The Effect of Adding Various Antibiotics on the Push-out Bond Strength of a Resin-based Sealer: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: This study aimed to compare the bond strength of AH Plus sealer to root canal dentin when used with or without various antibiotics including amoxicillin, clindamycin, and triple antibiotic mixture (TAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 80 single-rooted extracted human teeth were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and four different sealer-antibiotic combinations (n = 20). Group I: AH Plus without any antibiotics, Group II: AH Plus with amoxicillin, Group III: AH Plus with clindamycin, and Group IV: AH Plus with TAM. After seven days, the roots were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis and 1 mm thick slices were obtained from the midroots. The specimens were subjected to a push-out bond strength test and failure modes were also evaluated. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests. RESULTS: Group IV had significantly higher bond strength compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found between other groups. While the sealer-antibiotic groups predominantly showed cohesive failure modes, the control group displayed both cohesive and mixed failure modes. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the addition of TAM increased the push-out bond strength of AH Plus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Amoxicillin, clindamycin, or TAM can be added to AH Plus for increased antibacterial efficacy without concern about their effects on the bond strength of the sealer. How to cite this article: Adl A, Shojaei NS, Ranjbar N. The Effect of Adding Various Antibiotics on the Push-out Bond Strength of a Resin-based Sealer: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):231-235.

Epoxy resin-based root canal sealers: An integrative literature review.

The correct obturation of the root canal system achieved by means of a core and a cement is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. There are several root canal cements (RCCs) on the market; however, because of their excellent characteristics, epoxy resin-based sealers (ERBSs) have been widely used. The main aim of this review was to analyze and integrate the available information on different ERBSs. An electronic search was performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases, using "epoxy resin" AND "root canal treatment", and "epoxy resin" AND "endodontics" as search terms. In general, ERBSs have good flow properties, film thickness, solubility, dimensional stability, sealing capacity, and radiopacity. They are also able to adhere to dentin while exhibiting low toxicity and some antibacterial effects. However, their main disadvantage is the lack of bioactivity and biomineralization capability. A large number of ERBSs are available on the market, and AH Plus keeps being the gold standard RCC. Yet, information on many of them is limited or non-existent, which could be due to the fact that some of them are relatively new. The latter emphasizes the need for relevant research on the physicochemical and biological properties of some ERBSs, with the aim of supporting their clinical use with sufficient evidence via prospective and long-term studies.

Assessment of Drying Protocol on the Bond Strength and Tag Penetration of Two Different Sealers to the Root Dentin: An In Vitro Study.

Accomplishment of an ideal root canal treatment is attributed to various essential factors such as proper instrumentation, chemomechanical preparation, obturation and post endodontic restoration. The main aim of this study is to test the null hypothesis that is the moisture condition of root dentin would not affect the bond strength and sealer penetration. This is an in vitro study conducted in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, M A Rangoonwala Dental College, Pune, India over a period of two years (from 2021 to 2023). One hundred and twenty single-rooted Premolars with fully formed apices and similar root morphology were obtained and stored in 0.1% thymol solution. The specimens were randomly assigned to 3 broad experimental groups (n=40) according to the drying protocol such as Group A- Paper points (P), Group B- diode laser (L) and Group C- isopropyl alcohol (A). For each drying protocol, the specimens were further assigned to 2 subgroups (n=20) with respect to the sealers used: AH Plus (AH) and Apexit Plus sealers (APx). The effect of drying protocol using paper points, isopropyl alcohol and diode-lasers on the bond strength and tag penetration of two different sealers to the root dentin was evaluated. Maximum overall push-out Bond strength was seen in group AH+L and least in group APx+ L. Inter-site push-out bond Strength was highest in the coronal third followed by the middle and least in the apical third of all the groups. Maximum over all depth of penetration was seen in group AH+L and minimum in group APx+L. AH plus sealer showed better bond strength, sealer penetration and adaptation to the dentinal walls compared to Apexit plus sealer, irrespective of the drying protocol followed. All the drying protocols used did not show statistically significant results in the apical thirds of root canals of all the groups.

Water-Insoluble, Thermostable, Crosslinked Gelatin Matrix for Soft Tissue Implant Development.

In this present study, the material science background of crosslinked gelatin (GEL) was investigated. The aim was to assess the optimal reaction parameters for the production of a water-insoluble crosslinked gelatin matrix suitable for heat sterilization. Matrices were subjected to enzymatic degradation assessments, and their ability to withstand heat sterilization was evaluated. The impact of different crosslinkers on matrix properties was analyzed. It was found that matrices crosslinked with butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) were resistant to enzymatic degradation and heat sterilization. Additionally, at 1 v/v % crosslinker concentration, the crosslinked weight was lower than the starting weight, suggesting simultaneous degradation and crosslinking. The crosslinked weight and swelling ratio were optimal in the case of the matrices that were crosslinked with 3% and 5% v/v BDDE and PEGDE. FTIR analysis confirmed crosslinking, and the reduction of free primary amino groups indicated effective crosslinking even at a 1% v/v crosslinker concentration. Moreover, stress-strain and compression characteristics of the 5% v/v BDDE crosslinked matrix were comparable to native gelatin. Based on material science measurements, the crosslinked matrices may be promising candidates for scaffold development, including properties such as resistance to enzymatic degradation and heat sterilization.

Cytotoxicity of novel hybrid composite materials for making bone fracture plates.

Bone fracture plates are usually made from steel or titanium, which are much stiffer than cortical bone. This may cause bone 'stress shielding' (i.e. bone resorption leading to plate loosening) and delayed fracture healing (i.e. fracture motion is less than needed to stimulate callus formation at the fracture). Thus, the authors previously designed, fabricated, and mechanically tested novel 'hybrid' composites made from inorganic and organic materials as potential bone fracture plates that are more flexible to reduce these negative effects. This is the first study to measure the cytotoxicity of these composites via the survival of rat cells. Cubes of carbon fiber/flax fiber/epoxy and glass fiber/flax fiber/epoxy had better cell survival vs. Kevlar fiber/flax fiber/epoxy (57% and 58% vs. 50%). Layers and powders made of carbon fiber/epoxy and glass fiber/epoxy had higher cell survival than Kevlar fiber/epoxy (96%-100% and 100% vs. 39%-90%). The presence of flax fibers usually decreased cell survival. Thus, carbon and glass fiber composites (with or without flax fibers), but not Kevlar fiber composites (with or without flax fibers), may potentially be used for bone fracture plates.

Comparative bioactivity and immunomodulatory potential of the new Bioroot Flow and AH Plus Bioceramic sealer: An in vitro study on hPDLSCs.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cytocompatibility, bioactivity, and anti-inflammatory potential of the new pre-mixed calcium silicate cement-based sealers Bioroot Flow (BrF) and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHPbcs) on human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) compared to the epoxy resin-based sealer AH Plus (AHP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized discs and 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 eluates of BrF, AHPbcs and AHP after setting were prepared. The following assays were performed: cell attachment and morphology via SEM, cell viability via a MTT assay, cell migration/proliferation via a wound-healing assay, cytoskeleton organization via immunofluorescence staining; cytokine release via ELISA; osteo/cemento/odontogenic marker expression via RT-qPCR, and cell mineralized nodule formation via Alizarin Red S staining. HPDLSCs were isolated from extracted third molars from healthy patients. Comparisons were made with hPDLSCs cultured in unconditioned (negative control) or osteogenic (positive control) culture media. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Both BrF and AHPbcs showed significantly positive results in the cytocompatibility assays (cell metabolic activity, migration, attachment, morphology, and cytoskeleton organization) compared with a negative control group, while AHP showed significant negative results. BrF exhibited an upregulation of at least one osteo/cementogenic marker compared to the negative and positive control groups. BrF showed a significantly higher calcified nodule formation than AHPbcs, the negative and positive control groups, while AHPbcs was higher than the negative control group. Both were also significantly higher than AHP group. CONCLUSION: BrF and AHPbcs exhibit adequate and comparable cytocompatibility on hPDLSCs. BrF also promoted the osteo/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. Both calcium silicate-based sealers favored the downregulation of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the calcified nodule formation from hPDLSCs. BrF exerted a significantly higher influence on cell mineralization than AHPbcs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first study to elucidate the biological properties and immunomodulatory potential of Bioroot Flow and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer. The results act as supporting evidence for their use in root canal treatment.

Characterisation and evaluation of physical properties of AH-Plus sealer with and without the incorporation of petasin, pachymic acid, curcumin and shilajit-an invitro study.

BACKGROUND: AH Plus, an epoxy resin-based sealer, is widely used in endodontic practice, owing to its good physical properties that confers longstanding dimensional stability and good adhesion to dentin. Nevertheless, its propensity to trigger inflammation, especially in its freshly mixed state, has been extensively documented. Phytochemicals such as Petasin, Pachymic acid, Curcumin, and Shilajit are known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This study aimed to analyze and determine the effect of these natural products on the physical properties of AH Plus sealer when incorporated with the sealer. METHODS: AH Plus (AHR) sealer was mixed with 10% petasin, 0.75% pachymic, 0.5% and 6%shilajit to obtain AHP, AHA, AHC and AHS in the ratio of 10:1 and 5:1 respectively. Five samples of each material were assessed for setting time, solubility, flow, and dimensional stability in accordance with the ISO 6876:2012 standardization. Sealers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Statistical evaluation involved the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks tests for normality and the one-way ANOVA test for analysis. RESULTS: In this investigation, the characterisation analysis revealed a relatively similar microstructure in all the experimental root canal sealers. All experimental groups, excluding the control group, exhibited an increase in flow ranging from 11.9 to 31.4% at a 10:1 ratio. Similarly, for the 5:1 ratio, the increase ranged from 12.02 to 31.83%. In terms of dimensional stability, all groups at the 10:1 ratio showed a decrease compared to the control group. The addition of natural agents to AHR in 10:1 ratio led to a reduction in setting time by 8.9-31.6%, and at a 5:1 ratio, the reduction ranged from 8.1 to 31.5%. However, regarding solubility, the addition of natural agents did not induce any significant alterations. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that all tested root canal sealers exhibited properties that met the acceptable criteria outlined in the ISO 6876:2012 standardization.

Comparative Evaluation of Push-out Bond Strength of Three Different Root Canal Sealers: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of this present study was to compare the dislodgement resistance of calcium silicate-based sealer, zinc oxide sealer, and a new sealer combining both zinc oxide and calcium silicate-based sealer in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 single-rooted human teeth were instrumented with F3 Protaper Gold. All endodontic canals were filled using gutta percha cones using the cold lateral condensation technique in combination using one of the mentioned sealers (n = 20 per group). The teeth were divided into three groups: group A consisted of Sealite® Ultra, group B consisted of K-Sealer®, and group C consisted of BioRoot® RC. After 2 months of incubation (37°C, 100% humidity) and after cutting out 2 mm from the most apical portion of the root apex, six slices of 1 mm thickness were generated. Mechanical dislodgement resistance was examined using a universal pressure-testing machine and the push-out bond strength (POBS) was calculated. Specimens were examined under 20× magnification to define the bond failure mode. Statistical analysis was executed using ANOVA, post hoc Turkey test for pairwise comparisons and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: The POBS of BioRoot® was significantly higher than the POBS of the two other sealers with a mean of 10.54 MPa ± 2.10 and 5.73 MPa ± 2.34, respectively (p < 0.001). Sealite® and K-Sealer® showed similar results in the median and coronal part. K-Sealer® revealed highest POBS compared with Sealite® in the apical part (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The POBS of the zinc oxide and calcium silicate-based sealer was significantly lower compared with calcium silicate. Sealite® and K-Sealer® exhibited almost same results. BioRoot showed the highest POBS of all sealers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The current study was needed to evaluate the bond strength of three different cements to dentinal walls, by evaluating their respective POBS in vitro. The findings of this study may provide guidance for the clinician in the selection of an adequate endodontic sealer that guarantees an enhanced adhesive seal between the Gutta-percha and the dentinal canal walls. How to cite this article: Makhlouf MP, El Helou JD, Zogheib CE, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Push-out Bond Strength of Three Different Root Canal Sealers: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(1):15-19.

Evaluation of stress distributions of calcium silicate-based root canal sealer in bulk or with main core material: A finite element analysis study.

This research aimed to assess the stress distribution in lower premolars that were obturated with BioRoot RCS or AH Plus, with or without gutta percha (GP), and subjected to vertical and oblique forces. One 3D geometric model of a mandibular second premolar was created using SolidWorks software. Eight different scenarios representing different root canal filling techniques, single cone technique with GP and bulk technique with sealer only with occlusal load directions were simulated as follows: Model 1 (BioRoot RCS sealer and GP under vertical load [VL]), Model 2 (BioRoot RCS sealer and GP under oblique load [OL]), Model 3 (AH Plus sealer with GP under VL), Model 4 (AH Plus sealer with GP under OL), Model 5 (BioRoot RCS sealer in bulk under VL), Model 6 (BioRoot RCS in bulk under OL), Model 7 (AH Plus sealer in bulk under VL), and Model 8 (AH Plus sealer in bulk under OL). A static load of 200 N was applied at three occlusal contact points, with a 45° angle from lingual to buccal. The von Mises stresses in root dentin were higher in cases where AH Plus was used compared to BioRoot RCS. Furthermore, shifting the load to an oblique direction resulted in increased stress levels. Replacing GP with sealer material had no effect on the dentin maximum von Mises stress in BioRoot RCS cases. Presence of a core material resulted in lower stress in dentin for AH Plus cases, however, it did not affect the stress levels in dentin for cases filled with BioRoot RCS. Stress distribution in the dentin under oblique direction was higher regardless of sealer or technique used.

Marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of virgilite-based occlusal veneers with varying thickness.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: CAD/CAM occlusal veneers have been developed for minimally invasive prosthetic restoration of eroded teeth. Marginal adaptation and fracture resistance are crucial for the long-term survivability and clinical success of such restorations. Virgilite-based lithium disilicate glass-ceramic is a newly introduced material with claims of high strength. However, constructing occlusal veneers from this material of varying thickness has not been investigated. PURPOSE: The current study aimed to assess the impact of CAD/CAM occlusal veneer thickness and materials on marginal adaptation and fracture resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two occlusal veneers were constructed and divided into two groups (n = 16) based on the CAD/CAM material into Brilliant Crios and CEREC Tessera. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 8) according to the thickness: 0.6 and 0.9 mm. Occlusal veneers were bonded to epoxy resin dies. The marginal gap was evaluated before and after thermodynamic aging. Fracture resistance and failure mode were evaluated for the same samples after aging. Marginal adaptation was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Fracture resistance was analyzed using Weibull analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The marginal gap was significantly increased following thermodynamic aging for tested groups (P < 0.001). CEREC Tessera showed a significantly higher marginal gap than Brilliant Crios before and after aging for both thicknesses (P < 0.05). CEREC Tessera recorded lower significant fracture load values compared to Brilliant Crios (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both CEREC Tessera and Brilliant Crios demonstrated clinically accepted marginal gap values. All groups showed fracture resistance values higher than the average masticatory forces in the premolar region except for 0.6 mm CEREC Tessera. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Reinforced composite occlusal veneers demonstrated more favorable outcomes in terms of marginal gap and fracture resistance at both tested thicknesses compared to virgilite-based lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. Additionally, caution should be exercised during the construction of occlusal veneers from virgilite-based lithium disilicate glass-ceramic with reduced thickness.

A novel subcritical water synergistic co-treatment of brominated epoxy resin and copper-based spent catalysts: debromination, phenol production, and copper recovery.

In this study, a high-efficiency co-treatment strategy for brominated epoxy resin (BER) and copper-based spent catalyst (CBSC) was developed by using subcritical water (SubCW) process. Multivalent species of copper released from CBSC could accelerate the electron transfer of the SubCW system and efficiently catalyze radical reactions to promote the debromination and decomposition of BER, and had an effect on the capture and binding of bromine species. Meanwhile, the formation of HBr by the BER debromination resulted in a decrease in the system pH and markedly enhanced the leaching/recovery of Cu from CBSC. The optimal conditions of the SubCW co-treatment process were as follows: reaction temperature of 350 °C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, BER-to-CBSC mass ratio of 10:1 g/g, and reaction time of 60 min. Under the optimal conditions, 97.12 % of the Br could be removed from BER by the SubCW co-treatment process and a high-purity phenol (64.09 %) could be obtained in the oil phase product, and 86.44 % of Cu in the CBSC could be leached and recovered. The introduction of CBSC significantly changed the decomposition path of BER. Compared to the SubCW process without CBSC, bromine-free oils products could be obtained by the co-treatment process of BER and CBSC at low-temperature. This study provided a novel understanding of resource conversion mechanism of BER and CBSC in subcritical water medium via the synergistic effect between the two different waste streams to improve treatment efficiency and synchronously recover high-value products.

Effect of gutta-percha solvents on the push-out bond strength to root dentin of a syringe-mixed resin sealer and premixed bioceramic sealer.

PURPOSE: To assess the push out bond strength (POBS) of a syringe-mixed resin sealer and a premixed bioceramic sealer to root dentin exposed to different gutta-percha (GP) solvents and to determine the mode of failure. METHODS: A total of 200 horizontal root slices (1 mm thickness) were prepared up to size 40, 0.04 taper and randomly divided into four main groups based on solvent (Endosolv, orange oil, chloroform) and control (saline), then subdivided into two subgroups based on sealer type (AH Plus Jet and iRoot SP). Samples were exposed to respective solvents for 5 minutes and after the final rinsing, canal spaces were filled with either AH Plus Jet or iRoot SP. POBS test was performed 2 weeks after incubation and mode of failure following POBS test was evaluated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc analysis (P< 0.05). Failure mode patterns were categorized as adhesive, cohesive and mixed failures. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in POBS between all solvent groups against the control in both AH Plus Jet and iRoot SP groups. Regardless of the use of solvents, AH Plus Jet group had significantly higher bond strength (P< 0.001) compared to iRoot SP group. The predominant mode of failure was mixed failure in all groups irrespective of type of sealer and exposure to solvents. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study showed that exposure to gutta-percha solvents (chloroform, orange oil and Endosolv) for 5 minutes did not affect the bond strengths of both iRoot SP (bioceramic sealer) and AH Plus (resin sealer) to root dentin.

Development and characterization of smart composites reinforced with fibrillated cellulose and nickel-titanium alloy.

The current study presents the synergistic effects of fibrillated cellulose (FC) and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy on the performance properties of smart composites. Epoxy resin was reinforced with loadings of 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % FC and 3 % NiTi. The composites were produced using the casting method. The morphological properties have been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For mechanical properties, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, and impact energy were determined. The corrosion rate was determined via electrochemical corrosion testing. The recovery test was used to measure the shape-memory of the composites. The self-healing of the artificial defect in the composites was observed using a thermal camera. The yield strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, and impact energy of composites reinforced with 5 % FC and 3 % NiTi increased by 168.2 %, 290 %, 33.3 %, and 114.3 %, respectively, compared to pure epoxy resin. There has been a 56.3 % decrease in the corrosion rate. The percentage of composites that returned from the final state to the original state after a deformation was 4 %. Self-healing analysis revealed that the scratch defect in composites was healed after 24 h. It is concluded that smart composites can be used in the aviation and automotive industries.

Comparative Analysis of AH Plus Bond Strength to Root Canal Dentin and Adhesive Interface Quality after Calcium Hydroxide Removal using Different Irrigation Protocols.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the push-out bond strength (POBS) of AH Plus sealer to root dentin and the adhesive interface quality after calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) intracanal dressing removal with different final irrigation protocols. METHOD: After root canal instrumentation and irrigation, 40 root canals were filled with Ca(OH)2 and sealed. After 14 days, the specimens were randomly distributed according to the irrigation protocols for Ca(OH)2 removal (n = 10): GH2O (control) - distilled water; GNaOCl - 1% NaOCl; GEDTA - 17% EDTA; GEDTA + NaOCl - 17% EDTA + 1% NaOCl. The root canals were filled with AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha. After 7 days, the roots were sectioned into dentin slices and submitted to POBS test and analysis of the adhesive interface under scanning electron microscope. The POBS data were statistically evaluated (analysis of variance and Tukey test). The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the adhesive interface (α = 0.05). RESULTS: GH2O, GNaOCl, and GEDTA + NaOCl had similar POBS values, with higher values on the apical third, in comparison with other thirds (P < .05). A homogeneous and free-of-gaps adhesive interface was observed for GH2O, GNaOCl, and GEDTA + NaOCl, with difference between GH2O and GEDTA (P < .05). GH2O and GEDTA + NaOCl presented higher sealer tags formation (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The final rinse with EDTA for Ca(OH)2 dressing removal had a negative effect on the POBS of the filling material to root dentin. The use of EDTA followed by NaOCl had results similar to the distilled water, providing uniform and free-of-gaps adhesive interface, and a higher number of sealer tags.

A reactive compatibilization with the compound containing four epoxy groups for polylactic acid/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch ternary bio-composites.

How to effectively improve the poor interfacial adhesion between polylactic acid/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) matrix and thermoplastic starch (TPS) is still a challenge. Therefore, this work aims to introduce a convenient method to enhance the performance of PLA/PBAT/TPS blend by melt reactive extrusion. Here, using 4,4'-methylene-bis(N,N-diglycidyl-aniline) (MBDG) containing four epoxy groups as a reactive compatibilizer, and respectively using 1-methylimidazole (MI) or triethylenediamine (TD) as a catalyzer, serial PLA/PBAT/TPS ternary bio-composites are successfully prepared via melt reactive extrusion. The results showed that, under the catalysis of organic base, especially MI, the epoxy groups of MBDG can effectively react with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of PLA/PBAT and hydroxyl groups in TPS to form chain-expanded and cross-linked structures. The tensile strength of the composites is increased by 20.0 % from 21.1 MPa, and the elongation at break is increased by 182.4 % from 17.6 % owing to the chain extension and the forming of cross-linked structures. The molecular weight, thermal stability, crystallinity, and surface hydrophobicity of the materials are gradually improved with the increase of MBDG content. The melt fluidity of the composites is also improved due to the enhancement of compatibility. The obtained PLA/PBAT/TPS materials have the potential to be green plastic products with good properties.

Biodegradable reactive compatibilizers for efficient in-situ compatibilization of poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-terephthalate) blends.

The wide application of fully biodegradable polylactic acid/polybutylene terephthalate (PLA/PBAT) blends in environmentally friendly packaging were limited because of poor compatibility. Normal compatibilizers suffer from poor thermal stability and non-biodegradability. In this work, epoxy copolymer (MDOG) with different molecular structures were made of 2-methylene-1, 3-dioxoheptane, and glycidyl methacrylate as raw materials by free radical copolymerization. MDOG copolymers have good biodegradability and a high thermal decomposition temperature of 361 °C. The chemical reaction of the epoxy groups in MDOG with PLA and PBAT during the melting reaction improved the interfacial bonding by decreasing the particle size of PBAT. Compared to the PLA/PBAT blends, the tensile strength and fracture toughness of PLA/PBAT/MDOG blends were enhanced to 34.6 MPa and 115.8 MJ/m3, which are 25 % and 81 % higher, respectively. As a result, this work offers new methods for developing thermally stable and biodegradable compatibilizers, which will hopefully promote the development of packaging industry.

Evaluation of the root dentin bond strength and intratubular biomineralization of a premixed calcium aluminate-based hydraulic bioceramic endodontic sealer.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the dentin bonding strength and biomineralization effect of a recently developed premixed calcium aluminate-based endodontic sealer (Dia-Root Bio Sealer) in comparison with existing calcium silicate-based sealers. METHODS: The root canals of 80 mandibular premolars were filled with Dia-Root Bio Sealer, Endoseal MTA, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer. Medial and apical specimens were then obtained by sectioning. The push-out bond strength was measured using the medial specimens, and the failure mode was recorded. Intratubular biomineralization in the apical specimens was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The push-out bond strength of Dia-Root Bio Sealer was significantly higher than that of the other tested materials, and a cohesive failure pattern was observed in all groups. Dia-Root Bio Sealer also exhibited a significantly higher degree of biomineralization than the other groups, and EDS analysis indicated that the biomineralized precipitates were amorphous calcium phosphate. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that Dia-Root Bio Sealer has the potential to be used as an adequate root canal sealer due to its favorable bonding performance.

Analysis of the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of CeraSeal, BioRoot™ and AH Plus® sealers in pre-osteoblast lineage cells.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of various endodontic sealers (CeraSeal, BioRoot™ and AH Plus®) in pre-osteoblast mouse cells (MC3T3 cells). METHODS: MC3T3 cells (ATCC CRL-2594) were plated in 1 × 104 cells/well in 96-well plates in contact with endodontic sealers at concentrations of 1:10 and 1:100. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay after 24 and 48 h. In addition, sealer bioactivity was measured by RT-PCR for mediator of inflammation (Tnf, Ptgs2) and mineralization (Runx2, Msx1, Ssp1 and Dmp1) after 24 h and by Alizarin Red S Assay of mineralization after 28 days. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey's post-test at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: BioRoot™ presented 24-hour cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) at 1:10 concentration. In the period of 48 h, no endodontic cement was cytotoxic to the cells compared to the control (p > 0.05). TNF-α gene expression was induced by AH Plus® (p < 0.05), while Ptgs2 was induced by the CeraSeal and BioRoot™ (p < 0.05). The expression of Runx2 was stimulated by BioRoot™ and AH Plus® (p < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of Dmp-1 Dmp1 was higher for the CeraSeal and BioRoot™ (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the sealers did not impact the formation of mineralization nodules (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: CeraSeal, BioRoot™ and AH Plus® sealers were not cytotoxic to MC3T3 cells within 48 h, but differentially induced the expression of genes related to inflammation and mineralization without impacting biomineralization by the cells.

In silico toxicity and immunological interactions of components of calcium silicate-based and epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to determine in silico toxicity predictions of test compounds from hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers (HCSBS) and AH Plus and computationally simulate the interaction between these substances and mediators of periapical inflammation via molecular docking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All chemical information of the test compounds was obtained from the PubChem site. Predictions for bioavailability and toxicity analyses were determined by the Molinspiration Cheminformatics, pkCSM, ProTox-II and OSIRIS Property Explorer platforms. Molecular docking was performed using the Autodock4 AMDock v.1.5.2 program to analyse interactions between proteins (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α) and ligands (calcium silicate hydrate, zirconium oxide, bisphenol-A epoxy resin, dibenzylamine, iron oxide and calcium tungstate) to establish the affinity and bonding mode between systems. RESULTS: Bisphenol-A epoxy resin had the lowest maximum dose tolerated in humans and was the test compound with the largest number of toxicological properties (hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity and irritant). All systems had favourable molecular docking. However, the ligands bisphenol-A epoxy resin and dibenzylamine had the greatest affinity with the cytokines tested. CONCLUSION: In silico predictions and molecular docking pointed the higher toxicity and greater interaction with mediators of periapical inflammation of the main test compounds from AH Plus compared to those from HCSBS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first in silico study involving endodontic materials and may serve as the basis for further research that can generate more data, producing knowledge on the interference of each chemical compound in the composition of different root canal sealers.

The Effect of Different Obturation Techniques Using Different Root Canal Sealers on the Residual Filling Material After Retreatment Procedures.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the effect of different obturation techniques with root canal sealers on the residual filling material after retreatment using SEM. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixty (60) single rooted mandibular premolars were selected and instrumented with rotary files using the Mtwo system up to file size 30/.05 taper. The samples were randomly divided to two groups based on the type of sealer and three sub-groups (n=10) based on the obturating technique used. The root fillings were removed using the PTUR system files and the specimens were longitudinally sectioned while digital images were obtained from the root canals with SEM. The time required to reach working lenght were recorded. RESULTS: There was no difference in terms of the smear score when comparing both sealer and obturation technique groups in the apical third. Smear scores were significantly affected by the type of sealer and obturation technique in the medium and coronal thirds of root canals (p<0.05). Higher smear scores were obtained with GFB than AH Plus (p<0.05). The time required to reach working length with GFB was longer than AH Plus (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Residual filling material was observed in all samples, regardless of the root canal sealer or the obturation technique used. There was a significantly lower smear scores in the AH Plus groups as compared to the GFB.