Risk Stratification on Systemic Target Organ Involvement Associated with Hypertensive Retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive retinopathy is a common complication among people with hypertension. The current study assessed the risk stratification on systemic target organ involvement of people with hypertensive retinopathy. METHODS: In a hospital- based cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary referral eye institute in Nepal, we included consecutive people ≥ 31 years with essential hypertension. Details of histories and systemic target organ involvements were documented. People with un-gradable retinal findings of hypertensive retinopathy and prior retinal surgery were excluded. All participants underwent comprehensive eye examination, including dilated fundus examination. Hypertensive retinopathy was classified by Modified Scheie classification. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the risks for hypertensive retinopathy and target organ involvement. RESULTS: The study recruited 312 subjects. The mean age was 63.68 ± 12.63 years. The mean duration of hypertension was 7.0 ± 6.5 years. Hypertensive retinopathy was detected in 83.7% (n=261) people and 63.5% (n= 198) had grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy. Target organ involvement was detected in 20.5% (n =64) people. These included cardiac (12.5%; n=39), central nervous (5.1%; n= 16), and renal (4.5%; n=14) systems. In multivariate analysis, concurrent hyperlipidaemia was significantly associated with hypertensive retinopathy and target organ involvement. Target organ involvement increased with the severity of hypertensive retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Over four-fifths of people with hypertension had hypertensive retinopathy and one-fifth had other systemic target organ involvements. Severity of hypertensive retinopathy and concurrent hyperlipidaemia were associated with target organ involvement. Hypertensive retinopathy can be considered for risk stratification to other target organ involvement in a clinical setting.

A Rare Case of Blindness Caused by Syphilis with Malignant Hypertensive Nephropathy.

The number of patients with syphilis has been rapidly increasing. Without treatment, syphilis can damage various organs and become life-threatening. We herein report a 29-year-old woman diagnosed with neurosyphilis, acute hydrocephalus, syphilitic uveitis combined with hypertensive retinopathy, and malignant hypertensive nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of syphilis complicated with malignant hypertensive nephropathy proven by a renal biopsy. Neurosyphilis was successfully treated with intravenous penicillin G, and severe hypertension subsequently resolved. However, delayed medical examinations and complications of syphilitic uveitis and hypertensive retinopathy resulted in irreversible visual loss. To prevent irreversible organ damage, early treatment is essential.

Ocular Manifestations in an Italian Cohort of Patients with Takayasu Arteritis.

PURPOSE: We describe ophthalmic manifestations, therapy, and outcomes in 16 patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA). METHODS: Takayasu retinopathy was detected in 15 eyes of 9 patients and hypertensive retinopathy in 14 eyes of 7 patients. RESULTS: Visual acuity was normal in 7 eyes, 20/40 to 20/200 in 20 eyes, counting fingers in 2 eyes, hand motion in 2 eyes, and no light perception in 1 eye. Glucocorticoids associated with immunosuppressive agents induced a sustained remission in 13 patients. Three relapsing-refractory patients were given the monoclonal antibody tocilizumab, which led to partial and complete response in 1 and 2 patients respectively. Steroid-induced cataracts developed in 4 patients. Restenosis and the consequent recurrence of visual symptoms were detected in 2 of 9 patients who underwent a patency procedure for their stenotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular manifestations were a common feature (37.2%) in our cohort of TA patients and were frequently responsible for severe visual deterioration. ABBREVIATIONS: BCVA: best-corrected visual acuity; FFA: fundus fluorescein angiography; GC: glucocorticoids; HR: hypertensive retinopathy; ITAS: Indian Takayasu activity score; OCT: optical coherence tomography; TA: Takayasu arteritis; TR: Takayasu retinopathy.

A literature review of hypertensive retinopathy: systemic correlations and new technologies.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is the most common ocular manifestation of systemic arterial hypertension. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge of HR, reviewing its classical features, such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, classifications, management and the most significant systemic correlations. We also provide an update on the latest advances in new technologies focusing on novel instrumental classifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed to identify articles regarding HR listed in Embase, PubMed, Medline (Ovid) and Scopus database up to 1 December 2021. The reference lists of the analyzed articles were also considered a source of literature information. The following keywords were used in various combinations: hypertensive retinopathy, hypertension and eye, hypertensive retinopathy and systemic correlations, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and hypertensive retinopathy, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and hypertensive retinopathy, adaptive optics (AO) and hypertensive retinopathy. The authors analyzed all English articles found using the aforementioned keywords. All the publications were thoroughly reviewed to create a detailed overview of this issue. RESULTS: HR signs have a significative association with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and other systemic diseases. Patients with arteriosclerotic changes and, at the same time, severe HR, are at increased risk for coronary disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke and dementia. HR is even now diagnosed and classified by its clinical appearance on a fundoscopic exam that is limited by interobserver variability. New technologies, like OCT, OCTA, AO and artificial intelligence may be used to develop a new instrumental classification that could become an objective and quantitative method for the evaluation of this disease. They could be useful to evaluate the subclinical retinal microvascular changes due to hypertension that may reflect the involvement of other vital organs. CONCLUSIONS: The eye is the only organ in the human body where changes in the blood vessels due to systemic hypertension can be studied in vivo. All doctors should be familiar with this disease because it has been largely demonstrated that signs of HR are correlated to patient's health and mortality. Researchers should develop a new common, standardized, and objective method to assess hypertensive retinal changes; new technologies may have a significant role in this field. This review takes most of the literature published so far, including the OCTA studies in order to stimulate new points of reference to standardize parameters and new diagnostic markers of this disease.

BLOOD PRESSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN TYPE 1 BUT NOT IN TYPE 2 DIABETES.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and to determine the differences between these two types of diabetes. This cross-sectional study included 84 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and 107 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ophthalmologic retinal examination included indirect slit-lamp fundoscopy, color fundus photography according to EURODIAB (EUROpe and DIABetes) protocol and optical coherence tomography. Blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer after a 10-minute rest period. In T1DM, DR was positively associated with SBP (p = 0.035), HbA1cmedian (p < 0.001) and hypertensive retinopathy (p < 0.001), while in T2DM DR was positively related only to HbA1cmedian (p = 0.021). Binary logistic regression analysis (no DR/DR) showed that diabetes duration and HbA1cmedian were the main predictors of DR in both types of diabetes. In contrast, SBP (OR = 1.05, p = 0.045) and hypertensive retinopathy (OR = 3.75, p < 0.001) were the main predictors/indicators of DR only in T1DM. In conclusion, blood pressure is associated with DR in type 1 but not in type 2 diabetes.

An Unusual Presentation of Neurosarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause, often affecting the lungs and lymphatic system. Neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis, called "neurosarcoidosis", can present as cranial neuropathies and occur in an isolated fashion or alongside other systemic findings. These findings occur in about 5% to 15% of individuals, and mainly in women between the ages of 30 and 40 years. Within those subsets of patients who develop neurologic manifestations, ocular manifestations occur 13% to 79% of the time. Less common presentations include secondary glaucoma, intermediate or posterior inflammation, or other neuro-ophthalmic findings. CASE REPORT A 63-year-old White man initially presented with blurry vision, acute glaucoma, and other symptoms closely simulating hypertensive retinopathy. He later developed diplopia and was not accurately diagnosed by general ophthalmologists and a retina specialist. Due to the unusual presentation, hypertensive retinopathy was the incorrect initial working diagnosis and the patient continued to develop more severe symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach to patient care through a nephrology referral led to the final diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Prompt treatment improved renal function and ocular disturbances. CONCLUSIONS Retinal cotton-wool spots, glaucoma, and optic nerve swelling are rare presentations of neurosarcoidosis. Unusual vascular symptoms warrant consideration of all vascular diseases and prompts for collaboration through a multidisciplinary team. This case serves to highlight the importance of sarcoidosis as a differential, even in patients with no previous signs of granulomatous disease, and how a team-based approach between multiple specialties improves accuracy, timeliness, and treatment regimen.

Quantitative assessment of left atrial functions by speckle tracking echocardiography in hypertensive patients with and without retinopathy.

PURPOSE: The association between hypertensive retinopathy and left atrial (LA) impairment is unknown. Accordingly, it was aimed to investigate the possible relationship between hypertensive retinopathy and LA phasic functions by means of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). METHODS: A total of 124 hypertensive patients and 27 control subjects were included in the study. LA reservoir strain (LAS-S ), LA conduit strain (LAS-E ), and LA booster strain (LAS-A ) parameters were used to evaluate LA myocardial functions. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients (with and without retinopathy) displayed an obvious reduction in the LA reservoir strain (LAS-S ), and LA conduit strain (LAS-E ). Moreover, further impairment in LA reservoir and conduit strain was found in patients with hypertensive retinopathy than in the isolated hypertensive patients. There were no significant differences in LA booster strain (LAS-A ) among the three groups. Impaired LAS-S (OR: 0.764, CI: 0.657-0.888, and p < 0.001), LAS-E (OR: 0.754, CI: 0.634-0.897, and p = 0.001), and hypertension (HT) duration (OR: 2.345, CI: 1.568-3.507, and p < 0.001) were shown to be independent predictors of hypertensive retinopathy. CONCLUSION: Impaired LA reservoir and conduit strain may be used to predict hypertensive patients at higher risk of developing hypertensive retinopathy, and to determine which patients should be followed more closely for hypertensive retinopathy.

Mild Hypertensive Retinopathy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Suita Study.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the association of mild hypertensive retinopathy with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. METHODS: A total of 7,027 residents aged 30-79 years without a history of CVD participated in the annual health checkups and retinal photography assessments. Retinal microvascular abnormalities were graded using the standard protocols and classified according to the Keith-Wagener-Barker classification. Mild hypertensive retinopathy was defined as grades 1 and 2. Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for total CVD and its subtypes according to the presence and absence of mild hypertensive retinopathy. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 17 years, 351 incident stroke and 247 coronary heart disease (CHD) cases were diagnosed. After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, mild hypertensive retinopathy was positively associated with risk of CVD (multivariable HR=1.24; 95% CI, 1.04-1.49) and stroke (1.28; 1.01-1.62) but not with risk of CHD (1.19; 0.89-1.58). Generalized arteriolar narrowing and enhanced arteriolar wall reflex were positively associated with CVD risk, the multivariable HR (95% CI) was 1.24 (1.00-1.54) and 1.33 (1.02-1.74), respectively. Moreover, mild hypertensive retinopathy was positively associated with stroke risk in normotensive participants. CONCLUSION: Mild hypertensive retinopathy was positively associated with CVD and stroke risk in the urban Japanese population. Especially, generalized arteriolar narrowing and enhanced arteriolar wall reflex were positively associated with CVD risk. These findings suggested that retinal photography could be helpful for cardiovascular risk stratification in the primary cardiovascular prevention.

Hypertensive Retinopathy and the Risk of Stroke Among Hypertensive Adults in China.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between hypertensive retinopathy and the risk of first stroke, examine possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients, and test the appropriateness of the Keith-Wagener-Barker (KWB) classification for predicting stroke risk. Methods: In total, 9793 hypertensive participants (3727 males and 6066 females) without stroke history from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial were included in this study. The primary outcome was first stroke. Results: Over a median follow-up of 4.4 years, 592 participants experienced their first stroke (509 ischemic, 77 hemorrhagic, and six unclassifiable strokes). In total, 5590 participants were diagnosed with grade 1 retinopathy (57.08%), 1466 with grade 2 retinopathy (14.97%), 231 with grade 3 retinopathy (2.36%), and three with grade 4 retinopathy (0.03%). Grades 1 and 2 were merged and classified as mild retinopathy, and grades 3 and 4 were merged and classified as severe retinopathy. There was a significant positive association between hypertensive retinopathy and the risk of first stroke and first ischemic stroke, and no effect modifiers were found. The hazard ratios (HRs) for first stroke were as follows: mild versus no retinopathy, 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.58, P = 0.040), and severe versus no retinopathy, 2.40 (95% CI, 1.49-3.84, P < 0.001). The HRs for ischemic stroke were as follows: severe versus no retinopathy, 2.35 (95% CI, 1.41-3.90, P = 0.001), and nonsignificantly increased HRs for mild versus no retinopathy, 1.26 (95% CI, 0.99-1.60, P = 0.057). Conclusions: There was a significant positive association between hypertensive retinopathy and the risk of first stroke in patients with hypertension, indicating that hypertensive retinopathy may be a predictor of the risk of stroke. A simplified two-grade classification system based on the KWB classification is recommended for predicting stroke risk.

Effect of advanced nursing care on psychological disorder in hypertensive retinopathy of pregnancy: A protocol of systematic review.

BACKGROUND: This study will assess the effect of advanced nursing care (ANC) on psychological disorder (PD) in hypertensive retinopathy of pregnancy (HTRP). METHODS: This study will search electronic databases from inception to the present (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, CNKI, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database), and other sources. All literature sources will be searched without limitations to language and study status. All eligible case-controlled study (CCS) will be included in this study. Two authors will independently carry out literature selection, data collection, and study quality assessment. Any confusion will be solved by a third author through discussion. Statistical analysis will be conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. In addition, a narrative synthesis will be elaborated if it is necessary. RESULTS: This study will summarize most recent high quality evidence to appraise the effect of ANC on PD in HTRP. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will seek to identify the effect of ANC on PD in HTRP among pregnancy population. OSF REGISTRATION: osf.io/hgp93.

A deep-learning system for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk via the measurement of retinal-vessel calibre.

Retinal blood vessels provide information on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we report the development and validation of deep-learning models for the automated measurement of retinal-vessel calibre in retinal photographs, using diverse multiethnic multicountry datasets that comprise more than 70,000 images. Retinal-vessel calibre measured by the models and by expert human graders showed high agreement, with overall intraclass correlation coefficients of between 0.82 and 0.95. The models performed comparably to or better than expert graders in associations between measurements of retinal-vessel calibre and CVD risk factors, including blood pressure, body-mass index, total cholesterol and glycated-haemoglobin levels. In retrospectively measured prospective datasets from a population-based study, baseline measurements performed by the deep-learning system were associated with incident CVD. Our findings motivate the development of clinically applicable explainable end-to-end deep-learning systems for the prediction of CVD on the basis of the features of retinal vessels in retinal photographs.

Retinal involvement and ocular findings in COVID-19 pneumonia patients.

Changes in immune and coagulation systems and possible viral spread through the blood-brain barrier have been described in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we evaluated the possible retinal involvement and ocular findings in severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 46 patients affected by severe COVID-19 who were hospitalized in one intensive care unit (ICU) and in two infectious disease wards, including bedside eye screening, corneal sensitivity assessment and retinography. A total of 43 SARS-CoV-2-positive pneumonia patients affected with COVID-19 pneumonia were included, including 25 males and 18 females, with a median age of 70 years [IQR 59-78]. Except for one patient with unilateral posterior chorioretinitis of opportunistic origin, of whom aqueous tap was negative for SARS-CoV-2, no further retinal manifestation related to COVID-19 infection was found in our cohort. We found 3 patients (7%) with bilateral conjunctivitis in whom PCR analysis on conjunctival swabs provided negative results for SARS-CoV-2. No alterations in corneal sensitivity were found. We demonstrated the absence of retinal involvement in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients. Ophthalmologic evaluation in COVID-19, particularly in patients hospitalized in an ICU setting, may be useful to reveal systemic co-infections by opportunistic pathogens.

Association Of Hypertensive Retinopathy With Angiographic Severity Of Coronary Artery Disease Determined By Syntax Score.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity among developing and developed countries. Hypertensive Retinopathy is a micro vascular complication of long standing hypertension while CAD is a macro vascular complication. The main objective of the study was to determine the association between worsening grade of hypertensive retinopathy with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) measured by Syntax Score. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study which was conducted after approval from IRB. All patients with history of hypertension, who underwent coronary angiography, were included in the study. After a detailed history and physical exam, all included patients were subjected to fundoscopy. Patients were categorized into 4 groups according to Keith et al classification of hypertensive retinopathy: No HR, Mild HR, Moderate HR and Severe HR. Patients were also categorized into three groups on the basis of angiographic severity of CAD by syntax score (SS): Mild CAD (SS<22), Moderate CAD (SS: 22-32) and Severe CAD (SS>32). Data was analysed in SPSS Version 20.0. Categorical and continuous variables were described as frequencies/percentages and Mean±SD respectively. RESULTS: A total of 370 patients were included in the study out of which 205 were males with a mean age of 55.3±10.07 years. Mean duration of hypertension was 8.1±2.7 years with a mean SBP of 130.1±37.2 mmHg and mean DBP of 90.3±17.3 mmHg. Patients with no HR, mild HR, moderate HR and severe HR had a mean SS of 11.7±4.5, 17.1±3.9, 26.3±5.1 and 37.9±5.1 respectively. Significant association was found between HR and severity of CAD with a chi square value of 285.53 (p<0.001). PORs for worsening grade of HR with severity of CAD increased from 0.341 (p<0.001) for mild HR to 2.33 (p<0.001) times for severe HR. CONCLUSIONS: A higher grade of hypertensive retinopathy is significantly associated to a higher angiographic severity of CAD by syntax score.

El valor de la MAPA y de los parámetros de lesión subclínica de órgano diana en el diagnóstico de hipertensión refractaria / The value of ABPM and subclinical target organ damage parameters in diagnosis of resistant hypertension

Introducción: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de la monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial (MAPA) y de los parámetros de lesión subclínica de órgano diana en el diagnóstico de hipertensión refractaria (HR). Métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con diagnóstico de HR (n = 112). Se analizaron variables demográficas, antropométricas, riesgo cardiovascular y lesión subclínica de órgano diana y se relacionaron con la confirmación de HR a través de la MAPA. Resultados: Del total de 112 pacientes con el diagnóstico de HR derivados desde atención primaria se confirmaron mediante MAPA el 61,6% de los casos (n = 69). Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,001) en la aparición de lesión subclínica de órgano diana en los hipertensos refractarios respecto a los pseudorrefractarios. Un 84% de los pacientes con HR presentaban microalbuminuria: 66,25 ± 30,7 mg/dl). El 44,9% tienen una enfermedad renal crónica estadio 3 con filtrado glomerular medio de 59 ml/min/1,73 m2. El 56,5% presentaba hallazgos ecocardiográficos de hipertrofia de ventrículo izquierdo. El examen de fondo de ojo reveló que un 64% de los pacientes presentaban retinopatía hipertensiva. Las 3 variables que se asociaron a mayor riesgo de HR fueron la presencia de microalbuminuria, retinopatía hipertensiva e hipertrofia de ventrículo izquierdo por ecocardiograma (OR 5,7, 6,2 y 11,2, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra que la búsqueda sistemática de daño de órgano diana, especialmente en lo referente a albuminuria, es una herramienta sencilla y barata, con un valor predictivo de HR alto (85%). Podría ser de utilidad en circunstancias en las que es necesario priorizar la realización de MAPA

Introduction: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and subclinical target organ damage parameters for diagnosis of resistant hypertension (RH). Methods: We assessed demographic and anthropometric variables, the incidence of cardiovascular events and subclinical target organ damage (n = 112). We also studied the relationship between these variables and the ABPM results. Results: Of the 112 patients referred from primary care with a diagnosis of RH, 69 (61.6%) were confirmed by ABPM. We found statistically significant differences (P < .001) between patients with RH and pseudo-resistant hypertension in the appearance of subclinical target organ damage. A percentage of 84 of the patients had microalbuminuria: 66.25 ± 30.7 mg/dl); 44.9% had stage 3 chronic kidney disease: the average glomerular filtration was 59 ml/min/1.73m2; and 56.5% had left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography. Fundoscopy revealed that 64% of the patients had hypertensive retinopathy. Three variables were associated with an increased HR risk: microalbuminuria, hypertensive retinopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy (OR 5.7, 6.2 and 11.2, respectively). Conclusions: This study shows that the systematic testing for target organ damage, particularly in terms of albuminuria, is a simple and inexpensive tool, with a high predictive value for RH (85%), which could be useful for prioritising patients who need ABPM

Double trouble: exudative hypertensive retinopathy in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa.

A young female suffering from chronic kidney disease presented with retinal features suggestive of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Cystoid intraretinal changes were noted at the macula in both eyes on optical coherence tomography. Careful clinical examination and fluorescein angiography revealed disc oedema, macular hard exudates and flower petal leakage in both eyes. A clinical diagnosis of RP with leaking cystoid macular oedema (CMO) because of hypertensive retinopathy was made. Exudation and macular oedema subsided with hypertension control and posterior sub-Tenon steroid injection. Although CMO does not typically leak on fluorescein angiography in RP, this need not always be true. Clinical signs and fluorescein angiography help in the differentiation of macular oedema when more than one aetiology may be responsible.

Multimodal Imaging of Elschnig Spots: A Case of Simultaneous Hypertensive Retinopathy, Choroidopathy, and Neuropathy.

A 65-year-old woman with chronic hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency, and schizophrenia self-discontinued her medications and presented complaining of decreased vision; she was found to have a blood pressure of 256/156 and visual acuity 20/70 OD. In the emergency department, her blood pressure was rapidly lowered to a nadir of 134/104. During the course of her hospitalization, her visual acuity declined from 20/70 to 20/200 OD in parallel with a decline in her renal function. Multi-modal imaging revealed simultaneous hypertensive retinopathy, choroidopathy, and optic neuropathy. Autofluorescence can play an important role in the diagnosis of hypertensive choroidopathy.

Descenso de la presión arterial en diabéticos. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Low blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: El descenso de la presión arterial (PA) en los diabéticos ha demostrado beneficios en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el tratamiento farmacológico antihipertensivo y la enfermedad vascular en los diabéticos. Métodos: Metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos randomizados. Se hizo una búsqueda en Medline de ensayos clínicos de tratamiento con fármacos antihipertensivos en pacientes diabéticos, publicados entre enero de 1966 y octubre de 2014. Dos revisores independientes valoraron las características de los estudios y las variables de desenlace. Los datos obtenidos fueron estratificados por presión arterial basal y presión arterial alcanzada con el tratamiento y se hizo un metaanálisis de «efectos fijos» con los ensayos que se consideraron adecuados. Resultados: Cuarenta ensayos (100.354 pacientes) con bajo riesgo de sesgos fueron incluidos. Cada 10 mmHg de descenso de presión arterial sistólica (PAS) fue asociado con una disminución significativa del riesgo relativo de mortalidad (RR 0,87; IC 95% 0,78-0,94) y reducción absoluta de la mortalidad por 1.000 pacientes-año (RAR 3,16; IC 95% 0,90-5,22), disminución del riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares (RR 0,89; IC 95% 0,83-0,95 y RAR 3,90; IC 95% 1,57-6,06), disminución del riesgo de enfermedad coronaria (RR 0,88; IC 95% 0,80-0,98 y RAR 1,81; IC 95% 0,35-3,11), disminución del riesgo de ictus (RR 0,73; IC 95% 0,64-0,83 y RAR 4,06; IC 95% 2,53-5,40), disminución del riesgo de albuminuria (RR 0,83; IC 95% 0,79-0,87 y RAR 9,33; IC 95% 7,13-11,37) y disminución del riesgo de retinopatía (RR 0,87; IC 95% 0,76-0,99 y RAR 2,23; IC 95% 0,15-4,04). Cuando los ensayos fueron estratificados por valores de PAS basal mayores o menores de 140 mmHg, se observaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,1 para la interacción) en la mortalidad total, enfermedad cardiovascular (CV), enfermedad coronaria y en insuficiencia cardíaca y no se observaron diferencias en el caso de los ictus y albuminuria. En el caso de la mortalidad total, enfermedad CV, enfermedad coronaria y en la insuficiencia cardíaca solo se observaron reducciones significativas del riesgo relativo en los ensayos con PAS media basal mayor de 140 mmHg y en el caso de los ictus y albuminuria se observaron reducciones significativas del riesgo relativo tanto en los ensayos con PAS media basal mayor y menor de 140 mmHg. No se observaron diferencias según el tipo de tratamiento farmacológico salvo en el caso de los ictus y la insuficiencia cardíaca. Las estimaciones fueron similares cuando todos los ensayos, incluso los que tenían alto riesgo de sesgos, fueron incluidos. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con diabetes, el descenso de la PA fue asociado con una disminución de la mortalidad y otras variables de desenlace, sobre todo en los pacientes con PA sistólica mayor de 140 mmHg. Estos hallazgos avalan el uso de fármacos antihipertensivos en los pacientes con diabetes (AU)

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Association between Ophthalmological Changes and Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis.

AIMS: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Arterial sclerosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CVD. However, to date, there have been no reports of assessment of the association between retinal arterial sclerosis and CVD in patients with CKD on HD. The aim of this study was to assess retinal arterial sclerosis and to investigate the relationship between retinal arterial changes in patients with CKD on HD and arterial stiffness/past history of CVD. METHODS: We examined the data of 44 patients (21 female, 23 male) with CKD receiving HD treatment at Saiseikai Kurihashi Hospital. The relationship between ophthalmological changes and arterial stiffness [pulse wave velocity (PWV)] or past history of CVD was evaluated. All medications being taken were recorded, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between the presence of arteriosclerotic retinopathy [Scheie classification S grade (grade 0: 7 patients, grade 1: 18 patients, grade 2: 14 patients, grade 3: 4 patients, and grade 4: 1 patient)] and results of the evaluation of arterial stiffness (PWV) and past history of CVD (p=0.001, p=0.045). Other ophthalmological findings were not associated with a history of CVD or arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION: We showed that the classification (Scheie S grade) of retinopathy on ophthalmoscopic examination may be a useful tool for predicting arterial stiffness and its association with CVD.