with ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae identified in aseptically collected urine culture were included. RESULTS: A total of 175 urinary infections caused by ß-lactamases producing bacteria were diagnosed, 34 (19%) were community-acquired: 25 Escherichia coli (74%), 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%), 4 Proteus mirabilis (12%) and 1 Proteus vulgaris (3%). In 30 (88%) cases, it was the first urinary infection. After identification of the microorganism and antimicrobial susceptibility, 33 (97%) children were re-evaluated and 24 (71%) had a repeat urine culture, which was positive in three (13%). In six (18%) cases, antibiotic treatment was modified. Four (12%) children had another UTI in the following month. In 30 (88%) children, imaging was carried out, with no nephrourological malformations detected. DISCUSSION: In the last decade, about 20% of urinary infections caused by ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were community-acquired with a relatively stable number of cases over the years. No nephro-urological malformations were identified in these children. CONCLUSION: Although the number of cases is small, the clinical and microbiological outcomes showed that most were successfully treated with non-carbapenem antibiotics, with low recurrence of new episodes of urinary tract infections.

Introdução: A emergência de bactérias produtoras de ß-lactamases de espetro expandido é um problema mundial, com importância crescente nas infeções adquiridas na comunidade, nomeadamente nas infeções urinárias. Os dados pediátricos de utilização de antimicrobianos não carbapenemos nestas infeções são escassos. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a terapêutica antibiótica instituída nas infeções urinárias causadas por estes agentes, assim como a evolução clínica e laboratorial.Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo efetuado num hospital pediátrico entre junho de 2007 e dezembro de 2017. Foram incluídas todas as crianças com urocultura positiva para Enterobacteriaceae produtoras de ß-lactamases.Resultados: Foram diagnosticadas 175 infeções urinárias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae produtoras de ß-lactamases, das quais 34 (19%) foram adquiridas na comunidade: 25 Escherichia coli (74%), 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%), 4 Proteus mirabilis (12%) e 1 Proteus vulgaris (3%). Em 30 (88%) episódios tratou-se da primeira infeção urinária. Após conhecimento do microrganismo e suas suscetibilidades, 33 (97%) crianças foram reavaliadas e 24 (71%) repetiram urocultura, que foi positiva em três (13%). Em seis (18%) casos foi alterado o antimicrobiano. No mês subsequente, quatro (12%) crianças tiveram nova infeção urinária e 30 (88%) crianças realizaram investigação imagiológica, sem deteção de malformações nefro-urológicas.Discussão: Na última década, cerca de 20% das infeções urinárias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae produtoras de ß-lactamases foram adquiridas na comunidade, com um número relativamente estável ao longo dos anos. Estas crianças não apresentavam malformações nefro-urológicas.Conclusão: Embora o número de casos seja pequeno, a evolução clínica e microbiológica mostrou que a maioria foi tratada com sucesso com antimicrobianos não carbapenemos, com baixa ocorrência de novos episódios.

Establishment and Application of a Dual TaqMan Real-Time PCR Method for Proteus Mirabilis and Proteus Vulgaris.

Proteus species are common opportunistic bacteria and foodborne pathogens. The proper detection of Proteus can effectively reduce the occurrence of food-borne public health events. Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris are the two most important pathogens in the Proteus genus. In this study, a dual TaqMan Real-Time PCR method was established to simultaneously detect and distinguish P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris in samples. The method exhibited good specificity, stability, and sensitivity. Specifically, the minimum detection concentrations of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris in pure bacterial cultures were 6.08 × 102 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 4.46 × 102 CFU/ml, respectively. Additionally, the minimum detectable number of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris in meat and milk was 103 CFU/g. In addition, the method can be used to distinguish between strains of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris within two hours. Overall, it is a sensitive, easy-to-use, and practical test for the identification and classification of Proteus in food.

A micro-Raman and chemometric study of urinary tract infection-causing bacterial pathogens in mixed cultures.

Detection of urinary tract infection (UTI)-causing bacteria uses conventional time-consuming microbiological techniques. The current need is to use a fast and reliable method of bacterial identification. In order to unambiguously distinguish the UTI-causing five bacterial species used in the current study, micro-Raman spectra were obtained from a home-assembled micro-Raman system and analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), and support vector machine (SVM). Also, the micro-Raman spectra recorded from samples containing two and three bacterial species were tested and validated against the aforementioned calibration models using PLS-DA and SVM. The prediction accuracies of up to 73 and 89% were achieved with PLS-DA and SVM, respectively. Taken together, the present study depicts the capturing of unique micro-Raman spectral features manifesting from the biochemical content of each bacterium. Also, micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis can therefore be a reliable and faster technique for the diagnosis of UTI-causing bacteria. Graphical Abstract.

Purple urine bag syndrome. / Lilla urinpose-syndrom.

BACKGROUND: Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) can occur in cases of bacteriuria with species expressing enzymes capable of converting tryptophan metabolites to red and blue pigments which are excreted in urine, leaving a characteristic purple colour. Risk factors include urinary catheterisation, constipation and chronic kidney disease. Treatment includes catheter replacement, and antibiotics in case of urinary tract infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A man in his 70s with myelodysplastic syndrome, stage 5 chronic kidney disease and chronic indwelling urinary catheterisation due to benign prostatic hyperplasia was admitted for transfusion for symptomatic anaemia. On the second day of hospitalisation, his urine turned purple. There was no sign of transfusion reaction, haemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria or bilirubinuria. Urine cultures were positive for Proteus vulgaris and Enterococcus faecalis, two species associated with PUBS. INTERPRETATION: The constellation was consistent with PUBS. His bacteriuria was considered colonisation not requiring antibiotic treatment. The catheter was replaced and the urine colour returned to normal.

Antimicrobial profiling and molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant genes of Proteus vulgaris isolated from tertiary care hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections acquired from hospitals and community. Pseudomonas and Proteus species are the common cause of these UTIs. Generally, UTIs are self-limiting but have potential to re-occur. Extensive treatment therapy with antibiotics lead to the development of resistance in uropathogens. The development of antibiotic resistance is leading to the failure of currently available antibiotic based therapies thus making the situation worse. The objective of the present study was to access antimicrobial sensitivity and to characterize antibiotic resistant genes of Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) isolated from patients suffering with UTIs. A total of 150 urine samples were collected and cultured on MacConkey agar medium followed by isolation and identification on blood agar medium. Biochemical characterization of all presumptive Proteus isolates was done using Remel Rap ID one kit. Antibiotic sensitivity for P. vulgaris isolates was performed by disc diffusion method. Presence of blaTEM and qnr antibiotic resistant genes was determined by PCR. The results showed that the overall prevalence of P. vulgaris in clinical samples was 11.3%. It showed maximum resistance (94%) to three antibiotics i.e. ampicillin, tigecycline and chloramphenicol, while least resistance was observed against imipenem (12%). Statistical analysis depicted that imipenem had a significantly larger zone of inhibition (P=.01), while ampicillin had significantly smaller zone of inhibition (P=.0004) followed by chloramphenicol (p-value = 0.002). Imipenem should be considered as an effective antibiotic to treat urinary tract infections associated with P. vulgaris. Both blaTEM and qnr genes were found to be involved in conferring resistance to ß-lactam and quinolones antibiotics.

Inactivation of the arn operon and loss of aminoarabinose on lipopolysaccharide as the cause of susceptibility to colistin in an atypical clinical isolate of proteus vulgaris.

Colistin has become a last-line antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections; however, resistance to colistin has emerged in recent years. Some bacteria, such as Proteus and Serratia spp., are intrinsically resistant to colistin although the exact mechanism of resistance is unknown. Here we identified the molecular support for intrinsic colistin resistance in Proteus spp. by comparative genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of colistin-susceptible (CSUR P1868_S) and colistin-resistant (CSUR P1867_R) strains of an atypical Proteus vulgaris. A significant difference in outer membrane glycoside structures in both strains that was corroborated by MALDI-TOF/MS analysis was found, which showed an absence of 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (L-Ara4N) in the outer membrane lipid A moiety of the susceptible strain. Comparative genomic analysis with other resistant strains of P. vulgaris available in a local database found a mutation in the arnBCADTEF operon of the susceptible strain. Transcriptomic analysis of genes belonging to the arnBCADTEF operon showed a significant decrease in mRNA expression level of these genes in the susceptible strain, supporting addition of L-Ara4N in the outer membrane lipid A moiety as an explanation for colistin resistance. Insertion of the arnD gene that was suggested to be altered in the susceptible strain by in silico analysis led to a 16-fold increase of colistin MIC in the susceptible strain, confirming its role in colistin resistance in this species. Here we show that constitutive activation of the arn operon and addition of L-Ara4N is the main molecular mechanism of colistin resistance in P. vulgaris.

Endophthalmitis Due to Proteus vulgaris after Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Devastating Outcome.

Postoperative infectious endophthalmitis is rare, yet devastating loss of vision or loss of the eye can occur due to a highly purulent microorganism or uncontrolled endophthalmitis that may spread to all coats of the eye. We report, herewith, a case of rapidly progressive postoperative endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy which ended up with enucleation. The isolated microorganism was Proteus vulgaris which has not been reported as causative bacteria of postoperative infections following pars plana vitrectomy.

GlpC gene is responsible for biofilm formation and defense against phagocytes and imparts tolerance to pH and organic solvents in Proteus vulgaris.

Biofilm-forming bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics, host immune defenses, and other external conditions. The formation of biofilms plays a key role in colonization and infection. To explore the mechanism of biofilm formation, mutant strains of Proteus vulgaris XC 2 were generated by Tn5 random transposon insertion. Only one biofilm defective bacterial species was identified from among 500 mutants. Inactivation of the glpC gene coding an anaerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunit C was identified by sequence analysis of the biofilm defective strain. Differences were detected in the growth phenotypes of the wild-type and mutant strains under pH, antibiotic, and organic solvent stress conditions. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the phagocytosis of the biofilm defective strain by the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line compared to the wild-type strain. This study shows that the glpC gene plays an important role in biofilm formation, in addition to imparting pH, organic solvent, and antibiotic tolerance, and defense against phagocytosis to Proteus sp. The results further clarified the mechanism of biofilm formation at the genomic level, and indicated the importance of the glpC gene in this process. This data may provide innovative therapeutic measures against P. vulgaris infections; furthermore, as an important crocodile pathogen, this study also has important significance in the protection of Chinese alligators.

Multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria on fluted pumpkin leaves, a herb of therapeutic value.

Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) is a minimally-processed green leafy vegetable traditionally used for its antianaemic properties in the form of leaf juice without a heating or inactivation step before consumption. The aim of the study was to assess the presence of surface microbiota on T. occidentalis leaves and also to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated organisms. Bacterial contaminants on 50 samples of T. occidentalis leaves were isolated and characterized using standard biochemical methods and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated organisms was determined using the antibiotic disc diffusion assay. The results obtained show that the leaves of T. occidentalis is contaminated with organisms which included Enterobacter agglomerans (25.9%), Proteus vulgaris (24.9%), Klebsiella spp. (2.6%), and Serratia liquefaciens (2.1%). Other bacterial isolates recovered in order of frequency included: Staphylococcus spp. (33.7%), Bacillus spp. (8.3%), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (2.6%). Of the 193 bacterial isolates from the leaves of T. occidentalis samples tested for antimicrobial resistance, all (100%) were found to be resistant to ampicillin, cloxacillin, augmentin, erythromycin, and tetracycline while 96% of the isolates were resistant to cephalothin. Resistance to trimethoprim (93%) and gentamicin (83%) was also observed. Approximately, 22% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin; however, only 11 (5.8%) were resistant to ofloxacin. Thus, uncooked T. occidentalis is a potential source of highly-resistant epiphytic bacteria which could be opportunistic pathogens in consumers.

Dynamics of the microbiota in response to host infection.

Longitudinal studies of the microbiota are important for discovering changes in microbial communities that affect the host. The complexity of these ecosystems requires rigorous integrated experimental and computational methods to identify temporal signatures that promote physiologic or pathophysiologic responses in vivo. Employing a murine model of infectious colitis with the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we generated a 2-month time-series of 16S rDNA gene profiles, and quantitatively cultured commensals, from multiple intestinal sites in infected and uninfected mice. We developed a computational framework to discover time-varying signatures for individual taxa, and to automatically group signatures to identify microbial sub-communities within the larger gut ecosystem that demonstrate common behaviors. Application of this model to the 16S rDNA dataset revealed dynamic alterations in the microbiota at multiple levels of resolution, from effects on systems-level metrics to changes across anatomic sites for individual taxa and species. These analyses revealed unique, time-dependent microbial signatures associated with host responses at different stages of colitis. Signatures included a Mucispirillum OTU associated with early disruption of the colonic surface mucus layer, prior to the onset of symptomatic colitis, and members of the Clostridiales and Lactobacillales that increased with successful resolution of inflammation, after clearance of the pathogen. Quantitative culture data validated findings for predominant species, further refining and strengthening model predictions. These findings provide new insights into the complex behaviors found within host ecosystems, and define several time-dependent microbial signatures that may be leveraged in studies of other infectious or inflammatory conditions.

Urinary tract infections in preschool children.

AIM: To determine the prevalence and etiological agents of significant bakteriuria in children younger than six, as well as the incidence of anatomical abnormalities of the urinary system in children with established significant bakteriuria. METHODS: Data were collected from hospital records of children treated at the Department for Preschool and School Health Care, the Primary Health Care Center Zenica and from discharge letters for children hospitalized at the Department of Pediatrics, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period 2007-2009. RESULTS: A total of 5379 children were included in the study. Significant bacteriuria was present in 352 (6.5%) children, among those 114 (32.4%) were boys and 238(67.6%) girls. Recidivism of significant bakteriuria was found in 92 children (26.1%), and abnormal ultrasound findings in 58 (16.4%) children. The most common isolated pathogens were E. coli, in 170 (48.3%), K. pneumoniae, in 61 (17.3%), P. mirabilis in 53 (15%), and P. vulgaris, in 12 (34.1%) cases. CONCLUSION: As UTIs in children are often symptomless and unrecognizable, and an untreated UTI can lead to subsequent impairment of renal function, it is very important to detect bakteriuria in children.

Complicated coexisting pyogenic and tuberculous otitis media affecting the temporozygomatic, infratemporal, and parotid areas: report of a rare entity.

We report an unusual case in which a 28-year-old woman presented with a long-standing history of ear discharge, hearing loss, facial weakness with ipsilateral facial swelling and cellulitis, a postauricular fistula, and an abscess of the temporozygomatic, infratemporal, and parotid areas. The pus stained positive for bacteria and acid-fast bacilli, and culture was positive for Proteus vulgaris and mycobacteria. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of tuberculous otitis media with complications was made. Computed tomography showed extensive destruction of the tympanic and mastoid part of the temporal bone, as well as lytic lesions in the skull. The patient was placed on antituberculosis drug therapy. Although her facial nerve palsy and hearing loss persisted, she otherwise responded well and did not require surgery.

Antibiotic resistance pattern among biofilm producing and non producing Proteus strains isolated from hospitalized patients; matter of hospital hygiene and antimicrobial stewardship.

A retrospective study on antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm production were carried out for eighty eight strains of Proteus strains isolated from UTI and other hospital samples during April 2011-April 2012. The antibiotic susceptibility was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and MIC by E-test. Biofilm production was measured by microtiter method and confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy. Plasmids from biofilm producing isolates were detected by alkaline lysis technique. From 88 patients infected by proteus species, 58% were female and 42% were mail. The most frequent age range was 20-29 (77.39%) and the least were 60-69 years old (3.4%) (p = 0.05). Eighty one isolates were identified as P. mirabilis while, 7 identified as P. vulgaris. 67.04% [n = 59] of the isolates showed MIC range (16-32 +/- 0.05 microg mL(-1)) to ceftriaxone, 46.59% [n = 41] exhibited least MIC range to chloramphenicol (8-64 +/- 0.08 microg mL(-1)). 31% [n = 28] of the isolates also exhibited MIC range 1-4 microg mL(-1) to ciprofloxacin. 17% [n = 15] of the isolates exhibited strong biofilm while, 6% [n = 6] did not show any biofilm (p < or = 0.05). Plasmid isolation from biofilm producing isolates revealed that stains number 19, 24 and 87' that produced strong biofilm carried similar high M. Wt. plasmid. From above results it can be concluded that the majority of Proteus isolated from UTI patients were belong to P. mirabilis. Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic for treatment of the infected patients. Limited number of the isolates could produce strong biofilm that were bearing plasmids. Majority of the biofilm producing isolates were also resistance at least to 4 antibiotics routinely prescribed in our hospital.

Integrons, ß-lactamase and qnr genes in multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris.

Thirty-three isolates of Proteus mirabilis and two P. vulgaris were examined for their antimicrobial resistance, the presence of integrons with regard to gene cassette content, and genetic determinants of ß-lactam and low-level quinolone resistance. Integrons were detected in 23 (69.7%) P. mirabilis isolates; six (18.2%) of them had class 1 integrons, 11 (33.3%) possessed class 2 integrons and six (18.2%) carried integrons of both classes. One P. vulgaris strain possessed class 1 and class 2 integrons. The presence of integrons was associated with increased frequency of resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole. Moreover, integron presence was associated with increased resistance range in terms of both the number of antimicrobials and the number of classes of antimicrobials to which a strain was resistant. Class 1 integrons contained aadA1, aadB-aadA1, dfrA1-aadA1, bla(PSE-1) -aadA1 and aacA4-orfA-orfB-aadA1 gene cassette arrays, whereas all class 2 integrons had a dfrA1-sat2-aada1 array. ß-lactamase genes not associated with integrons comprised bla(TEM-2) , bla(DHA-1) and bla(CMY-15) . Plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance was determined by qnrD and qnrS1 genes. This is the first report of P. vulgaris strains harbouring qnrD genes in Europe.

Characterization of bacteria in ballast water using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

To evaluate a rapid and cost-effective method for monitoring bacteria in ballast water, several marine bacterial isolates were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Since International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations are concerned with the unintended transportation of pathogenic bacteria through ballast water, emphasis was placed on detecting species of Vibrio, enterococci and coliforms. Seawater samples collected from the North Sea were incubated in steel ballast tanks and the presence of potentially harmful species of Pseudomonas was also investigated. At the genus-level, the identification of thirty six isolates using MALDI-TOF MS produced similar results to those obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. No pathogenic species were detected either by 16S rRNA gene analysis or by MALDI-TOF MS except for the opportunistically pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, in house software that calculated the correlation coefficient values (CCV) of the mass spectral raw data and their variation was developed and used to allow the rapid and efficient identification of marine bacteria in ballast water for the first time.

Detection of the staphylococcal multiresistance gene cfr in Proteus vulgaris of food animal origin.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the presence and the genetic environment of the multiresistance gene cfr in naturally occurring Gram-negative bacteria of pigs. METHODS: A total of 391 bacterial isolates with florfenicol MICs of ≥16 mg/L, obtained from 557 nasal swabs of individual pigs, were screened by PCR for the known florfenicol resistance genes. The species assignment of the cfr-carrying isolate was based on the results of Gram's staining, colony morphology, 16S rDNA sequencing and biochemical profiling. The location of the cfr and floR genes was determined by Southern blotting and the regions flanking the cfr gene were sequenced by a modified random primer walking strategy. RESULTS: A single Proteus vulgaris isolate, which carried the genes floR and cfr, was detected in this study. A cfr-carrying segment of 7 kb with homology to a staphylococcal plasmid was found to be inserted into the chromosomal fimD gene of P. vulgaris. This segment was flanked by two IS26 elements located in the same orientation, which are believed to have played a role in this integration process. Stability testing via inverse PCR approaches showed that this integrate is not entirely stable, but the cfr-carrying centre region plus one IS26 copy can be looped out via IS26-mediated recombination. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the cfr gene in a naturally occurring Gram-negative bacterium. Surveillance and monitoring of the cfr gene in Gram-negative bacteria are warranted with respect to food safety and consumer protection.

Bacteria isolated from 25 hydatid cysts in sheep, cattle and goats.

Bacteria were isolated from 12 of 25 hydatid cysts collected from the lungs and livers of cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered in the province of Messina, Sicily, Italy. Citrobacter freundii was isolated from seven of the cysts, Aeromonas hydrophila from three, Staphylococcus species from two, Salmonella species from two and Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris from one.

Determination of pathogenic bacteria by CZE with surface-modified capillaries.

The importance of electromigration techniques in molecular biology and medicine is increasing rapidly, especially in systematic studies on proteomes and metabolomes. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacterial species most frequently encountered in human infections, and many serious illnesses can be observed in the hospital environment. In this contribution we proposed a CE method with different modification of internal capillary surface and with monolithic beds as a selective material for determination of bacteria in clinical samples. The electrophoretic separation depends on the differential mobility of bacteria in the capillary and selective interactions between bacterial cells and stationary phases (modified surface, monolithic beads). Proposed procedures could become an effective tool for diagnosis of certain diseases caused by S. aureus and E. coli as well as Proteus vulgaris.