Apigenin by targeting hnRNPA2 sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer spheroids to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and regulates expression of ABCC4 and ABCG2 drug efflux transporters.

Acquired resistance to doxorubicin is a major hurdle in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy, emphasizing the need to identify improved strategies. Apigenin and other structurally related dietary flavones are emerging as potential chemo-sensitizers, but their effect on three-dimensional TNBC spheroid models has not been investigated. We previously showed that apigenin associates with heterogeneous ribonuclear protein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2), an RNA-binding protein involved in mRNA and co-transcriptional regulation. However, the role of hnRNPA2 in apigenin chemo-sensitizing activity has not been investigated. Here, we show that apigenin induced apoptosis in TNBC spheroids more effectively than apigenin-glycoside, owing to higher cellular uptake. Moreover, apigenin inhibited the growth of TNBC patient-derived organoids at an in vivo achievable concentration. Apigenin sensitized spheroids to doxorubicin-induced DNA damage, triggering caspase-9-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway and caspase-3 activity. Silencing of hnRNPA2 decreased apigenin-induced sensitization to doxorubicin in spheroids by diminishing apoptosis and partly abrogated apigenin-mediated reduction of ABCC4 and ABCG2 efflux transporters. Together these findings provide novel insights into the critical role of hnRNPA2 in mediating apigenin-induced sensitization of TNBC spheroids to doxorubicin by increasing the expression of efflux transporters and apoptosis, underscoring the relevance of using dietary compounds as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.

Hnrnpab regulates neural cell motility through transcription of Eps8.

Cell migration requires a complicated network of structural and regulatory proteins. Changes in cellular motility can impact migration as a result of cell-type or developmental stage regulated expression of critical motility genes. Hnrnpab is a conserved RNA-binding protein found as two isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Its expression is enriched in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the rostral migratory stream within the brain, suggesting possible support of the migration of neural progenitor cells in this region. Here we show that the migration of cells from the SVZ of developing Hnrnpab-/- mouse brains is impaired. An RNA-seq analysis to identify Hnrnpab-dependent cell motility genes led us to Eps8, and in agreement with the change in cell motility, we show that Eps8 is decreased in Hnrnpab-/- SVZ tissue. We scrutinized the motility of Hnrnpab-/- cells and confirmed that the decreases in both cell motility and Eps8 are restored by ectopically coexpressing both alternatively spliced Hnrnpab isoforms, therefore these variants are surprisingly nonredundant for cell motility. Our results support a model where both Hnrnpab isoforms work in concert to regulate Eps8 transcription in the mouse SVZ to promote the normal migration of neural cells during CNS development.

Cholinergic-associated loss of hnRNP-A/B in Alzheimer's disease impairs cortical splicing and cognitive function in mice.

Genetic studies link inherited errors in RNA metabolism to familial neurodegenerative disease. Here, we report such errors and the underlying mechanism in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD entorhinal cortices presented globally impaired exon exclusions and selective loss of the hnRNP A/B splicing factors. Supporting functional relevance, hnRNP A/B knockdown induced alternative splicing impairments and dendrite loss in primary neurons, and memory and electrocorticographic impairments in mice. Transgenic mice with disease-associated mutations in APP or Tau displayed no alterations in hnRNP A/B suggesting that its loss in AD is independent of Aß and Tau toxicity. However, cholinergic excitation increased hnRNP A/B levels while in vivo neurotoxin-mediated destruction of cholinergic neurons caused cortical AD-like decrease in hnRNP A/B and recapitulated the alternative splicing pattern of AD patients. Our findings present cholinergic-mediated hnRNP A/B loss and impaired RNA metabolism as important mechanisms involved in AD.

Reduced expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1 in adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia.

It is considered that hnRNP B1 expresses similarly in the various types of tumor cells. Recently, we demonstrated high B1 expression in B-cell lymphoma and carcinoma. To evaluate the difference of B1 expression between B and T-cell lymphoma, we immunologically studied the B1 expression in 22 cases with nodal T-cell lymphoma, comprising adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL; n=15) and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILD; n=7), using an anti-hnRNP B1 monoclonal antibody, 2B2. In ATLL cases, scattered large transformed lymphoma cells demonstrated strong B1 expression, while the medium-sized lymphoma cells were negative. On the one hand, lymphoma cells in AILD diffusely expressed B1. The mean B1 expression rate in ATLL was 22%, which was significantly lower than that in AILDs (45%), B-cell lymphomas (44%), and metastatic carcinomas (53%) (p<0.01). Our result might suggest that process of hnRNP B1 expression in ATLL differs from those in other lymphoid neoplasms and carcinoma.