RESUMO
Sewage treatment involves a trade-off of land vs. energy and the location of installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) strongly impacts the decisions regarding treatment technologies. In the wake of rapid urbanization, deteriorating freshwater quality and water scarcity, it is crucial to plan adequate and low-cost sewerage infrastructure that can improve the quality of life in rural and urban areas. The present work involves a novel life cycle analysis through six scenarios generated from a holistic perspective that can aid urban planners and urban local bodies in planning the sewage treatment facilities in their cities, towns or villages. Instead of planning sewerage infrastructure for a long-term period of thirty years, it is suggested to create and operate the STPs only for the upcoming decade. Further, owing to the drawbacks of mechanized and natural treatment systems, adopting a mix of these treatment approaches in planning infrastructure is suggested and the benefits of implementing the same are quantified and discussed. Implementing these strategies results in almost 30 % cost savings and 40 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, hence, investing in land for natural treatment systems is suggested instead of incurring heavy electricity bills for mechanized treatment systems. The land cost significantly affects the decision-making regarding treatment technology selection; hence, the variation in the life cycle cost of different sewage treatment approaches is assessed for varying land rates in India.
Assuntos
Esgotos , Instalações de Eliminação de Resíduos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/economia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Urbanização , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Índia , Humanos , População Rural , População Urbana , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Abastecimento de Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Instalações de Eliminação de Resíduos/economia , Instalações de Eliminação de Resíduos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Nexus approach provides an effective perspective for implementing synergetic management of water resources. In this study, an interval two-stage chance-constrained water rights trading planning model under water-ecology-food nexus perspective (ITCWR-WEF) is proposed to analyze the interaction between water trading and water-ecology-food (WEF) nexus, which fills in the water resources management gaps from a novel nexus perspective. ITCWR-WEF incorporates hydrological simulation with soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), water rights configuration with interval two-stage chance-constrained programming (ITCP), and multi-criterion analysis with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The developed ITCWR-WEF is applied to a real case of Daguhe watershed, which has characteristics of water scarcity, food producing areas and fragile ecosystem. Initial water rights allocation is addressed before the trading. Mechanisms analysis is designed to reveal mutual effect of water rights trading and WEF nexus. Optimal water management scenario is identified through multi-criterion analysis. Results reveal that the mechanism of water rights trading with WEF nexus under low constraint-violation risk level of water availability and environment capacity is recommended to promote the rational water resources allocation to balance the economic goals, water environment and water supply security, as well as ecological and food water demand guarantees.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos , Recursos Hídricos , Abastecimento de Água , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Abastecimento de Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Agricultura/métodos , Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The intensity of extreme precipitation events is projected to increase in a warmer climate1-5, posing a great challenge to water sustainability in natural and built environments. Of particular importance are rainfall (liquid precipitation) extremes owing to their instantaneous triggering of runoff and association with floods6, landslides7-9 and soil erosion10,11. However, so far, the body of literature on intensification of precipitation extremes has not examined the extremes of precipitation phase separately, namely liquid versus solid precipitation. Here we show that the increase in rainfall extremes in high-elevation regions of the Northern Hemisphere is amplified, averaging 15 per cent per degree Celsius of warming-double the rate expected from increases in atmospheric water vapour. We utilize both a climate reanalysis dataset and future model projections to show that the amplified increase is due to a warming-induced shift from snow to rain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that intermodel uncertainty in projections of rainfall extremes can be appreciably explained by changes in snow-rain partitioning (coefficient of determination 0.47). Our findings pinpoint high-altitude regions as 'hotspots' that are vulnerable to future risk of extreme-rainfall-related hazards, thereby requiring robust climate adaptation plans to alleviate potential risk. Moreover, our results offer a pathway towards reducing model uncertainty in projections of rainfall extremes.
Assuntos
Inundações , Aquecimento Global , Chuva , Neve , Clima , Inundações/estatística & dados numéricos , Aquecimento Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Climáticos , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Ambiente Construído/tendências , Atmosfera/química , Umidade , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoAssuntos
Mudança Climática , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos , Política Ambiental , Hidrologia , Nações Unidas , Recursos Hídricos , Água , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/legislação & jurisprudência , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/tendências , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Ambiental/tendências , Nações Unidas/organização & administração , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
Os procedimentos seguidos incorporam a exigência de ambos, regulamentação nacional relevante, especialmente o Regulamento de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (Decreto 54/2015 de 31 de Dezembro) e as políticas de salvaguardas ambientais e sociais do Banco Africano de Desenvolvimento. O rastreio dos subprojectos começará no momento da identificação do projecto quando os detalhes básicos do subprojecto forem conhecidos, incluindo natureza e âmbito, localização e área proposta, os beneficiários exactos, entre outras informações disponíveis. O rastreio inicial dos componentes e locais do subprojecto será completado utilizando o Formulário de Rastreio Ambiental e Social (Anexo 1). O resultado do processo de rastreio é a categorização do sub-projecto. De acordo com o regulamento de AIA moçambicano, ao subprojecto pode ser atribuída uma categoria (A+, A, B ou C). A categoria A+ é aplicada a projectos complexos com impactos significativos e irreversíveis para o ambiente social e biofísico, enquanto a categoria A é atribuída a projectos que induzem impactos sociais e ambientais adversos aos organismos vivos, é implementada em ambientes sensíveis mas com medidas de mitigação adequadas os impactos podem ser reversíveis. Estas categorias correspondem à categoria 1 do sistema operacional do BAD 1. A categoria B é aplicada a projectos que não afectem significativamente o ambiente biofísico e social. Esta categoria corresponde à categoria 2 da SO 1 do BAD, onde é provável que o projecto tenha poucos impactos ambientais e sociais, específicos do local e em grande parte reversíveis e readmitidos. Os projectos da categoria C correspondem à categoria 3 da SO 1 do BAD e são aplicados a projectos com impactos negativos negligenciáveis, insignificantes e mínimos sobre o ambiente biofísico e social. O PIDACC moçambicano, subprojectos não deverão ter qualquer impacto ambiental e social negativo significativo, pelo que a estarão na categoria C e subprojectos menores na categoria B (dependendo da extensão e natureza das actividades de construção previstas)...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Mudança Climática , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Poluentes Atmosféricos , Desastres Ambientais , Água/administração & dosagem , Abastecimento de Alimentos/métodos , MoçambiqueRESUMO
A wide range of hydrological, ecological, environmental, and forensic science applications rely on predictive "isoscape" maps to provide estimates of the hydrogen or oxygen isotopic compositions of environmental water sources. Many water isoscapes have been developed, but few studies have produced isoscapes specifically representing groundwaters. None of these have represented distinct subsurface layers and isotopic variations across them. Here we compiled >6 million well completion records and >27,000 groundwater isotope datapoints to develop a space- and depth-explicit water isoscape for the contiguous United States. This 3-dimensional model shows that vertical isotopic heterogeneity in the subsurface is substantial in some parts of the country and that groundwater isotope delta values often differ from those of coincident precipitation or surface water resources; many of these patterns can be explained by established hydrological and hydrogeological mechanisms. We validate the groundwater isoscape against an independent data set of tap water values and show that the model accurately predicts tap water values in communities known to use groundwater resources. This new approach represents a foundation for further developments and the resulting isoscape should provide improved predictions of water isotope values in systems where groundwater is a known or potential water source.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Água Subterrânea/análise , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Monitoramento Ambiental , Hidrogênio/análise , Hidrologia , Isótopos/análise , Mapas como Assunto , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Estados Unidos , Água/análise , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
Today, most of the worlds population faces water scarcity, while global warming, urbanization, industrialization and population increases continue to increase the severity of the pressure on water resources. Management ofwater resources plays a key role in the sustainability of agricultural production. The water footprint (WF) is different in comparison to other water statistics because it takes direct and indirect water consumption into account, and helps in the management of water resources. Within this context, the WF of Van province, which is Turkeys most easterly located arid region, was calculated from 2004 to 2019. The study area covers lake Van, which is Turkey's largest lake, and the Van basin with an area of 23.334km² and a population of 1.136.757 (2019). In the calculations, crop (WFcrop), livestock (WFlivestock), and domestic and industrial water footprints (WFdomestic+industrial) were evaluated separately, and blue and green water footprints (WFblue and WFgreen) were analyzed in detail. According to the results, the average WF of Van province was found to be 8.73 billionm3 year-¹. Throughout the province, 87.6% of the WF is composed of WFcrop, 4.9% is WFlivestock and 7.5% is WFdomestic+industrial. Of the WFcrop, 62.5% depends on WFblue, i.e., freshwater. Most of the WFlivestock consisted of dairy cattle (49%) and sheep (38%). The average WFdomestic+industrial for 2004 to 2019 was 0.64billion m³ year-¹. The average per capita water footprint of Van province was found to be 889.9m³ year-¹ capita-¹. In addition, the province is classified as severe water scarcity (257%). This study is one of the first province-based calculations of WF in Turkey and is the first study to bring a different aspect to published literature by including residual soil moisture from the winter months. As a result of this study, the WFblue of the [...].
Hoje, a maior parte da população mundial enfrenta a escassez de água, enquanto o aquecimento global, a urbanização, a industrialização e o crescimento da população continuam a aumentar a gravidade da pressão sobre os recursos hídricos. A gestão dos recursos hídricos desempenha papel fundamental na sustentabilidade da produção agrícola. A pegada hídrica (WF) é diferente em comparação com outras estatísticas hídricas porque leva em consideração o consumo direto e indireto de água e auxilia na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Nesse contexto, o WF da província de Van, que é a região árida localizada mais a leste da Turquia, foi calculado de 2004 a 2019. A área de estudo cobre o lago Van, que é o maior lago da Turquia, e a bacia de Van, com uma área de 23,334 km² e uma população de 1.136.757 (2019). Nos cálculos, as pegadas hídricas de safra (WFcrop), pecuária (WFlivestock) e doméstica e industrial (WFdomestic+industrial) foram avaliadas separadamente, e as pegadas hídricas azul e verde (WFblue e WFgreen) foram analisadas em detalhes. De acordo com os resultados, o WF médio da província de Van foi encontrado em 8,73 bilhões de m³ ano-¹. Em toda a província, 87,6% do WF são compostos por WFcrop, 4,9% são WFlivestock e 7,5% são WFdomestic+industrial. Do WFcrop, 62,5% dependem do WFblue, ou seja, de água doce. A maior parte do gado WFlivestock era composto por gado leiteiro (49%) e ovelhas (38%). O WFdomestic+industrial médio de 2004 a 2019 foi de 0,64 bilhão de m³ ano-¹. A pegada hídrica per capita média da província de Van foi encontrada em 889,9 m³ ano-¹ capita-¹. Além disso, a região é classificada como grave escassez de água (257%). Este estudo é um dos primeiros cálculos de WF baseados em províncias na Turquia e é o primeiro estudo a trazer um aspecto diferente para a literatura publicada, incluindo a umidade residual do solo dos meses de inverno. Como resultado deste estudo, o WFblue do WFcrop está [...].
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
In the past several decades, field studies have shown that woody plants can access substantial volumes of water from the pores and fractures of bedrock1-3. If, like soil moisture, bedrock water storage serves as an important source of plant-available water, then conceptual paradigms regarding water and carbon cycling may need to be revised to incorporate bedrock properties and processes4-6. Here we present a lower-bound estimate of the contribution of bedrock water storage to transpiration across the continental United States using distributed, publicly available datasets. Temporal and spatial patterns of bedrock water use across the continental United States indicate that woody plants extensively access bedrock water for transpiration. Plants across diverse climates and biomes access bedrock water routinely and not just during extreme drought conditions. On an annual basis in California, the volumes of bedrock water transpiration exceed the volumes of water stored in human-made reservoirs, and woody vegetation that accesses bedrock water accounts for over 50% of the aboveground carbon stocks in the state. Our findings indicate that plants commonly access rock moisture, as opposed to groundwater, from bedrock and that, like soil moisture, rock moisture is a critical component of terrestrial water and carbon cycling.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Geográfico , Água Subterrânea , Transpiração Vegetal , Plantas/metabolismo , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Madeira , California , Ciclo do Carbono , Secas , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Texas , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Ciências da Terra/organização & administração , Ciências da Terra/tendências , Ciência Ambiental/tendências , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Pesquisa/organização & administração , United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/organização & administração , Orçamentos , Ciências da Terra/economia , Ciência Ambiental/economia , Aquecimento Global/economia , Camada de Gelo/química , Política , Chuva , Pesquisa/economia , Pesquisa/tendências , Astronave , Estados Unidos , United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economia , Movimentos da Água , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
Climate change, population growth, the development of industrialization and urbanization are increasing the demand for water resources, but the water pollution is reducing the limited water supply. In recent years, the gap between water supply and demand which shows water scarcity situation is becoming more serious. Clear knowing this gap and its main driving factors could help us to put forward water protection measures correctly. We take the data of Huaihe River Basin from 2001 to 2016 as an example and use ecological water footprint to describe the demand, with the water carrying capacity representing the supply. We analyze the water supply-demand situation of Huaihe River Basin and its five provinces from footprint view in time and space. Then we apply the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model to analyze the driving factors of the ecological water footprint. The results show that: (1) the supply and demand balance of Huaihe River Basin was only achieved in year 2003 and 2005. There is also a large difference between Jiangsu province and other provinces in Huaihe River basin, most years in Jiangsu province per capital ecological footprint of water is more than 1 hm2/person except the years of 2003, 2015, and 2016. But other provinces are all less than 1 hm2/person. (2) Through the decomposition of water demand drivers, we concluded that economic development is the most important factor, with an annual contribution of more than 60%. Our study provides countermeasures and suggestions for the management and optimal allocation of water resources in Huaihe River Basin, and also provides reference for the formulation of water-saving policies in the world.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Ecossistema , Poluição da Água/análise , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Abastecimento de Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Algoritmos , China , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/tendências , Modelos Teóricos , Rios , Urbanização/tendências , Poluição da Água/prevenção & controle , Abastecimento de Água/métodosRESUMO
The water ecology of salt marshes plays a crucial role in climate regulation, industrial production, and flood control. Due to a poor understanding of water ecology and the extensive mining of salt resources, concerns are mounting about declining groundwater levels, shrinking salt marshes, and other problems associated with the simple yet extremely fragile water ecosystem of salt marshes in arid salt lake areas. This study assessed the ecological status of water resources in the downstream salt marsh area of West Taijinar Lake in the Qaidam Basin, China (2010-2018). Using data from a field investigation, the water ecosystem was divided into an ecological pressure subsystem, an environmental quality subsystem, and a socio-economic subsystem according to an analytic hierarchy process. Each subsystem was quantitatively assessed using the ecological footprint model, the single-factor index, and available data for the salt marsh area. The results showed that water resources were always in a surplus state during the study period, whose development and utilization had a safe status. Surface water had low plankton diversity with no evidence of eutrophication, but its Cl- and SO42- concentrations were too high for direct industrial water uses. Groundwater quality was classified into class V because of high salt concentrations, which could be considered for industrial use given the demand of industrial production. The socio-economic efficiency of water resources was high, as distinguished by decreased water consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP and excellent flood resistance. In conclusion, the ecological status of water resources was deemed good in the study area and this could help sustain regional development. However, since the water ecology in this area is mainly controlled by annual precipitation, it would be challenging to deal with the uneven distribution of precipitation and flood events and to make full use of them for groundwater recharge. This study provides insight into the impact of salt lake resource exploration on water ecology, and the results can be useful for the rational utilization of water resources in salt marshes in other arid areas.
Assuntos
Lagos , Sais , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Áreas Alagadas , China , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Since 1973, Kunene River water has been carried from the Calueque reservoir in Angola along a 160 km open concrete canal to the town of Oshakati in the central part of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin and has been supplying drinking water to the most densely populated rural area of Namibia. Despite its importance for the region, intra-seasonal water quality and the technical condition of the canal are not routinely checked. Water samples were collected during four field campaigns right before the onset of the rainy season (November 2013 and 2014), and after the rainy season (June 2014 and May 2015), at 16 sites along the canal for stable water isotopes (deuterium, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18) and hydrochemical analyses. The isotope patterns and chemical composition of the canal water is discussed in comparison to local rain, Kunene source water, surface water and groundwater. Clear isotope enrichment indicates evaporative loss of water. A Craig-Gordon model was used to estimate water loss. The loss increases with distance from the source with a maximum of up to 10 %, depending on the season. The results are discussed in context of water availability, vulnerability and water resources management in this water-scarce area.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Subterrânea/química , Chuva/química , Rios/química , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Deutério/análise , Água Doce/química , Namíbia , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Estações do Ano , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
Irrigated agriculture contributes 40% of total global food production. In the US High Plains, which produces more than 50 million tons per year of grain, as much as 90% of irrigation originates from groundwater resources, including the Ogallala aquifer. In parts of the High Plains, groundwater resources are being depleted so rapidly that they are considered nonrenewable, compromising food security. When groundwater becomes scarce, groundwater withdrawals peak, causing a subsequent peak in crop production. Previous descriptions of finite natural resource depletion have utilized the Hubbert curve. By coupling the dynamics of groundwater pumping, recharge, and crop production, Hubbert-like curves emerge, responding to the linked variations in groundwater pumping and grain production. On a state level, this approach predicted when groundwater withdrawal and grain production peaked and the lag between them. The lags increased with the adoption of efficient irrigation practices and higher recharge rates. Results indicate that, in Texas, withdrawals peaked in 1966, followed by a peak in grain production 9 y later. After better irrigation technologies were adopted, the lag increased to 15 y from 1997 to 2012. In Kansas, where these technologies were employed concurrently with the rise of irrigated grain production, this lag was predicted to be 24 y starting in 1994. In Nebraska, grain production is projected to continue rising through 2050 because of high recharge rates. While Texas and Nebraska had equal irrigated output in 1975, by 2050, it is projected that Nebraska will have almost 10 times the groundwater-based production of Texas.
Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola/normas , Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Grão Comestível/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água Subterrânea/análise , Modelos Teóricos , Abastecimento de Água/normas , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
Glacial and periglacial basins contain the largest reserves of fresh water in the world. These areas are extremely sensitive to global warming and climate change. The dry Andes of South America are characterized by large periglacial areas. This study focuses on the water isotopic composition and hydrochemistry of a typical periglacial environment of the Andes, in the Vallecitos catchment (2400-5500 m a.s.l.), Cordillera Frontal, Argentina. Detailed fieldwork was conducted between 2013 and 2017 with 240 samples collected for major ions and physicochemical parameters, and 67 samples analysed for 2H and 18O. The chemical composition of precipitation is typical Ca-HCO3, while streams and groundwaters are Ca-MgSO4 type. The isotope content of precipitation shows a wide dispersion. The snow samples are in general more depleted than the rainfall. Some springs vary their composition seasonally, associated to the melting of perennial snow patches. In general, all samples from the upper basin present depleted isotope contents related to recharge at higher altitudes, whereas samples from the lower basin show more enriched values. Intermediate compositions reflect the melting of snow and degrading ice-rich permafrost. These results will give a better understanding of the dynamics of water to manage water resources.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Subterrânea/química , Chuva/química , Rios/química , Neve/química , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Altitude , Argentina , Mudança Climática , Deutério/análise , Nascentes Naturais/química , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Pergelissolo/químicaRESUMO
In the eastern region of central Costa Rica, land use in the sub-basins of the Maravilla-Chiz and Quebrada Honda rivers (47â km2) is dominated by agricultural and livestock production, while groundwater resources constitute the main drinking water supply. This study aimed to (a) evaluate the location of groundwater recharge areas and groundwater flow paths, and (b) provide a characterization of the hydrochemistry and possible anthropic impacts. Groundwater was collected from 20 sites during the dry and rainy seasons and analysed for major ions, water stable isotopes and 222Rn. Approximated recharge areas were estimated through a local altitudinal line based on isotopic compositions in springs. The hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater showed that the main recharge areas occur in the upper part of the basin, except for springs in the middle part of the basin probably due to a certain hydraulic disconnection from the upper part that facilitates local recharge processes. In the lower basin, groundwater exhibited greater transit times and longer flow paths. Low nitrate, chloride and sulphate concentrations found in groundwater indicate low leaching of fertilizers or urban wastewaters. Our results are focused to improve water resources and agricultural management plans in a dynamic tropical landscape.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Fenômenos Geológicos , Água Subterrânea/química , Isótopos/análise , Ciclo Hidrológico , Abastecimento de Água , Altitude , Costa Rica , Nitratos/análise , Rios/química , Estações do Ano , Clima Tropical , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
Water use by anthropogenic activities in the face of climate change invokes a better understanding of headwater sources and lowland urban water allocations. Here, we constrained a Bayesian mixing model with stable isotope data (2018-2019) in rainfall (N = 704), spring water (N = 96), and surface water (N = 94) with seasonal isotope sampling (wet and dry seasons) of an urban aqueduct (N = 215) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Low δ 18O rainfall compositions corresponded to the western boundary of the study area, whereas high values were reported to the northeastern limit, reflecting the influence of moisture transport from the Caribbean domain coupled with strong orographic effects over the Pacific slope. The latter is well-depicted in the relative rainfall contributions (west versus east) in two headwater systems: (a) spring (68.7 ± 3.4 %, west domain) and (b) stream (55.8 ± 3.9 %, east domain). The aqueduct exhibited a spatial predominance of spring water and surface water during a normal wet season (78.7 %), whereas deep groundwater and spring water were fundamental sources for the aqueduct in the dry season (69.4 %). Our tracer-based methodology can help improve aqueduct management practices in changing climate, including optimal water allocation and reduced evaporative losses in the dry season.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Subterrânea/química , Modelos Teóricos , Chuva/química , Rios/química , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuição , Teorema de Bayes , Região do Caribe , Cidades , Mudança Climática , Costa Rica , Deutério/análise , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Estações do Ano , Ciclo HidrológicoRESUMO
In times of water shortage, it becomes increasingly relevant for policymakers to understand the existing relationships between different types of water use, so as to encourage efficient water management. This article makes use of yearly data on agricultural, industrial, and household water use in the Balkan countries of Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia. It does so to identify the potential interactions among these three categories of water use. Using a deterministic model based on differential equations, we provide an analysis of the interactions among these different sectors of water use for the period between 2008 and 2017. Results show that interactions among these different categories do not remain constant over periods of time, either across or within the countries analysed. We find that, for most countries, industrial and household water uses are more likely to be characterised by mutualism and competition, instead of a predator-prey relationship. Agricultural water use, on the other hand, takes on the role of predator against the other two.