Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes que asisten a neurorrehabilitación / Epidemiological profile of patients attending neurorehabilitation

Antecedentes y objetivo Los avances tecnológicos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento han reducido la mortalidad de muchas enfermedades, observándose como consecuencia un aumento de la población con discapacidad, por lo que la rehabilitación se vuelve una herramienta fundamental. En este contexto muchas instituciones cuentan con unidades de neurorrehabilitación que permiten potenciar la recuperación funcional de sus pacientes, sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se dispone de información del perfil epidemiológico de esta población, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados que asisten a unidades de neurorrehabilitación. Materiales y método Análisis de variables demográficas y clínicas de sujetos atendidos durante el año 2018 en un hospital chileno. Resultados En 2018 asistieron 152 pacientes a la unidad de neurorrehabilitación, la mayoría de sexo masculino (61,2%), con una mediana de edad de 62 años y principalmente pertenecientes al sistema privado de salud (51,0%). El 57,9% de los pacientes tuvo un diagnóstico relacionado con el sistema nervioso, donde el accidente cerebrovascular fue el más común; los diagnósticos relacionados con el sistema osteomuscular ocuparon el 13,2%, mientras que los diagnósticos clasificados como «otros sistemas» completaron el restante 28,9%. La mediana de permanencia en el hospital fue de 34 días, de los cuales 13 incluyeron asistencia la unidad de neurorrehabilitación, lo que significó un aumento del 53% en su funcionalidad mediada a través del FIM. Conclusiones Este es el primer estudio epidemiológico que describe a pacientes hospitalizados que asisten a una la unidad de neuro rehabilitación, siendo en su mayoría, pero no exclusivamente, adultos mayores con diagnósticos neurológicos, quienes destinaron más de un tercio de su hospitalización a rehabilitación aumentando considerablemente su funcionalidad (AU)

Background and objective Technological advances in diagnosis and treatment has reduced the mortality of many diseases, however, because of this the number of people with disabilities has increased. In this context, many health institutions have a neuro rehabilitation unit to enhance functional recovery in their patients. However, to date there is no information about the epidemiological profile of this population, so the objective of this research is to describe the characteristics of hospitalized patients attending neuro rehabilitation units. Materials and Method Analysis of demographic and clinical variables of subjects hospitalized during 2018 in a Chilean hospital. Results 152 patients attended the neuro rehabilitation gym in 2018. They were mostly male (61.2%), with a median age of 62 years and mainly under the private health system (51.0%). Of the subjects, 57.9%had a nervous system diagnosis, of which stroke was the most common, a musculoskeletal system diagnosis accounted for 13.2%, while those classified under “other system” comprised the last 28.9%. The median stay in the hospital was 34 days, of which 13 included attending the neuro rehabilitation unit, this meant a 53% increase in their functionality measured through the FIM. Conclusions This is the first epidemiological study to describe hospitalized patients attending a neuro-rehabilitation unit, most, but not exclusively, older adults with neurological diagnoses, who allocated more than a third of their hospitalization time to rehabilitation, considerably increasing their functionality (AU)

Health Care Resource Utilization Associated With Parkinson Disease Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

OBJECTIVE: To compare differences in health care resource utilization (HcRU) over time between Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: This retrospective observational study used the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse (5% Medicare sample) between 2005 and 2015. In a propensity score-matched (age, sex, race, and comorbidity adjusted) sample of beneficiaries with and without PD, we examined all-cause HcRU due to inpatient admissions, emergency department (ED) admissions, skilled nursing facility (SNF) admissions, health care provider encounters, neurologist visits, rehabilitation service visits, and non-PD medication fills. Relative to beneficiaries without PD, we reported adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for beneficiaries with PD using generalized linear models with log link and negative binomial variance functions. RESULTS: A total of 467,064 Medicare enrollees (unmatched sample) met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 3.3% had PD. In the matched sample and relative to beneficiaries without PD, beneficiaries with PD displayed higher rates of inpatient admissions (IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.24-1.34), ED admissions (IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.27-1.34), SNF admissions (IRR 2.00, 95% CI 1.92-2.09), health care provider encounters (IRR 1.18, 95% CI 1.16-1.20), neurologist visits (IRR 5.57, 95% CI 5.35-5.78), rehabilitation service visits (IRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.41-1.53), and non-PD medication fills (IRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08-1.11) over time. CONCLUSION: These results reflect patterns of medical care among Medicare beneficiaries with PD. The findings can help clinicians, payers, and policy makers make evidence-based decisions for the allocation of scarce health care resources for PD management. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that Medicare beneficiaries with PD use more health care resources than matched controls without PD.

Prevalence of Drinking Within Low-Risk Guidelines During the First 2 Years After Inpatient Rehabilitation for Moderate or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this retrospective, longitudinal study was to investigate the prevalence of drinking within the recommended limits (i.e., low-risk drinking) after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data were drawn from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research TBI Model Systems National Database, a longitudinal dataset closely representative of the US adult population requiring inpatient rehabilitation for TBI. The sample included 6348 adults with moderate or severe TBI (injured October 2006-May 2016) who received inpatient rehabilitation at a civilian TBI Model Systems center and completed the alcohol consumption items preinjury and 1 and 2 yrs postinjury. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism guidelines define low-risk drinking as no more than 4 drinks per day for men or 3 drinks per day for women and no more than 14 drinks per week for men or no more than 7 drinks per week for women. Low-risk drinking was common both before and after TBI, with more than 30% drinking in the low-risk level preinjury and more than 25% at 1 and 2 yrs postinjury. Postinjury, most drinkers consumed alcohol in the low-risk level regardless of preinjury drinking level. Definitive research on the long-term outcomes of low-risk alcohol consumption after more severe TBI should be a high priority.

COVID-19 and spinal cord injury and disease: results of an international survey as the pandemic progresses.

STUDY DESIGN: An online survey. OBJECTIVES: To follow-up with and re-query the international spinal cord community's response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by revisiting questions posed in a previous survey and investigating new lines of inquiry. SETTING: An international collaboration of authors and participants. METHODS: Two identical surveys (one in English and one in Spanish) were distributed via the internet. Responses from both surveys were pooled and analyzed for demographic and response data. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-six respondents were gathered from multiple continents and regions. The majority (63.1%) were rehabilitation physicians and only 12.1% had patients with spinal cord injury/disease (SCI/D) that they knew had COVID-19. Participants reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had caused limited access to clinician and support services and worsening medical complications. Nearly 40% of inpatient clinicians reported that "some or all" of their facilities' beds were being used by medical and surgical patients, rather than by individuals requiring inpatient rehabilitation. Respondents reported a 25.1% increase in use of telemedicine during the pandemic (35% used it before; 60.1% during), though over 60% felt the technology incompletely met their patients' needs. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the ability of individuals with SCI/D to obtain their "usual level of care." Moving forward into a potential "second wave" of COVID-19, patient advocacy and efforts to secure access to thorough and accessible care are essential.

Patterns and predictors of referrals to allied health services for individuals with Parkinson's disease: A Parkinson's foundation (PF) QII study.

INTRODUCTION: Rehabilitation therapies are critical for optimizing quality-of-life and daily functions for individuals living with Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, understanding the patterns of and under what conditions physicians make rehabilitation referrals is important for optimizing care. METHOD: We analyzed data from 5020 participants (4 countries) collected from 1/3/2016 to 4/20/2018 as part of the Parkinson's Foundation Quality Improvement Initiative (PF QII). Data were analyzed for single discipline and multidiscipline referrals to speech language pathology (SLP), physical therapy (PT), and occupational therapy (OT). Group comparisons (referred vs. not-referred) and regression procedures were implemented to determine demographic and clinical variables that were associated with an increased likelihood of rehabilitation referral. RESULTS: 35.3% of participants were referred to rehabilitation services. Of these, 25.1% received a multidiscipline referral. There was a statistically significant effect of disease stage on both single discipline (χ2(2) = 45.1, p < 0.0001) and multidiscipline (χ2(2) = 74.2, p < 0.0001) referrals, with higher rates in later stages. Referred vs. not-referred participants differed significantly on a number of variables; however, only falls in the 6-months prior, advanced- and moderate-stage disease, older age, hospital admissions, and higher caregiver burden were associated with an increased likelihood of rehabilitation referral (adjusted odds ratios ≥ 1, Range = 1.08 to 1.62). CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence supporting multidiscipline and proactive rehabilitation in PD, the majority of referrals were made to a single service and may be reactions to falls or advancing disease. Data suggest there may be missed opportunities for optimizing care through proactive rehabilitation interventions.

Associations between cognitive performance and the rehabilitation, medical care and social support provided to French children with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with a characteristic behavioural phenotype. A multidisciplinary approach to care is required to prevent multiple medical complications in individuals affected by PWS. The aim of this study was to describe the rehabilitation, medical care, educational and social support provided to school-aged French PWS patients with varying neuropsychological profiles. Data were obtained from a French multicentre study that included patients aged 4-20 years with diverse genetic syndromes. Nineteen PWS subjects with a mean age of 9.2 years were included. The mean full-scale intellectual quotient (IQ) was 58 (Wechsler scale). There were frequent dissociations between verbal and performance IQ that were not associated with a specific profile. We also observed lower autonomy and communication scores (5.3 years and 5.9 years equivalent, respectively, Vineland scale), the absence of hyperactivity (Conners scale), and the presence of behavioural abnormalities (CBCL scale). Multidisciplinary medical supervision was generally coordinated by the paediatric endocrinologist and did not always include follow-up with all of the recommended specialists, in particular with a paediatric psychiatrist. Analysis of multidisciplinary rehabilitation conducted in public and private-sector establishment revealed failings in psychological support, occupational therapy and dietary follow-up. Regarding education, most children younger than 10 years were in normal schools, while older individuals were often cared for in medico-social institutions. In conclusion, children and adolescents with PWS generally received appropriate care. Though there have been considerable improvements in the management of children with PWS, reference centres should continue reinforcing the coordination of multidisciplinary supervision.

Perceptions of Compensation Strategies for Gait Impairments in Parkinson's Disease: A Survey Among 320 Healthcare Professionals.

Compensation strategies are an essential part of managing gait impairments in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted an online survey among 320 healthcare professionals with specific expertise in PD management, to evaluate their knowledge of compensation strategies for gait impairments in people with PD, and whether they applied these in daily practice. Only 35% of professionals was aware of all categories of compensation strategies. Importantly, just 23% actually applied all seven available categories of strategies when treating people with PD in clinical practice. We discuss the clinical implications, and provide recommendations to overcome this knowledge gap.

Physiotherapy in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Present Treatment Modalities.

BACKGROUND: Physiotherapy is a commonly prescribed intervention for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Conventional types of physiotherapy have been studied extensively, while novel modalities are being developed and evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of conventional and more recent physiotherapy interventions for people with PD. The meta-analysis performed as part of the 2014 European Physiotherapy Guideline for PD was used as the starting point and updated with the latest evidence. METHODS: We performed a systematic search in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials comparing any physiotherapy intervention with no intervention or sham treatment were included. Trials were classified into 12 categories: conventional physiotherapy, resistance training, treadmill training, strategy training, dance, martial arts, aerobic exercises, hydrotherapy, balance and gait training, dual tasking, exergaming, and Nordic walking. Outcomes included motor symptoms, balance, gait, and quality of life, and are presented as standardized mean differences. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used to systematically appraise methodological quality. RESULTS: A total of 191 trials with 7998 participants were included. Conventional physiotherapy significantly improved motor symptoms, gait, and quality of life. Resistance training improved gait. Treadmill training improved gait. Strategy training improved balance and gait. Dance, Nordic walking, balance and gait training, and martial arts improved motor symptoms, balance, and gait. Exergaming improved balance and quality of life. Hydrotherapy improved balance. Finally, dual task training did not significantly improve any of the outcomes studied. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence for the effectiveness of different physiotherapy interventions in the management of PD, allowing clinicians and patients to make an evidence-based decision for specific treatment modalities. Further work is needed to directly compare the relative efficacy of the various treatments.

Predictors of Access to Rehabilitation in the Year Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A European Prospective and Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Although rehabilitation is beneficial for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant proportion of them do not receive adequate rehabilitation after acute care. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, the goal of this prospective and multicenter study was to investigate predictors of access to rehabilitation in the year following injury in patients with TBI. METHODS: Data from a large European study (CENTER-TBI), including TBIs of all severities between December 2014 and December 2017 were used (N = 4498 patients). Participants were dichotomized into those who had and those who did not have access to rehabilitation in the year following TBI. Potential predictors included sociodemographic factors, psychoactive substance use, preinjury medical history, injury-related factors, and factors related to medical care, complications, and discharge. RESULTS: In the year following traumatic injury, 31.4% of patients received rehabilitation services. Access to rehabilitation was positively and significantly predicted by female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50), increased number of years of education completed (OR = 1.05), living in Northern (OR = 1.62; reference: Western Europe) or Southern Europe (OR = 1.74), lower prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR = 1.03), higher Injury Severity Score (OR = 1.01), intracranial (OR = 1.33) and extracranial (OR = 1.99) surgery, and extracranial complication (OR = 1.75). On contrast, significant negative predictors were lack of preinjury employment (OR = 0.80), living in Central and Eastern Europe (OR = 0.42), and admission to hospital ward (OR = 0.47; reference: admission to intensive care unit) or direct discharge from emergency room (OR = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, there is an urgent need to implement national and international guidelines and strategies for access to rehabilitation after TBI.

Neuro-rehabilitation service during COVID-19 pandemic: Best practices from UK.

This paper provides the context of COVID-19 outbreak with special reference to hospital-based neurorehabilitation services in the UK and transferrable lessons for similar services globally. While the COVID-19 pandemic has created numerous challenges at all levels and forced us to confront our own vulnerabilities as individuals, teams, services, communities and on the global stage, it has also simultaneously offered us opportunities for transformation. Converting catastrophe into opportunity requires creativity, diligence, innovation, strategy and vision. This reflection serves to identify the challenges we encountered, the solutions we applied and the opportunities that we have taken. In the wake of an information avalanche, service and clinical practice challenge, service capacity challenge and above all, a unique and timely reminder of our own humanity and the inter-connectedness and fragility of human societies, we have endeavoured to identify and describe some crucial leadership facets, which are supporting our journey through this global health crisis.

A Retrospective Analysis of Factors Impacting Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with motor and activities of daily living recovery after 4-wk rehabilitation in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. DESIGN: Eight hundred ten eligible patients were enrolled and engaged in 4-wk rehabilitation. Fugl-Meyer score and Modified Barthel Index were used to measure the motor and activities of daily living function. Multivariate linear regressions were used to investigate the effect of the 23 preexisting conditions in intracerebral hemorrhage patients (eg, scales of functional abilities, spasticity, cognition, and mental disorders) on efficacy outcomes after 4-wk rehabilitation. RESULTS: The results indicated the following: (1) young age, absence of diabetes mellitus, right hemiplegia, early rehabilitation, elbow spasticity, and higher cognitive and motor function were significantly associated with better prognosis after 4-wk rehabilitation; (2) patients who started rehabilitation within 120 days of stroke onset had significantly better outcomes; (3) activities of daily living function could be further improved for those patients wherein the time since stroke onset was more than 121 days; and (4) improving cognitive function may improve functional ability after rehabilitation in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: The results could enable clinicians to predict the intracerebral hemorrhage rehabilitation outcome and achieve the maximum favorable outcome to facilitate personal independence.

The effect of aquatic physical therapy on patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aquatic environment has unique properties, such a buoyancy, turbulence, hydrostatic pressure, and resistance, which can be used to gain a range of exercise benefits. During the last decade, hydrotherapy has spread in a very heterogeneous rehabilitation field. However, the efficacy of this kind of rehabilitation is not clear in scientific literature. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative results of physical therapy treatments in an aquatic setting for individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. METHOD: PRISMA guidelines were used to carry out the systematic review and meta-analysis. Three bibliographic databases were searched: MEDLINE, PEDro, and the Cochrane Library. Papers included in the study have the following characteristics: (a) a randomized controlled trial design of research and (b) published in English. The quality of the clinical trials included were evaluated according to a Jadad score and through meta-analysis. RESULTS: After the elimination of duplicates, 116 records were screened. Among these, 11 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were included in the systematic review. Ten of these were involved in the meta-analysis. From the qualitative analysis, a larger number of studies were found with a high level of quality. Most of the results of the quantitative analysis were statistically significant (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Aquatic physical therapy is a valid means of rehabilitation for people with Multiple Sclerosis. The integration of this methodological approach with conventional physical therapy is recommended. Nevertheless, more studies, a larger number of participants, and short-, medium-, and long-term follow-up are required to confirm current results.

Introduction of Network-Based Healthcare at Kaiser Permanente.

BACKGROUND: Early 2014, Kaiser Permanente decided to adopt an innovative model for network-based allied healthcare for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), based on the principles of the Dutch ParkinsonNet. OBJECTIVE: We present the interventions that were performed to implement this method at Kaiser Permanente and we show the first outcomes based on these interventions. METHODS: In this study, 57 physical therapists, 18 speech therapists and 20 occupational therapists, as well as 13 medical centers across the state of California were included. Nine interventions were performed more or less simultaneously, including training and education of healthcare providers and patients, a train the trainer curriculum, organizing IT, streamlining referral processes and building networks. RESULTS: At the start, less than 30% of the patients within the Southern California Region received specialized allied health treatment (consisting of, i.e., gait training, voice training or guidance in activities of daily life). After one year, almost 55% of patients received specialized allied health treatment. In the second year, this number increased to just under 67%, suggesting a sustained concentration of care (the second core component of networked care). This can be seen as a first indicator for successful implementation of the ParkinsonNet network at Kaiser Permanente. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of these findings lies in the fact that a healthcare innovation that proved effective in one country can be transferred successfully to another country and to another healthcare system.

Current practice of cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury: An international survey.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health issue, frequently resulting in impairments in the cognitive domains of attention, information processing speed, memory, executive function, and communication. Despite the importance of rehabilitating cognitive difficulties, and the release of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for cognitive rehabilitation, little is known about current clinician practice. This study aimed to explore current international clinician practice of cognitive rehabilitation. One hundred and fifteen English-speaking allied health professionals, including neuropsychologists and occupational therapists, from 29 countries outside Australia, were surveyed online about their current practice and reflections on cognitive rehabilitation. Both cognitive retraining and functional compensation approaches to cognitive rehabilitation were commonly utilized. Clinicians mostly targeted deficits in attention and executive functioning with retraining interventions, whilst memory deficits were mostly targeted with compensatory interventions. Clinicians were aware of and utilized various resources for cognitive rehabilitation, including CPGs. Clinicians considered the client's social support network, client engagement and motivation in rehabilitation, multidisciplinary team collaboration, and goal setting and implementation as highly impactful factors on the success of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. Whilst practice is broadly consistent with current CPG recommendations, addressing facilitating factors can further optimize client outcomes and quality of life following TBI.

Frequency, Characteristics and Risk Factors of Aggressive Incidents in a Paediatric Rehabilitation Setting: A Prospective Survey.

Aim: Aggressive incidents (AI) are a serious concern in health care and can have negative effects on the physical and emotional well-being staff. This study aimed to determine frequency, characteristics and risk factors for aggressive behavior.Methods: AI were recorded during six months by the staff in a pediatric rehabilitation clinic using the evaluation form for AI (EVA). Patients were divided into the study group (patients who were involved in AI) and controls.Results: 14/105 (13%) of patients were involved in 79 AI. 0.44 AI per day occurred. Most often AI occurred on Mondays and 98% included physical, 22% verbal aggression. Most frequent target (43%) were nurses, followed by therapists (31.6%).Significant risk factors for AI were: previous aggressive behavior (p = .038), lower cognitive and higher mobility sub-scores in the WeeFIM. Conclusion: Findings emphasize the magnitude of AI in pediatric rehabilitation and thus the importance of implement preventive strategies.Abbreviations: ADL: Activity of daily living; AI: Aggressive Incidents; CFCS: Communication Function Classification System; EVA: Recording aggressive incidents (Erfassung von Aggressionsereignissen); GMFCS: Gross Motor Function Classification System; MACS: Manual Ability Classification System; SOAS-R: Staff Observation of Aggression Scale-Revised; WeeFIM: Functional Independence Measure for Children; WPV: Workplace violence.

Outcomes for older adults in inpatient specialist neurorehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Inpatient specialist neurorehabilitation in the United Kingdom is based on providing a service to "working-age" adults (<65 years), with little evidence for outcomes for older adults involved with these services. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine any difference in outcome after inpatient neurorehabilitation between younger and older adults assessed as having rehabilitation potential. METHODS: A two-centre retrospective review was performed comparing patients aged<65 and≥65 years by diagnostic group in terms of length of stay, changes in UK Functional Independence Measure+Functional Assessment Measure (UK FIM+FAM) scores and discharge destination. RESULTS: Six hundred and sixteen patients (32%≥65 years) were included. The 2 age groups did not differ in length of stay (median difference 7 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2 to 15, P=0.112), but both UK FIM+FAM change and efficiency were higher for the older than younger group (median difference 7, 95% CI 2-13, P=0.006 and 0.10, 0.01-0.19, P=0.031 respectively). Older age was associated with discharge to long-term care (6%<65 years; 11%≥65 years, x2=4.10, P=0.043). Results and trends were similar in patients with acquired brain injury (n=429), spinal cord injury (n=59) and peripheral neuropathy (n=34) but not progressive neurological disorders (n=70). CONCLUSION: Older adults considered to have rehabilitation potential may have greater functional gains from inpatient specialist inpatient rehabilitation than younger adults. Age alone should not exclude admission to inpatient specialist neurorehabilitation.

Falls during inpatient rehabilitation in spinal cord injury, acquired brain injury, and neurologmusculoskeletal disease programs.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVES: To compare the proportion of fallers and the patient level and fall characteristics among inpatients who had experienced at least one fall in a spinal cord injury (SCI), an acquired brain injury (ABI), and a neuromusculoskeletal disease (NMS) rehabilitation program. SETTING: Tertiary rehabilitation hospital. SUBJECTS: Inpatients who had experienced at least one fall during rehabilitation. METHODS: Patient and fall level variables were extracted from electronic medical records over a 5-year period (January 1, 2011 to January 1, 2016): hospital program, age, sex, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, length of stay, number of medications, as well as fall date, time, location, cause, harm, fall risk assessment data, and whether the fall was witnessed. The impact of hospital program on fall was examined using bivariate and multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-seven (16%) inpatients experienced at least one fall during the study period. Inpatients with SCI had the highest proportion of fallers (20%) and fell later after admission than inpatients in the other programs. Patients with ABI were more likely to sustain moderate-to-severe physical harm from falls. Taking >5 medications at time of fall and being earlier in one's rehabilitation course were associated with increased fall rate among fallers. CONCLUSIONS: Although the type of program was not a significant predictor of fall rate in the multivariable analysis, there were some important differences among the rehabilitation programs on patient and fall level characteristics. These results may be useful when developing and timing fall prevention interventions for inpatient rehabilitation.

Prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in the acute rehabilitation population following traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were admitted from November 1st, 2010 through June 30th, 2015 with diagnosis of mild-severe TBI and had serum 25 OH vitamin D levels checked upon admission. 369 out of 845 met inclusion. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. MAIN MEASURES: 25 OH vitamin D, vitamin D treatment. RESULTS: The majority of patients were male (67%), Caucasian (89%) with private insurance (61%) and a mean age of 43.5±21.0 years. 25 OH vitamin D levels were categorized: deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20-29.9 ng/mL), and sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). There were 95 (26%) patients that were deficient, 131 (36%) that were insufficient, and 143 (39%) that were sufficient. Race/ethnicity was found to be significant (p = 0.0145) with the largest percentage of Hispanics found in the insufficient and deficient categories, and the largest percentage of Blacks in the deficient category. Most patients with deficient or insufficient vitamin D levels were prescribed vitamin D replacement during their rehab stay (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation were found to have insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels, therefore it should be routinely screened and treated as indicated.

Diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome during the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: A national survey study.

The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in Brazil in 2015-2016 was followed by an increase in the incidence of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). With this national survey study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of how neurologists in Brazil are currently diagnosing and treating patients with GBS, and how this increase in incidence has impacted the management of the disease. The questionnaire consisted of 52 questions covering: personal profile of the neurologist, practice of managing GBS during and outside of the ZIKV epidemic, and limitations in managing GBS. All 3264 neurologists that were member of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology at the time of the study were invited to participate. The questionnaire was fully answered by 171 (5%) neurologists. Sixty-one percent of neurologists noticed an increase in patients with GBS during the ZIKV epidemic, and 30% experienced an increase in problems in managing GBS during this time. The most important limitations in the diagnosis and management of GBS included the availability of nerve conduction studies (NCS), beds in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and referral to rehabilitation centers. Most neurologists did not use a protocol for treating patients with GBS and the treatment practice varied. Increasing availability of NCS and beds in the ICU and rehabilitation centers, and the implementation of (inter)national guidelines, are critical in supporting Brazilian neurologist in their management of GBS, and are especially important in preparing for future outbreaks.

Describing the current state of post-rehabilitation health system surveillance in Ontario - an invited review.

Context: Spinal cord injury (SCI) presents numerous physiological, psychosocial, and environmental complexities resulting in significant healthcare system resource demands. Objective: To describe the current health system surveillance mechanisms in Ontario, Canada and highlight gaps in health surveillance among adults with SCI across their lifespan. Methods: A review of administrative data sources capturing SCI-specific information took place via internet searching and networking among SCI rehabilitation and health services experts with emphasis on functionality, health service utilization, and quality of life data. Results: The review identified a distinct paucity of data elements specific to the health surveillance needs of individuals with SCI living in the community. The gaps identified are: (1) a lack of data usability; (2) inadequate linkage between available datasets; (3) inadequate/infrequent reporting of outcomes; (4) a lack of relevant content/patient-reported outcomes; and, (5) failure to incorporate additional data sources (e.g. Insurance datasets). Conclusion: Currently, SCI-specific health data is disproportionately weighted towards the first 3-6 months post injury with detailed data regarding pre-hospital care, acute management and rehabilitation, but little existing infrastructure supporting community-based health surveillance. Given this reality, the bolstering of meaningful community health surveillance of this population across the lifespan is needed. Addressing the identified gaps in health surveillance must inform the creation of a comprehensive community health dataset incorporating patient-reported outcome measures and enabling linkage with existing administrative and/or clinical databases. A future harmonized data surveillance strategy would, in turn, positively impact function, health services, resource utilization and health-related quality of life surveillance.