Fair payments for effective environmental conservation.

Global efforts for biodiversity protection and land use-based greenhouse gas mitigation call for increases in the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental conservation. Incentive-based policy instruments are key tools for meeting these goals, yet their effectiveness might be undermined by such factors as social norms regarding whether payments are considered fair. We investigated the causal link between equity and conservation effort with a randomized real-effort experiment in forest conservation with 443 land users near a tropical forest national park in the Vietnamese Central Annamites, a global biodiversity hotspot. The experiment introduced unjustified payment inequality based on luck, in contradiction of local fairness norms that were measured through responses to vignettes. Payment inequality was perceived as less fair than payment equality. In agreement with our preregistered hypotheses, participants who were disadvantaged by unequal payments exerted significantly less conservation effort than other participants receiving the same payment under an equal distribution. No effect was observed for participants advantaged by inequality. Thus, equity effects on effort can have consequences for the effectiveness and efficiency of incentive-based conservation instruments. Furthermore, we show that women exerted substantially more conservation effort than men, and that increasing payment size unexpectedly reduced effort. This emphasizes the need to consider social comparisons, local equity norms, and gender in environmental policies using monetary incentives to motivate behavioral change.

Clinical Community Psychology: Reflections on the Decades Following Swampscott.

The Swampscott report was foundational, but in some ways reflected divisions within community psychology that have continued into the present. Community psychologists trained in the 1970s and, especially, the 1980s confronted a period where the original focus of community mental health began to have less influence in the mental health field due to a variety of public policies, and the growth of third party payments as a significant source of health care funding. Programs that engaged communities and provided a base for prevention interventions were greatly curtailed because of changes in federal legislation and limited opportunities for state and local funding, although prevention interventions found growing interest from research funders. Clinical and community psychologists who trained in this period increasingly looked to a variety of areas outside of mental health. Consequently, the field of community psychology has become more applied and less academic, with increased attention to advocacy, theory, and global perspectives. The sweep of these changes and their implications for the future of the field are discussed here.

[Economic damage caused by lowered prices in the agro-food sector in areas contaminated by radioactive materials leaked from the nuclear power plant severely damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake--consideration from the viewpoints of epidemiology, economics and social psychology].

INTRODUCTION: Large amounts of radioactive materials were leaked into the environment from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) of the Tokyo Electric Power Company, which was severely damaged by the 2011 Tohoku Region Pacific Coast Earthquake and accompanying tsunami. Economic damage due to lowered prices and supplies of food products produced in the areas contaminated by the radioactive materials leaked from the damaged FDNPP to the agro-food sector in the affected areas is notable. In Japanese, this is known as fuhyo higai. In this study, we investigated fuhyo higai from the viewpoints of epidemiology, economics, and social psychology in an effort to seek solutions. METHOD: Information was obtained from articles in print and on the Internet. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fuhyo higai, or economic damage of the agro-food sector, which is the main industry in the contaminated areas, is serious because it is difficult to reassure the general population regarding food safety. This fuhyo higai does not derive solely from rumor. It has been reported that improving the science literacy of the general population is important as a countermeasure against fuhyo higai, but this may not be effective because of the human social structure and behavior of people who seek subjective safety. Almost all radiological laboratory results of samples of food produced in the contaminated areas were below detectable limits. Very high values were rarely detected. In general, information about the dose-response relationship is obtained under the assumption that there may be error in the response but not in the dose. The rare cases of extremely high radiological values of food samples from the contaminated areas may correspond to large errors in dose. However, it is difficult to deny a high-dose risk. The reported information on the dose-response relationship obtained under the assumption that there is no error in dose is not sufficient. Thus, response, i.e., health risk, cannot be correctly estimated. This leads the general population to choose food products from areas far from the FDNPP over those from the contaminated areas. In order to resolve this problem, thorough decontamination of radioactive areas, including large forests, is necessary for the market to regain competitiveness to the level it was before the accident. The cost of such decontamination is enormous and requires much labor. Decontamination will create employment and is indispensable in restoring the deteriorated economic conditions of the affected areas.

Initial resource assembly in new ventures: Does location matter? / Recursos iniciales en las nuevas empresas: ¿influye la ubicación?

The formation of a new venture requires crucial choices that impact the future success of the firm. An important initial decision is whether or not to start the new venture from home or from a separate location. In this paper, we examine the impact of firm-location decisions on the resource assembly process. Resource assembly is the first step taken by entrepreneurs to begin building a resource base, and it involves gaining ownership or control over resources. Our findings indicate that resource profiles significantly differ by location. In addition, away-based businesses assemble significantly higher counts of physical, financial, and organizational resources (AU)

La formación de una nueva empresa requiere tomar decisiones fundamentales que tendrán impacto en el futuro éxito de la empresa. Una primera decisión importante es elegir si la empresa se localizará en casa o en un espacio diferente. En este trabajo examinamos el impacto que tiene la ubicación de la empresa en el ensamblaje de los recursos. La asamblea de recursos es el primer paso dado por los empresarios para comenzar a construir una base de recursos, y consiste en obtener la propiedad o el control sobre los recursos. Nuestros resultados indican que los perfiles de los recursos difieren significativamente según la ubicación. Además, las empresas basadas en la distancia reúnen significativamente mayor número de recursos físicos, financieros y organizacionales (AU)

Desenvolvimento de modelo de avaliação de programa de incentivo à agricultura / Development of a program evaluation model for agriculture stimulation projects

Um modelo de avaliação de programa (ProGrIA) é utilizado como base para a avaliação do Pronaf no Estado da Paraíba. O ProGrIA propõe a avaliação da implantação, dos produtos da implantação e dos resultados do programa social. Para avaliar sua adequação, foram aplicados questionários, por meio de entrevistas, aos beneficiários do Pronaf. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória revelou índices de ajuste razoáveis do ProGrIA quando aplicado ao grupo de assentados da reforma agrária e índices de ajustes muito bons para o grupo dos agricultores familiares. Os resultados também mostraram que, para situações específicas, típicas da agricultura familiar, a etapa produtos da Implantação não é adequada e não deveria fazer parte do modelo ProGrIA.(AU)

A program evaluation model (ProGrIA) was used to evaluate two small samples of farmers who participated in the Brazilian Family Farming Program (Pronaf). ProGrIA proposes the evaluation of the input, the implementation products, and the final outcome of the social program. To evaluate this model, questionnaires were applied to the beneficiaries of Pronaf. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed reasonable goodness-of-fit indexes for the model ProGrIA when applied to the group of agrarian reform settlers and very good goodness-of-fit indexes for the group of small farmers. The results also showed that for specific agricultural situations, like the ones typical for the group of small farmers, the evaluation of the implementation products is not adequate and should not be part of the ProGrIA model.(AU)

Desenvolvimento de modelo de avaliação de programa de incentivo à agricultura / Development of a program evaluation model for agriculture stimulation projects

Um modelo de avaliação de programa (ProGrIA) é utilizado como base para a avaliação do Pronaf no Estado da Paraíba. O ProGrIA propõe a avaliação da implantação, dos produtos da implantação e dos resultados do programa social. Para avaliar sua adequação, foram aplicados questionários, por meio de entrevistas, aos beneficiários do Pronaf. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória revelou índices de ajuste razoáveis do ProGrIA quando aplicado ao grupo de assentados da reforma agrária e índices de ajustes muito bons para o grupo dos agricultores familiares. Os resultados também mostraram que, para situações específicas, típicas da agricultura familiar, a etapa produtos da Implantação não é adequada e não deveria fazer parte do modelo ProGrIA.

A program evaluation model (ProGrIA) was used to evaluate two small samples of farmers who participated in the Brazilian Family Farming Program (Pronaf). ProGrIA proposes the evaluation of the input, the implementation products, and the final outcome of the social program. To evaluate this model, questionnaires were applied to the beneficiaries of Pronaf. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed reasonable goodness-of-fit indexes for the model ProGrIA when applied to the group of agrarian reform settlers and very good goodness-of-fit indexes for the group of small farmers. The results also showed that for specific agricultural situations, like the ones typical for the group of small farmers, the evaluation of the implementation products is not adequate and should not be part of the ProGrIA model.

O discurso capitalista de Marx a Lacan: algumas consequências para o laço social / The capitalist speech from Marx to Lacan: some consequences for the social bond

Investigam-se algumas consequências geradas pelo discurso capitalista no laço social. Tomando como ponto de partida a obra de Karl Marx e o ensino de Jacques Lacan, buscou-se caracterizar o capitalismo, enfatizando a acumulação da mais-valia como um movimento sem ponto de basta, deixando o sujeito num estado de insatisfação constante, e este estado, em contrapartida, vem sempre acompanhado pelo gozo de algum gadget. O caráter ilimitado desse processo acarreta uma modificação na relação do sujeito com a natureza, com os outros homens e com ele mesmo, em que tudo se transforma em mercadoria. O sujeito passa a habitar um mundo previamente condenado a tornar-se dejeto.

The article investigates the consequences of the capitalist discourse for the social bond. Taking the works of Karl Marx and Jacques Lacan as point of departure, one aimed to characterize capitalism emphasizing the accumulation of surplus-value as a movement without point of enough that causes in the subject a state of constant insatisfaction that on the other hand is always followed by the enjoyment of some gadget. The limitless character of this process causes an modification on the relationship of the subjetc with the nature, with the other men and with himself, where everything becomes commodities. The subject starts to inhabit a world previoulsy condamned to become a deject.

O discurso capitalista de Marx a Lacan: algumas consequências para o laço social / The capitalist speech from Marx to Lacan: some consequences for the social bond

Investigam-se algumas consequências geradas pelo discurso capitalista no laço social. Tomando como ponto de partida a obra de Karl Marx e o ensino de Jacques Lacan, buscou-se caracterizar o capitalismo, enfatizando a acumulação da mais-valia como um movimento sem ponto de basta, deixando o sujeito num estado de insatisfação constante, e este estado, em contrapartida, vem sempre acompanhado pelo gozo de algum gadget. O caráter ilimitado desse processo acarreta uma modificação na relação do sujeito com a natureza, com os outros homens e com ele mesmo, em que tudo se transforma em mercadoria. O sujeito passa a habitar um mundo previamente condenado a tornar-se dejeto.

The article investigates the consequences of the capitalist discourse for the social bond. Taking the works of Karl Marx and Jacques Lacan as point of departure, one aimed to characterize capitalism emphasizing the accumulation of surplus-value as a movement without point of enough that causes in the subject a state of constant insatisfaction that on the other hand is always followed by the enjoyment of some gadget. The limitless character of this process causes an modification on the relationship of the subjetc with the nature, with the other men and with himself, where everything becomes commodities. The subject starts to inhabit a world previoulsy condamned to become a deject.

Porque trabalhar com economia solidária na Psicologia Social / Why work with solidary economy in social psychology

O artigo propõe a necessidade de pesquisa e intervenção em contextos laborais autogestionários, na perspectiva da psicologia social crítica, diante da invisibilidade que adquirem os atores excluídos do mercado formal de trabalho. Trabalha com os conceitos de sociologia das ausências e das emergências, economia solidária e autogestão, apresentando também uma breve análise dos processos de globalização econômica e seus impactos sociais. Discute resultados parciais de uma pesquisa que revela as dificuldades que enfrentam trabalhadores associados ao buscarem praticar modos alternativos de organização do trabalho.(AU)

The article proposes the need of research and intervention in self-management contexts, in a critical social psychology perspective, considering the poor workers condition of invisibility. It works with the concepts of sociology of absences and emergences, solidary economy and self-management, also introducing an analysis of economic globalizations processes and its social impacts. It discusses parcial results of a research work that reveals the difficulties beyond associated workers that search alternative modes of labor organization.(AU)

El artículo propone la necesidad de investigación e intervención en contextos laborales autogestionarios, desde la perspectiva de la sicología social crítica, frente a la invisibilidad que adquieren los actores excluidos del mercado formal de trabajo. Trabaja con los conceptos de sociología de las ausencias y de las emergencias, economía solidaria y autogestión, presentando también un breve análisis de los procesos de globalización económica y sus impactos sociales. Discute resultados parciales de una investigación que revela las dificultades que enfrentan trabajadores asociados al buscar practicar modos alternativos de organización del trabajo.(AU)

Porque trabalhar com economia solidária na psicologia social / Why work with solidary economy in social psychology

O artigo propõe a necessidade de pesquisa e intervenção em contextos laborais autogestionários, na perspectiva da psicologia social crítica, diante da invisibilidade que adquirem os atores excluídos do mercado formal de trabalho. Trabalha com os conceitos de sociologia das ausências e das emergências, economia solidária e autogestão, apresentando também uma breve análise dos processos de globalização econômica e seus impactos sociais. Discute resultados parciais de uma pesquisa que revela as dificuldades que enfrentam trabalhadores associados ao buscarem praticar modos alternativos de organização do trabalho.

The article proposes the need of research and intervention in self-management contexts, in a critical social psychology perspective, considering the poor workers condition of invisibility. It works with the concepts of sociology of absences and emergences, solidary economy and self-management, also introducing an analysis of economic globalizations processes and its social impacts. It discusses parcial results of a research work that reveals the difficulties beyond associated workers that search alternative modes of labor organization.

El artículo propone la necesidad de investigación e intervención en contextos laborales autogestionarios, desde la perspectiva de la sicología social crítica, frente a la invisibilidad que adquieren los actores excluidos del mercado formal de trabajo. Trabaja con los conceptos de sociología de las ausencias y de las emergencias, economía solidaria y autogestión, presentando también un breve análisis de los procesos de globalización económica y sus impactos sociales. Discute resultados parciales de una investigación que revela las dificultades que enfrentan trabajadores asociados al buscar practicar modos alternativos de organización del trabajo.

Reflective sociocultural psychology: lost and found in collaboration with funding agencies and ICT experts.

This paper deals with emerging kinds of collaboration between researchers, funding agencies and ICT (Information and Communications Technology) experts. The goal of this paper is to analyze the challenges and opportunities for researchers presented by such collaborations. The analysis is based on a sociocultural approach, and leads to the following conclusions: (a) the main challenges to collaboration arise from the fact that partners' communities have different goals and use different sets of mediation tools, (b) there are different ways for researchers to cope with more powerful partners such as major funding agencies (refusing collaboration, pseudo collaboration, asymmetric collaboration, and real partnership), (c) appropriation of mediation tools developed by partners could be useful for researchers, (d) collaboration with partners could be a source of new theoretically interesting phenomenon, and (e) communication with partners who are not familiar with our routine discourses might help us to improve our own understanding.