RESUMO
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis. Therefore, small molecules targeting components of miRNA biogenesis may provide new therapeutic means for HCC treatment. By a high-throughput screening and structural simplification, we identified a small molecule, CIB-3b, which suppresses the growth and metastasis of HCC in vitro and in vivo by modulating expression profiles of miRNAome and proteome in HCC cells. Mechanistically, CIB-3b physically binds to transactivation response (TAR) RNA-binding protein 2 (TRBP) and disrupts the TRBP-Dicer interaction, thereby altering the activity of Dicer and mature miRNA production. Structure-activity relationship study via the synthesis of 45 CIB-3b derivatives showed that some compounds exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on miRNA biogenesis to CIB-3b. These results support TRBP as a potential therapeutic target in HCC and warrant further development of CIB-3b along with its analogues as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , RNA Helicases DEAD-box , Neoplasias Hepáticas , MicroRNAs , Coativadores de Receptor Nuclear , Ribonuclease III , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Coativadores de Receptor Nuclear/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Lowering the activity of the Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (IIS) cascade results in elevated stress resistance, enhanced protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and extended lifespan of worms, flies and mice. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), the longevity phenotype that stems from IIS reduction is entirely dependent upon the activities of a subset of transcription factors including the Forkhead factor DAF-16/FOXO (DAF-16), Heat Shock Factor-1 (HSF-1), SKiNhead/Nrf (SKN-1) and ParaQuat Methylviologen responsive (PQM-1). While DAF-16 determines lifespan exclusively during early adulthood and governs proteostasis in early adulthood and midlife, HSF-1 executes these functions foremost during development. Despite the central roles of SKN-1 as a regulator of lifespan and proteostasis, the temporal requirements of this transcription factor were unknown. Here we employed conditional knockdown techniques and discovered that in C. elegans, SKN-1 is primarily important for longevity and proteostasis during late larval development through early adulthood. Our findings indicate that events that occur during late larval developmental through early adulthood affect lifespan and proteostasis and suggest that subsequent to HSF-1, SKN-1 sets the conditions, partially overlapping temporally with DAF-16, that enable IIS reduction to promote longevity and proteostasis. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that HSF-1, SKN-1 and DAF-16 function in a coordinated and sequential manner to promote healthy aging.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Longevidade , Proteostase/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Interferência de RNA , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/genética , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Sequence specific recognition and functional inhibition of biomedically relevant double-helical RNAs is highly desirable but remains a formidable problem. The present study demonstrates that electroporation of a triplex-forming peptide nucleic acid (PNA), modified with 2-aminopyridine (M) nucleobases, inhibited maturation of endogenous microRNA-197 in SH-SY5Y cells, while having little effect on maturation of microRNA-155 or -27a. In vitro RNA binding and Dicer inhibition assays suggested that the observed biological activity was most likely due to a sequence-specific PNA-RNA triplex formation that inhibited the activity of endonucleases responsible for microRNA maturation. The present study is the first example of modulation of activity of endogenous noncoding RNA using M-modified triplex-forming PNA.
Assuntos
MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Ácidos Nucleicos Peptídicos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Sequências Repetidas Invertidas , MicroRNAs/química , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ácidos Nucleicos Peptídicos/química , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
RNA interference (RNAi) designates sequence-specific mRNA degradation mediated by small RNAs generated from long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by RNase III Dicer. RNAi appears inactive in mammalian cells except for mouse oocytes, where high RNAi activity exists because of an N-terminally truncated Dicer isoform, denoted DicerO. DicerO processes dsRNA into small RNAs more efficiently than the full-length Dicer expressed in somatic cells. DicerO is expressed from an oocyte-specific promoter of retrotransposon origin, which is silenced in other cell types. In this work, we evaluated CRISPR-based strategies for epigenetic targeting of the endogenous Dicer gene to restore DicerO expression and, consequently, RNAi. We show that reactivation of DicerO expression can be achieved in mouse embryonic stem cells, but it is not sufficient to establish a robust canonical RNAi response.
Assuntos
Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Ribonuclease III/genética , Células 3T3 , Animais , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Camundongos , Interferência de RNA , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), caused by synergistic infection of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), is responsible for substantial yield losses all over the world. However, there are currently no approved treatments for this severe disease. The crucial role played by RNase III of SPCSV (CSR3) as an RNA silencing suppressor during the viruses' synergistic interaction in sweetpotato makes it an ideal drug target for developing antiviral treatment. In this study, high-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecular libraries targeting CSR3 was initiated by a virtual screen using Glide docking, allowing the selection of 6,400 compounds out of 136,353. We subsequently developed and carried out kinetic-based HTS using fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology, which isolated 112 compounds. These compounds were validated with dose-response assays including kinetic-based HTS and binding affinity assays using surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis. Finally, the interference of the selected compounds with viral accumulation was verified in planta In summary, we identified five compounds belonging to two structural classes that inhibited CSR3 activity and reduced viral accumulation in plants. These results provide the foundation for developing antiviral agents targeting CSR3 to provide new strategies for controlling sweetpotato virus diseases.IMPORTANCE We report here a high-throughput inhibitor identification method that targets a severe sweetpotato virus disease caused by coinfection with two viruses (SPCSV and SPFMV). The disease is responsible for up to 90% yield losses. Specifically, we targeted the RNase III enzyme encoded by SPCSV, which plays an important role in suppressing the RNA silencing defense system of sweetpotato plants. Based on virtual screening, laboratory assays, and confirmation in planta, we identified five compounds that could be used to develop antiviral drugs to combat the most severe sweetpotato virus disease.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Crinivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ipomoea batatas/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/metabolismo , Crinivirus/enzimologia , Crinivirus/fisiologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferência de RNA , Ribonuclease III/química , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Guanine (G)-rich single-stranded nucleic acids can adopt G-quadruplex structures. Accumulating evidence indicates that G-quadruplexes serve important regulatory roles in fundamental biological processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation, while aberrant G-quadruplex formation is linked to genome instability and cancer. Understanding the biological functions played by G-quadruplexes requires detailed knowledge of their protein interactome. Here, we report that both RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes are bound by human Dicer in vitro. Using in vitro binding assays, mutation studies, and computational modeling we demonstrate that G-quadruplexes can interact with the Platform-PAZ-Connector helix cassette of Dicer, the region responsible for anchoring microRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Consequently, we show that G-quadruplexes efficiently and stably inhibit the cleavage of pre-miRNA by Dicer. Our data highlight the potential of human Dicer for binding of G-quadruplexes and allow us to propose a G-quadruplex-driven sequestration mechanism of Dicer regulation.
Assuntos
RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , DNA/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Quadruplex G , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/genética , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , DNA/química , DNA/genética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Conformação Proteica , RNA/química , RNA/genética , Ribonuclease III/metabolismoRESUMO
The class 1 ribonuclease III (RNase III) encoded by Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (CSR3) suppresses RNA silencing in plant cells and thereby counters the host antiviral response by cleaving host small interfering RNAs, which are indispensable components of the plant RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The synergy between sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus and sweet potato feathery mottle virus can reduce crop yields by 90%. Inhibitors of CSR3 might prove efficacious to counter this viral threat, yet no screen has been carried out to identify such inhibitors. Here, we report a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for identifying inhibitors of CSR3. For monitoring CSR3 activity via HTS, we used a small interfering RNA substrate that was labelled with a FRET-compatible dye. The optimized HTS assay yielded 109 potential inhibitors of CSR3 out of 6,620 compounds tested from different small-molecule libraries. The three best inhibitor candidates were validated with a dose-response assay. In addition, a parallel screen of the selected candidates was carried out for a similar class 1 RNase III enzyme from Escherichia coli (EcR3), and this screen yielded a different set of inhibitors. Thus, our results show that the CSR3 and EcR3 enzymes were inhibited by distinct types of molecules, indicating that this HTS assay could be widely applied in drug discovery of class 1 RNase III enzymes.
Assuntos
Antivirais/análise , Crinivirus/enzimologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/análise , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Antivirais/farmacologia , Crinivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/economia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/economia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/metabolismoRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairment and progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons. At present, the acute application of neurotoxic drugs such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) are commonly used to simulate the pathology of PD; however, it is difficult to induce the progressive pathogenesis of PD with these models. In this study, we employed DAT promoter-mediated Cre transgenic mice to establish tamoxifen-inducible Dicer conditional knockout (cKO) mice in an effort to mimic the progressive loss of DA neurons and the development of PD-like behavioral phenotypes. The results showed that Dicer cKO mice exhibited progressive loss of DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) following tamoxifen administration. Significant DA loss was observed 6 weeks after tamoxifen administration; accordingly, progressive motor function impairment was also observed. We also found that a significant neuroinflammatory response, as evidenced by microglial proliferation, another hallmark of PD pathogenesis, accompanied the loss of DA neurons. The acute application of levo-DOPA (L-DOPA) relieved the PD-like motor impairments in Dicer cKO mice to exert its antiparkinsonian action, indicating that the model can be used to evaluate the antiparkinsonian efficacy of PD drugs. To further elucidate the potential application of this novel PD animal model for PD drug development, we employed the powerful neuroprotective agent dihydromyricetin (DHM) (10 mg/kg) and the selective sigma-1 receptor agonist PRE-084 (1 mg/kg), both of which were previously shown to produce antiparkinsonian effects. The results indicated that the chronic administration of either DHM or PRE-084 attenuated the Dicer cKO-induced loss of DA neurons and motor impairments, although the two drugs acted through different mechanisms. These data indicate that the Dicer cKO mouse model may be a useful model for investigating the pathological development of PD and intervention-mediated changes. In conclusion, this transgenic mouse model appears to simulate the progressive pathogenesis of PD and may be a potentially useful model for PD drug discovery.
Assuntos
Antiparkinsonianos/farmacologia , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , Flavonóis/farmacologia , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores sigma/agonistas , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , 1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina , Animais , Antiparkinsonianos/administração & dosagem , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Flavonóis/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Morfolinas/administração & dosagem , Oxidopamina , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Tamoxifeno/administração & dosagem , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Receptor Sigma-1RESUMO
microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as master regulators of biological processes. Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been implicated in many human diseases. Driven by the key biological roles and the therapeutic potential, developing methods for miRNA regulation has become an intense research area. Due to favorable pharmacological properties, small molecule-based miRNA inhibition emerges as a promising strategy and significant progresses have been made. However, it remains challenging to regulate miRNA using small molecules because of the inherent difficulty in RNA targeting and inhibition. Herein we outline the workflow of generating bifunctional small molecule inhibitors blocking miRNA biogenesis through proximity-enabled inactivation of Dicer, an enzyme required for the processing of precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) into mature miRNA. By conjugating a weak Dicer inhibitor with a pre-miRNA binder, the inhibitor can be delivered to the Dicer processing site associated with the targeted pre-miRNA, and as a result inhibiting Dicer-mediated pre-miRNA processing. This protocol can be applicable in producing bifunctional inhibitors for different miRNAs.
Assuntos
MicroRNAs/genética , RNA/genética , Ribonuclease III/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , MicroRNAs/química , RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/químicaRESUMO
Small-molecule modulators, along with antisense oligonucleotide, would be powerful tools and potential drug candidates for modulating miRNA-related gene expressions. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of the C-bulge binding small molecule BzDANP for the Dicer processing reaction of pre-miR-136 was discussed on the data obtained by SPR, NMR, and kinetic analysis for Dicer processing. SPR and NMR analysis showed the preference of BzDANP binding to the C-bulge. Michaelis-Menten analysis suggested the formation of a ternary complex pre-miR-136-BzDANP-Dicer during the Dicer-cleavage reaction of pre-miR-136 in the presence of BzDANP. The inhibitory effect of BzDANP is likely attributed to the slower reaction from the ternary complex than that from the binary pre-miR-136-Dicer complex.
Assuntos
RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/química , Naftiridinas/química , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Mutação , Naftiridinas/metabolismo , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ligação Proteica , Precursores de RNA/química , Precursores de RNA/genética , Precursores de RNA/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/metabolismoRESUMO
MicroRNAs are promising biological markers for prenatal diagnosis. They regulate placental development and are present in maternal plasma. Maternal metabolic diseases are major risk factors for placental deterioration. We analysed the influence of a maternal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on microRNA expression in maternal plasma and in blastocysts employing an in vivo rabbit diabetic pregnancy model and an in vitro embryo culture in hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic medium. Maternal diabetes led to a marked downregulation of Dicer protein in embryoblast cells and Drosha protein in trophoblast cells. MiR-27b, miR-141 and miR-191 were decreased in trophoblast cells and in maternal plasma of diabetic rabbits. In vitro studies indicate, that maternal hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinaemia partially contribute to the downregulation of trophoblastic microRNAs. As the altered microRNA expression was detectable in maternal plasma, too, the plasma microRNA signature could serve as an early biological marker for the prediction of trophoblast function during a diabetic pregnancy.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Regulação para Baixo/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , Animais , Blastocisto/efeitos dos fármacos , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião de Mamíferos/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Endométrio/efeitos dos fármacos , Endométrio/metabolismo , Feminino , Glucose/farmacologia , Insulina/farmacologia , MicroRNAs/sangue , Placenta/efeitos dos fármacos , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , Precursores de RNA/genética , Precursores de RNA/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Coelhos , Ribonuclease III/genética , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Trofoblastos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem due to its high mortality rate. The incidence of CRC is increasing in young individuals. Oxaliplatin (OXA) is an approved third-generation drug and is used for first-line chemotherapy in CRC. Although current standard chemotherapy improves the overall survival of CRC patients, an increasing number of reports of OXA resistance in CRC therapy indicates that resistance has become an urgent problem in clinical applications. Dicer is a critical enzyme involved in miRNA maturation. The expression of Dicer has been reported to be involved in the resistance to various drugs in cancer. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of Dicer in OXA resistance in CRC. We found that OXA treatment inhibited Dicer expression through decreasing the protein stability. OXA-induced Dicer protein degradation occurred through both proteasomal and lysosomal proteolysis, while the CHIP E3 ligase was involved in OXA-mediated Dicer ubiquitination and degradation. We established stable OXA-resistant clones from CRC cells, and observed that the CHIP E3 ligase was decreased, along with the increased Dicer expression in OXA-resistant cells. Knockdown of Dicer resensitized CRC cells to OXA treatment. In this study, we have revealed the role of miRNA biogenesis factors in OXA resistance in CRC cells.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Oxaliplatina/farmacologia , Ribonuclease III/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Lisossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Estabilidade Proteica , Proteólise , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a well-known virus in the Baculoviridae family. Presence of the p35 gene in the AcMNPV genome as a suppressor of the short interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is a strong reason for the importance of the siRNA pathway in the host cellular defense. Given that, here we explored the roles of Dicer-2 (Dcr2) and Argonaute 2 (Ago2) genes, key factors in the siRNA pathway in response to AcMNPV infection in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. The results showed that the transcript levels of Dcr2 and Ago2 increased in response to AcMNPV infection particularly over 16â¯h post infection suggesting induction of the siRNA pathway. Reductions in the expression levels of Dcr2 and Ago2 by using specific dsRNAs in Sf9 cells modestly enhanced production of viral genomic DNA which indicated their role in the host antiviral defense. Using deep sequencing, our previous study showed a large number of small reads (siRNAs of â¼20 nucleotides) from AcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells that were mapped to some of the viral genes (hot spots). Down-regulation of Dcr2 in Sf9 cells resulted in enhanced expression levels of the selected virus hotspot genes (i.e. ORF-9 and ORF-148), while the transcript levels of virus cold spots (i.e. ORF-18 and ORF-25) with no or few siRNAs mapped to them did not change. Overexpression of AcMNPV p35 as a suppressor of RNAi and anti-apoptosis gene in Sf9 cells increased virus replication. Also, replication of mutant AcMNPV lacking the p35 gene was significantly increased in Sf9 cells with reduced transcript levels of Dcr2 and Ago2, highlighting the antiviral role of the siRNA pathway in Sf9 cells. Together, our results demonstrate that Dcr2 and Ago2 genes contribute in efficient antiviral response of Sf9 cells towards AcMNPV, and in turn, the AcMNPV p35 suppresses the siRNA pathway, besides being an antiapoptotic protein.
Assuntos
Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Genoma Viral , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Nucleopoliedrovírus/genética , Ribonuclease III/genética , Spodoptera/virologia , Proteínas Virais/genética , Animais , Proteínas Argonautas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Argonautas/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Insetos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/imunologia , Nucleopoliedrovírus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nucleopoliedrovírus/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/imunologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/imunologia , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/imunologia , Células Sf9 , Transdução de Sinais , Spodoptera/genética , Spodoptera/imunologia , Spodoptera/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the genetic cause of both familial and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), and it is associated with neuronal death, vesicle trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. However, its role in secondary brain injury (SBI) induced by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been evaluated. In this study, an ICH model was induced by injecting autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia of adult rats. Meanwhile, primary rat cortical neurons treated with Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) were used as an in vitro ICH model. Protein levels of LRRK2 increased significantly in brain tissues after ICH. Upregulation of LRRK2 by genetic overexpression augmented inflammatory responses, behavioral and cognitive dysfunction, brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury, and cell death involved in SBI following ICH. Downregulation of LRRK2 by GNE7915 (a specific chemical inhibitor of LRRK2) and genetic knockdown yielded opposite effects. Additionally, inhibiting LRRK2 by GNE7915 obviously reduced OxyHb-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro and attenuated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Drosha both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, we concluded that LRRK2 participated in ICH-induced SBI by mediating inflammatory responses, behavioral and cognitive dysfunction, brain edema, and BBB injury and by modulating neuronal death and dysfunction and regulating the p38 MAPK/Drosha pathway.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Hemorragia Cerebral/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Proteína Quinase-2 com Repetições Ricas em Leucina/biossíntese , Ribonuclease III/biossíntese , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/biossíntese , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/patologia , Serina-Treonina Proteína Quinase-2 com Repetições Ricas em Leucina/antagonistas & inibidores , Serina-Treonina Proteína Quinase-2 com Repetições Ricas em Leucina/genética , Masculino , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Ratos , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genéticaRESUMO
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) facilitate the growth of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study demonstrates that the senescence of MM-MSCs significantly increased, as evidenced by a decrease in proliferation and increase in the number of cells positive for senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity. Senescent MM-MSCs displayed decreased differentiation potential and increased tumor-supporting capacity. Dicer1 knockdown in the MSCs of healthy controls promoted cellular senescence and tumor-supporting capacity, while decreasing the differentiation capacity. Dicer1 overexpression in MM-MSCs reversed the effects on differentiation and reduced cellular senescence. In addition, decreased expression of the microRNA-17 family was identified as a favorable element responsible for increasing senescence, with the expression of p21 increased in Dicer1 knockdown cells. Furthermore, we observed decreased expression of miR-93 and miR-20a in MM-MSCs, while upregulation of miR-93/miR-20a decreased cellular senescence, as evidenced by the increased p21 expression. Importantly, we found that myeloma cells could induce the senescence of MSCs from healthy controls, as observed from the decreased expression of Dicer1 and miR-93/miR-20a and increased expression of p21. Overall, MM cells downregulate Dicer1 in MSCs, which leads to senescence; in turn, senescent MSCs promote MM cell growth, which most likely contributes to disease progression.
Assuntos
RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiplo/genética , Plasmócitos/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Apoptose/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ciclo Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Senescência Celular , Técnicas de Cocultura , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mieloma Múltiplo/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiplo/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Plasmócitos/patologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , beta-Galactosidase/genética , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is a serious agricultural pest known for its high adaptability to various management strategies, giving rise to a continual need for new control options. Transgenic maize expressing insecticidal RNAs represents a novel mode of action for rootworm management that is dependent on the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways of the insect for efficacy. Preliminary evidence suggests that western corn rootworm could develop broad resistance to all insecticidal RNAs through changes in RNAi pathway genes; however, the likelihood of field-evolved resistance occurring through this mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, eight key genes involved in facilitating interference in the microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways were targeted for knockdown in order to evaluate impact on fitness of western corn rootworm. These genes include drosha, dicer-1, dicer-2, pasha, loquacious, r2d2, argonaute 1, and argonaute 2. Depletion of targeted transcripts in rootworm larvae led to changes in microRNA expression, decreased ability to pupate, reduced adult beetle emergence, and diminished reproductive capacity. The observed effects do not support evolution of resistance through changes in expression of these eight genes due to reduced insect fitness.
Assuntos
Interferência de RNA , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/genética , Zea mays/genética , Animais , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Besouros/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Insetos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/antagonistas & inibidores , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/parasitologia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/parasitologia , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/genética , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/parasitologiaRESUMO
Gene-based therapies represent a promising therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of HIV-1, as they have the potential to maintain sustained viral inhibition with reduced treatment interventions. Such an option may represent a long-term treatment alternative to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Methods: We previously described a therapeutic approach, referred to as transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), whereby small noncoding RNAs directly inhibit the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 by targeting sites within the viral promoter, specifically the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR). TGS differs from traditional RNA interference (RNAi) in that it is characterized by concomitant silent-state epigenetic marks on histones and DNA. To deliver TGS-inducing RNAs, we developed functional RNA conjugates based on the previously reported dual function of the gp120 (A-1) aptamer conjugated to 27-mer Dicer-substrate anti-HIV-1 siRNA (dsiRNA), LTR-362. Results: We demonstrate here that high levels of processed guide RNAs localize to the nucleus in infected T lymphoblastoid CEM cell line and primary human CD4+ T-cells. Treatment of the aptamer-siRNA conjugates induced TGS with an ~10-fold suppression of viral p24 levels as measured at day 12 post infection. To explore the silencing efficacy of aptamer-siRNA conjugates in vivo, HIV-1-infected humanized NOD/SCID/IL2 rγnull mice (hu-NSG) were treated with the aptamer-siRNA conjugates. Systemic delivery of the A-1-stick-LTR-362 27-mer siRNA conjugates suppressed HIV-1 infection and protected CD4+ T cell levels in viremia hu-NSG mice. Principle conclusions: Collectively these data suggest that the gp120 aptamer-dsiRNA conjugate design is suitable for systemic delivery of small RNAs that can be used to suppress HIV-1.
Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/genética , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Inativação Gênica , Infecções por HIV/terapia , HIV-1/genética , RNA Viral/genética , Ribonuclease III/genética , Animais , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Terapia Genética/métodos , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Repetição Terminal Longa de HIV , HIV-1/crescimento & desenvolvimento , HIV-1/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Camundongos Transgênicos , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , RNA Viral/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Drosophila Dicer-2 processes RNA substrates into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Loquacious-PD (Loqs-PD), a dsRNA-binding protein that associates with Dicer-2, is required for processing of a subset of RNA substrates including hairpin RNAs into siRNAs. Inorganic phosphate-a small molecule present in all cell types-inhibits Dicer-2 from processing precursor of microRNAs (pre-miRNAs), which are processed by Dicer-1. Whether or how Loqs-PD modulates the inhibitory effect of inorganic phosphate on Dicer-2 processing of RNA substrates is unknown. To address this question, I performed in vitro hairpin RNA processing assay with Dicer-2 in the presence or absence of Loqs-PD and/or inorganic phosphate. I found that inorganic phosphate inhibits Dicer-2 alone, but not Dicer-2 + Loqs-PD, from processing blunt-end hairpin RNAs into siRNAs. Thus, Loqs-PD removes the inhibitory effect of inorganic phosphate on Dicer-2 processing of blunt-end hairpin RNAs, allowing siRNA production in the presence of inorganic phosphate.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Fosfatos/farmacologia , RNA Helicases/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/fisiologia , Ribonuclease III/metabolismo , Animais , Drosophila , Proteínas de Drosophila/antagonistas & inibidores , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA Helicases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The control of viral infections in insects is a current issue of major concern and RNA interference (RNAi) is considered the main antiviral immune response in this group of animals. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of key RNAi factors can help to protect insect cells against viral infections. In particular, we show that overexpression of Dicer2 and Argonaute2 in lepidopteran cells leads to improved defense against the acute infection of the Cricket Paralysis Virus (CrPV). We also demonstrate an important role of RNAi in the control of persistent viral infections, as the one caused by the Macula-like Latent Virus (MLV). Specifically, a direct interaction between Argonaute2 and virus-specific small RNAs is shown. Yet, while knocking down Dicer2 and Argonaute2 resulted in higher transcript levels of the persistently infecting MLV in the lepidopteran cells under investigation, overexpression of these proteins could not further reduce these levels. Taken together, our data provide deep insight into the RNAi-based interactions between insects and their viruses. In addition, our results suggest the potential use of an RNAi gain-of-function approach as an alternative strategy to obtain reduced viral-induced mortality in Lepidoptera, an insect order that encompasses multiple species of relevant economic value.
Assuntos
Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Bombyx/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Lepidópteros/genética , RNA Viral/genética , Ribonuclease III/genética , Animais , Proteínas Argonautas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Argonautas/imunologia , Bombyx/imunologia , Bombyx/virologia , Linhagem Celular , Dicistroviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dicistroviridae/patogenicidade , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Proteínas de Insetos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Insetos/imunologia , Lepidópteros/imunologia , Lepidópteros/virologia , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Ribonuclease III/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonuclease III/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais , Tymoviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tymoviridae/patogenicidadeRESUMO
An increasing number of studies are suggesting that plant viruses, including southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), can adversely affect biological characteristics of insect vectors by unknown mechanisms. To study the adverse effect of SRBSDV at cellular level on the insect vector, we promoted viral infection by the disruption of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway. The transmission electron microscopy was utilized to describe the ultrastructural changes that occurred in insects when the core component of the siRNA pathway, Dicer-2, was knocked down. The increasing accumulation of SRBSDV in virus-infected vector, the white-backed planthoppers, caused severe cytopathology in the alimentary canal. Similar cytopathology changes in the midgut ultrastructure were characterized in the virus-infected incompetent vector, the small brown planthopper. These results not only add support to the existing evidence suggesting that the siRNA pathway has an antiviral effect, but also reveal the universal and potential ability of SRBSDV to cause damage to the insect tissues of both the vector and non-vector.