Deterring delinquents with information. Evidence from a randomized poster campaign in Bogotá.

In this article, we test whether an isolated information campaign can deter criminals by appealing to their apprehension risk perception. A randomized trial was conducted around 154 high crime housing blocks in Bogotá. With support of the Colombian Police, half of the blocks were exposed to a three month poster campaign reporting the number of "arrests around this street block" and half to a no-treatment control condition. The main outcome measure (total registered crime) and secondary outcome measures (calls to the emergency line for thefts and attacks, and minor wrongdoings) were provided by the Police. Additionally, trust in police, security perception, and police performance perception were measured among residents and workers in the treatment and control areas (N = 616) using a post-treatment survey. Measures were analyzed with linear regression analysis and two-sample t-tests. Over the course of the treatment period, premeditated crime was reduced, while spontaneous crime remained unchanged. Overall levels of crime were not significantly altered. Also, a moderate crime reduction is detectable during the first month of the treatment period. The posters were highly visible (93% of respondents in the treated areas recalled them) and positively received (67% "liked" them). Perceptions of security and police among locals improved, though not significantly. Inherent among residents of Bogotá is a pervasive feeling of impunity and low trust in authorities, making the city a hard test case for an offender-targeted advertising campaign. Initial reductions of crime and overall reductions of premeditated crime are thus noteworthy. These results align with key principles of apprehension risk updating theory.

Actitudes y dinámicas de robo en uncolegio de nivel socioeconómico medio-alto / Theft attitudes and dynamics in an upper-middle socioeconomic level school / Atitudes e dinâmica de roubo numa escola do nível socioeconômico médio-alto

El robo escolar es un problema muy común en colegios de todas las localidades de Bogotá. Con el propósito de profundizar sobre este fenómeno, se realizaron encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales con noventa estudiantes de un colegio privado de nivel socioeconómico medio-alto. Los resultados indicaron que los robos en este colegio se realizan, por lo general, de manera espontánea e individual, y que los objetos robados se utilizan para uso personal y no para la venta. A pesar de que la mayoría de los estudiantes rechazan los robos, algunos minimizan su gravedad cuando la víctima tiene muchos recursos o presume de sus posesiones, o si ha dejado sus objetos descuidados. Estos resultados contrastan con un estudio similarrealizado previamente en una escuela con presencia de pandillas juveniles, el cual mostró que los robos eran realizados de manera planeada por grupos de estudiantes que dividían sus roles y vendían lo robado por fuera del colegio. A pesar de las diferencias entre colegios, la presente investigación resalta la necesidad de que se tomen en serio las denuncias de los estudiantes, se apliquen normas de manera consistente, se promueva empatía frente a las víctimas y se cuestionen justificaciones que minimizan la gravedad de los robos.

School theft is a very common problem at schools in all areas of Bogota. For the purpose of delving into this issue,surveys, interviews and focus groups were carried out with ninety students of a private upper-middle socioeconomic level school, and results showed that robberies and thefts taking place there are generally of a spontaneous and individual nature, and stolen objects intended for personal use, not for sale.Nevertheless, although most students reject these activities, they tend to minimize their seriousness particularly if the victims own significant resources or boast about their possessions or tend to be careless and leave their things behind. In contrast, the results of a similar study previously carried out in a school affected with the presence of youth gangs showed that thefts were carefully planned by groups of students playing different roles; stolen objects were then sold outside tablishments, current research stresses the fact that student complaints need to be taken seriously and empathy promoted towards the victims; rules must be applied consistently while questioning and rejecting any justifications leading to minimize the seriousness of these acts.

O roubo escolar é um problema comum nas escolas em todas as localidades de Bogotá. Para investigar esse fenômeno, realizaramse foram pesquisas, entrevistas e grupos focais com noventa alunos de uma escola privada de nível socioeconômico médio-alto. Os resultados indicaram que os roubos nesta escola são feitos, em geral, de jeito individual e espontâneo e que os objetos roubados são usados para uso pessoal e não para venda. Enquanto a maioria dos alunos rejeita o roubo, alguns minimizam sua gravidade quando a vítima tem muitos recursos ou gaba-se das suas posses, ou se deixou seus objetos abandonados. Esses resultados contrastam com um estudo semelhante realizado anteriormente em uma escola com a presença de gangues de jovens, que mostrou que os roubos foram feitos na maneira pretendida por grupos de estudantes que dividiam seus papéis e vendiam os objetos roubados fora da escola. Apesar das diferenças entre escolas, esta pesquisa destaca a necessidade de que as queixas dos alunos levamse a sério, usam-se as regras consistentemente, promovase a empatia com as vítimas e desafiemse as justificativas que minimizam a gravidade dos roubos.

Atención del parto de riesgo / Propuesta Normativa Perinatal / Attention of risk parturition

Parto de riesgo: Atención. Admisión de la embarazada. Morbilidad y mortalidad materna post parto. El recién nacido del parto de reisgo. Anexos: Control de la integridad del binomio madre-hijo. Normas de seguridad institucional

Atención del parto de riesgo / Propuesta Normativa Perinatal / Attention of risk parturition

Contenido: Parto de riesgo: Atención. Admisión de la embarazada. Morbilidad y mortalidad materna post parto. El recién nacido del parto de reisgo. Anexos: Control de la integridad del binomio madre-hijo. Normas de seguridad institucional

Atención del parto de riesgo / Propuesta Normativa Perinatal / Attention of risk parturition

Contenido: Parto de riesgo: Atención. Admisión de la embarazada. Morbilidad y mortalidad materna post parto. El recién nacido del parto de reisgo. Anexos: Control de la integridad del binomio madre-hijo. Normas de seguridad institucional