RESUMO
In deciduous fruit trees, entrance into dormancy occurs in later summer/fall, concomitantly with the shortening of day length and decrease in temperature. Dormancy can be divided into endodormancy, ecodormancy and paradormancy. In Prunus species flower buds, entrance into the dormant stage occurs when the apical meristem is partially differentiated; during dormancy, flower verticils continue their growth and differentiation. Each species and/or cultivar requires exposure to low winter temperature followed by warm temperatures, quantified as chilling and heat requirements, to remove the physiological blocks that inhibit budburst. A comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies on flower buds of sweet cherry, apricot and peach was conducted, by investigating the gene expression profiles during bud endo- to ecodormancy transition in genotypes differing in chilling requirements. Conserved and distinctive expression patterns were observed, allowing the identification of gene specifically associated with endodormancy or ecodormancy. In addition to the MADS-box transcription factor family, hormone-related genes, chromatin modifiers, macro- and micro-gametogenesis related genes and environmental integrators, were identified as novel biomarker candidates for flower bud development during winter in stone fruits. In parallel, flower bud differentiation processes were associated to dormancy progression and termination and to environmental factors triggering dormancy phase-specific gene expression.
Assuntos
Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genes de Plantas , Prunus/genética , RNA de Plantas/biossíntese , Transcriptoma , Epigênese Genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos da radiação , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/biossíntese , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/genética , Óvulo Vegetal/fisiologia , Filogenia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/biossíntese , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Pólen/fisiologia , Prunus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prunus/efeitos da radiação , Prunus armeniaca/genética , Prunus armeniaca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prunus armeniaca/efeitos da radiação , Prunus avium/genética , Prunus avium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prunus avium/efeitos da radiação , Prunus persica/genética , Prunus persica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prunus persica/efeitos da radiação , RNA de Plantas/genética , RNA-Seq , Estações do Ano , Especificidade da Espécie , Luz Solar , Temperatura , Fatores de Transcrição/biossíntese , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
In this study, the effect of microwave (360W, 540W and 720W) oven roasting on oil yields, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and fatty acid composition of some apricot kernel and oils was investigated. While total phenol contents of control group of apricot kernels change between 54.41mgGAE/100g (Sogancioglu) and 59.61mgGAE/100g (Hasanbey), total phenol contents of kernel samples roasted in 720W were determined between 27.41mgGAE/100g (Çataloglu) and 34.52mgGAE/100g (Sogancioglu). Roasting process in microwave at 720W caused the reduction of some phenolic compounds of apricot kernels. The gallic acid contents of control apricot kernels ranged between 7.23mg/100g (Kabaasi) and 11.23mg/100g (Çataloglu) whereas the gallic acid contents of kernels roasted in 540W changed between 15.35mg/100g (Sogancioglu) and 21.17mg/100g (Çataloglu). In addition, oleic acid contents of control group oils vary between 65.98% (Sogancioglu) and 71.86% (Hasanbey), the same fatty acid ranged from 63.48% (Sogancioglu) to 70.36% (Hasanbey).