New-onset syncope in diabetic patients treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a Chinese population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Syncope is a symptom that poses an important diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and generates significant cost for the healthcare system. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated beneficial cardiovascular effects, but their possible effects on incident syncope have not been fully investigated. This study compared the effects of SGLT2i and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) on new-onset syncope. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a retrospective, territory-wide cohort study enrolling type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients treated with SGLT2i or DPP4i between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020, in Hong Kong, China. The outcomes were hospitalization of new-onset syncope, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox regression and different approaches using the propensity score were applied to evaluate the association between SGLT2i and DPP4i with incident syncope and mortality. After matching, a total of 37 502 patients with T2DM were included (18 751 SGLT2i users vs. 18 751 DPP4i users). During a median follow-up of 5.56 years, 907 patients were hospitalized for new-onset syncope (2.41%), and 2346 patients died from any cause (6.26%), among which 471 deaths (1.26%) were associated with cardiovascular causes. Compared with DPP4i users, SGLT2i therapy was associated with a 51% lower risk of new-onset syncope [HR 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.57; P < 0.001], 65% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.26-0.46; P < 0.001), and a 70% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.26-0.34; P < 0.001) in the fully adjusted model. Similar associations with syncope were observed for dapagliflozin (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.58-0.85; P < 0.001), canagliflozin (HR 0.48; 95% CI 0.36-0.63; P < 0.001), and ertugliflozin (HR 0.45; 95% CI 0.30-0.68; P < 0.001), but were attenuated for empagliflozin (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.59-1.05; P = 0.100) after adjusting for potential confounders. The subgroup analyses suggested that, compared with DPP4i, SGLT2i was associated with a significantly decreased risk of incident syncope among T2DM patients, regardless of gender, age, glucose control status, Charlson comorbidity index, and the association remained constant amongst those with common cardiovascular drugs and most antidiabetic drugs at baseline. CONCLUSION: Compared with DPP4i, SGLT2i was associated with a significantly lower risk of new-onset syncope in patients with T2DM, regardless of gender, age, degree of glycaemic control, and comorbidity burden.

Treatment of drop attacks: Anti-seizure drug choices of pediatric neurologists in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate Epileptic drop attacks (EDAs) treatment options among pediatric neurologists in Saudi Arabia (SA) and to develop a recommendation scheme for the management of EDAs in SA. Epileptic drop attacks are one of the most pharmaco-resistant epileptic seizures. The different approaches to EDA treatment are influenced by a variety of factors, including pharmaceutical availability, costs, side effects, treating physicians' experience and personal preferences. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted online. A structured questionnaire that aimed to measure the therapeutic options for patients with EDA was electronically distributed to pediatric neurologists across SA. It contained 21 questions, and the data were collected in Excel sheets and analyzed. RESULTS: Our study included a cohort of 71 pediatric neurologists from SA, of which male doctors represented 60%. Most of the participating pediatric neurologists had more than 10 years of experience in the field. We found that 77% of the included pediatric neurologists used valproic acid as a first-line drug in patients with EDA. Further, in the different case scenarios provided to participants, levetiracetam, clobazam, topiramate, and rufinamide were included in the initial management protocol for EDA. CONCLUSION: The majority of pediatric neurologists in Saudi Arabia chose valproic acid and/or levetiracetam as the first line of treatment for EDA. These results highlight the need for an evidence-based clinical guidelines to treat EDA.

Randomised controlled trials of antihypertensive therapy: does exclusion of orthostatic hypotension alter treatment effect? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Management of antihypertensive therapy is challenging in patients with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, a population often excluded from randomised controlled trials of antihypertensive therapy. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought to determine whether the association of antihypertensive therapy and adverse events (e.g. falls, syncope), differed among trials that included or excluded patients with orthostatic hypotension. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing blood pressure lowering medications to placebo, or different blood pressure targets on falls or syncope outcomes and cardiovascular events. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate a pooled treatment-effect overall in subgroups of trials that excluded patients with orthostatic hypotension and trials that did not exclude patients with orthostatic hypotension, and tested P for interaction. The primary outcome was fall events. RESULTS: 46 trials were included, of which 18 trials excluded orthostatic hypotension and 28 trials did not. The incidence of hypotension was significantly lower in trials that excluded participants with orthostatic hypotension (1.3% versus 6.2%, P < 0.001) but not incidences of falls (4.8% versus 8.8%; P = 0.40) or syncope (1.5% versus 1.8%; P = 0.67). Antihypertensive therapy was not associated with an increased risk of falls in trials that excluded (OR 1.00, 95% CI; 0.89-1.13) or included (OR 1.02, 95% CI; 0.88-1.18) participants with orthostatic hypotension (P for interaction = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The exclusion of patients with orthostatic hypotension does not appear to affect the relative risk estimates for falls and syncope in antihypertensive trials.

The association between antihypertensive treatment and serious adverse events by age and frailty: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Antihypertensives are effective at reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, but limited data exist quantifying their association with serious adverse events, particularly in older people with frailty. This study aimed to examine this association using nationally representative electronic health record data. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This was a retrospective cohort study utilising linked data from 1,256 general practices across England held within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1998 and 2018. Included patients were aged 40+ years, with a systolic blood pressure reading between 130 and 179 mm Hg, and not previously prescribed antihypertensive treatment. The main exposure was defined as a first prescription of antihypertensive treatment. The primary outcome was hospitalisation or death within 10 years from falls. Secondary outcomes were hypotension, syncope, fractures, acute kidney injury, electrolyte abnormalities, and primary care attendance with gout. The association between treatment and these serious adverse events was examined by Cox regression adjusted for propensity score. This propensity score was generated from a multivariable logistic regression model with patient characteristics, medical history and medication prescriptions as covariates, and new antihypertensive treatment as the outcome. Subgroup analyses were undertaken by age and frailty. Of 3,834,056 patients followed for a median of 7.1 years, 484,187 (12.6%) were prescribed new antihypertensive treatment in the 12 months before the index date (baseline). Antihypertensives were associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation or death from falls (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21 to 1.26), hypotension (aHR 1.32, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.35), syncope (aHR 1.20, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.22), acute kidney injury (aHR 1.44, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.47), electrolyte abnormalities (aHR 1.45, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.48), and primary care attendance with gout (aHR 1.35, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.37). The absolute risk of serious adverse events with treatment was very low, with 6 fall events per 10,000 patients treated per year. In older patients (80 to 89 years) and those with severe frailty, this absolute risk was increased, with 61 and 84 fall events per 10,000 patients treated per year (respectively). Findings were consistent in sensitivity analyses using different approaches to address confounding and taking into account the competing risk of death. A strength of this analysis is that it provides evidence regarding the association between antihypertensive treatment and serious adverse events, in a population of patients more representative than those enrolled in previous randomised controlled trials. Although treatment effect estimates fell within the 95% CIs of those from such trials, these analyses were observational in nature and so bias from unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive treatment was associated with serious adverse events. Overall, the absolute risk of this harm was low, with the exception of older patients and those with moderate to severe frailty, where the risks were similar to the likelihood of benefit from treatment. In these populations, physicians may want to consider alternative approaches to management of blood pressure and refrain from prescribing new treatment.

Safety Signal Evaluation of a Risk of Syncope and Dizziness Not Related to Bleeding or Stroke in Direct Oral Anticoagulant-treated Patients.

PURPOSE: In clinical studies, rivaroxaban treatment has been associated with increased incidence of syncope not related to bleeding, anemia, or stroke. The study objective was to evaluate the occurrence of dizziness and/or syncope not related to bleeding, anemia, or stroke in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). METHODS: A retrospective, observational, comparative study of adult patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and treated with DOACs was conducted using digital retrieval of medical records. Primary outcomes were an emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization due to syncope, fall, or dizziness. Cases related to bleeding, anemia, or stroke were excluded. Separate examination of a sample of records validated the data. FINDINGS: Of 6467 eligible patients, 256 (4%) were hospitalized or referred to the ED due to fall, syncope, or dizziness during a mean observation period of 20.1 months. After multivariate regression analysis, statistically independent risk factors were found to be age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04, P < 0.0001) and benzodiazepine use (HR = 1.33, P = 0.03). No statistically significant difference was found among the different DOAC types regarding the primary outcome (apixaban and rivaroxaban HR = 0.97, P = 0.85; dabigatran and rivaroxaban HR = 1.2, P = 0.386). IMPLICATIONS: The study results failed to confirm the claimed association between the use of a DOAC and syncopal symptoms unrelated to bleeding, anemia, or stroke in this relatively large Israeli patient population. Age and benzodiazepine treatment were significant independent risk factors of these events.

Prevalence, Outcome, and Optimal Management of Free-Floating Right Heart Thrombi in the Context of Pulmonary Embolism, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Free-floating right-heart thrombus (FFRHT) in the context of a pulmonary embolism (PE) is a rare but serious encounter with no guidelines addressing its management. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis addressing prevalence, clinical behavior, and outcomes of FFRHT associated with PE. Among the included 397 patients with FFRHT and PE, dyspnea was the main presenting symptom (73.3%). Obstructive shock was documented in 48.9% of cases. Treatment with thrombolytic therapy, surgical thrombectomy, and percutaneous thrombectomy was documented in 43.8%, 32.7%, and 6.5% of patients, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 20.4%. Syncope (p: 0.027), chest pain (p: 0.006), and obstructive shock (p: 0.037) were significantly associated with mortality. Use of thrombolytic therapy was significantly associated with survival (p: 0.008). A multivariate logistic regression model to determine mortality predictors revealed that syncope (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.06-3.65, p: 0.03), and obstructive shock (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.20-4.14, p: 0.01) were associated with increased death odds. Treatment with thrombolytic therapy (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.086-0.57, p: 0.002) or surgical thrombectomy (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.137-0.9, p: 0.03) were associated with reduced death odds. Meta-analysis of observational studies revealed a pooled prevalence of FFRHT among all PE cases of 8.1%, and overall mortality of 23%. Although uncommon, the presence of FFRHT in the context of PE is associated with high obstructive shock and mortality rates. Favorable survival odds are observed with thrombolytic therapy and surgical thrombectomy. Data are derived from case reports and observational studies. Clinical trials elucidating these findings are needed.

[Evaluation of Disopyramide Efficacy for Refractory Syncope in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Holter Electrocardiography: A Case Report].

The management of syncope is clinically important for heart failure (HF) patients. We herein describe a case on the efficacy of disopyramide for refractory syncope in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). An 82-year-old man was hospitalized for respiratory distress and lower limb edema and was subsequently diagnosed with HFpEF. The use of diuretics improved HF symptoms; however, on day 10 after hospitalization, a rapid decrease in blood pressure and transient loss of consciousness developed. After neurologic examination, he was diagnosed with pure autonomic failure. Although he was administered midodrine 8 mg/d, fludrocortisone 0.1 mg/d, and droxidopa 300 mg/d, syncope was observed once a day on average. According to the Holter electrocardiogram, the patient's heart rate and coefficient of variation of R-R intervals (CVRR) during the day were unstable. In addition, high frequency power (parasympathetic nerve activity) was significantly higher than low frequency power (both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves activity), suggesting that the parasympathetic nerves may have been highly active while the sympathetic nerves would have been blocked. On day 29, a pharmacist proposed disopyramide 300 mg/d, which blocks parasympathetic nerves and improves neural-mediated syncope, to the attending doctor. After the initiation of disopyramide, transient loss of consciousness was not observed. Furthermore, the diurnal variation in the heart rate and CVRR completely disappeared. In conclusion, disopyramide would be effective for refractory syncope in patients with HFpEF, and the Holter electrocardiogram may be a useful tool for the assessment of drug efficacy by pharmacists.

Syncope in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: clinical features and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, underlying causes and outcomes of syncope in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). METHODS: The clinical profile and underlying causes of syncopal episodes were reviewed in a cohort of 128 patients with ATTR-CM enrolled from January 2018 to June 2020 in a prospective multicentre registry in 7 hospitals of Galicia (Spain). After enrollment, patients were followed during a median period of 520 days. The effect of syncope on all-cause mortality was assessed by means of multivariate Cox´s regression. RESULTS: Thirty (23.4%) patients had a history of previous syncope as a clinical antecedent before being enrolled in the prospective phase of the registry, and 4 (3.1%) experienced a first episode of syncope thereafter. The estimated incidence density rate of syncope during the prospective follow-up period after registry enrollment was 71.9 episodes per 1000 patients-year (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 32.8-111.1). The estimated overall prevalence of syncope was 26.6% (95% CI 18.9%-34.2%). Cardiac arrhythmias (n = 11, 32.3%), structural diseases of the heart or great vessels (n = 5, 14.7%), a neurally mediated reflex (n = 6, 17.6%), and orthostatic hypotension (n = 4, 11.8%) were identified as probable underlying causes of syncope; in 8 (23.6%) patients, syncope remained unexplained. Patients with syncope had increased non-adjusted all-cause mortality than patients without it (univariate hazard-ratio 3.37; 95% CI 1.43-7.94). When other independent predictors of survival were added to the survival model, this association was no longer statistically significant (multivariate hazard-ratio 1.81, 95% CI 0.67-4.84). CONCLUSIONS: Syncope is frequent in patients with ATTR-CM. This study could not demonstrate an independent association between syncope and mortality in those individuals.Abbreviations: ATTR-CM: Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy; CI: Confidence Interval; HF: Heart Failure; HR: Hazard Ratio; IQR: Interquartile rank; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; NTproBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; SD: Standard Deviation; 99mTc-DPD: technetium-99m-labeled 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid.

Theophylline in patients with syncope without prodrome, normal heart, and normal electrocardiogram: a propensity-score matched study verified by implantable cardiac monitor.

AIMS: Syncope without prodromes in subjects with normal heart and normal electrocardiogram (ECG) is classified as non-classical neurally mediated syncope and is characterized by low adenosine plasma levels (APLs) and frequent asystolic syncope. We assessed the efficacy of theophylline, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, in preventing syncopal events. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants received an implantable cardiac monitor, underwent APL measurement, and received oral theophylline at maximum tolerated dose (starting dose 300 mg b.i.d.). They were compared with a historical cohort of untreated patients with implantable cardiac monitor who had the same inclusion criteria and were balanced with the propensity score (PS) method as regard age, sex, lifetime syncopal episodes, APL, and antihypertensive drugs. Primary endpoint was time to first syncopal recurrence at 24 months. There were 76 patients in the theophylline group and 58 in the control group. Syncope recurred in 25 (33%) patients in the theophylline group and in 27 (47%) patients in the control group, with an estimated 2-year recurrence rate of 33% and 60%, respectively, and a hazard ratio of 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-0.95; P = 0.034]. Most of the benefit of theophylline is derived from reduction of syncope due to asystolic atrioventricular (AV) block (hazard ratio of 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03-0.58; P = 0.008). Thirty (39%) patients discontinued theophylline after a median of 6.4 (interquartile range 1.7-13.8) months due to side effects. CONCLUSION: Theophylline was effective in preventing recurrences in patients with syncope without prodromes, normal heart, and normal ECG. The benefit was greater in patients with syncope due to asystolic AV block. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03803215.

[Convulsive syncope then convulsive seizure occurred in the long clinical course: a case report].

A 17-year-old woman presented with transient consciousness impairment attack and convulsion after bathing and prolonged standing since age 12. EEG showed WHAM ( wake, high amplitude, anterior, male) type of phantom spikes that usually carry the high risk of epilepsy at age 13. At age 17, EEG wise generalized spike and wave complex was recorded once, and head-up tilt test was positive. She was carefully observed without antiepileptic drugs since convulsive syncope due to neurally mediated syncope was most likely. During the follow-up period, she had eventually unprovoked generalized tonic-clonic seizures (convulsive seizure) twice and thus she was started with antiepileptic drug with success. Although both convulsive syncope and convulsive seizure differ in nature and effects on quality of life, in this patient, the latter occurred later and both occurs together. It is important to distinguish them by means of the degree of convulsion and EEG finding.

Bupropion in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a single-center experience.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is estimated to impact millions of people each year. However, there is no established gold standard for its treatment. Bupropion is a norepinephrine and a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and has been implicated as a potential treatment for POTS. We performed a non-randomized retrospective chart review on 47 patients with POTS with statistical analysis evaluating for significant findings including reduced orthostasis and improvement of symptoms with the use of bupropion. Bupropion was not associated with a statistically significant improvement in orthostatic vitals but there was an overall reduction in reported syncope. While the use of bupropion does not show a statistically significant impact on orthostatic vitals in patients with POTS, it did show a degree of improvement in syncope and as such might be useful in patients with syncope-predominant POTS.

Micturition syncope secondary to urinary bladder paraganglioma.

Paraganglioma of the bladder is a rare tumour accounting for less than 0.06% of all urinary bladder tumours and has varied presentations. It may present with clinical symptoms of phaeochromocytoma, may be non-functioning and asymptomatic or may present with haematuria. Hence, paragangliomas are occasionally misdiagnosed, and this results in unanticipated intraoperative hypertensive crisis. We present the case of a 44-year-old woman with urinary bladder paraganglioma who presented with young onset hypertension, recurrent micturition syncope with prior history of coronary artery disease and stroke. She was stabilised preoperatively with alpha blocking agents and subsequently underwent successful transurethral resection of the same.

Syncope in a Child with Pulmonary Hypertension and Positive Gene Tests for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia and Long QT Syndrome.

We present a 10-year-old boy with syncope who was found to have long-QT syndrome and severe Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) both in the absence of a secondary cause; to our knowledge, this is the first report with this unusual coexistence. His genetic tests were positive for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) without any family history of PH or LQTS. We demonstrated that digital subtraction pulmonary angiography was more useful compared to CT angiogram to demonstrate pulmonary vascular changes which correlated with a noresponse to acute vasoreactivity testing during right heart catheterization. He has been stable for the last 2 years on Ambrisentan, Sildenafil, and Nadolol without recurrence of symptoms.

Efficacy of theophylline in patients with syncope without prodromes with normal heart and normal ECG.

BACKGROUND: Patients affected by syncope without or with very short (≤5 s) prodrome with normal heart and normal ECG have been seen to present low plasma adenosine levels. We investigated whether chronic treatment of these patients with theophylline, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, results in clinical benefit. METHODS: In a consecutive case-series of 16 patients (mean age 47 ±â€¯25 years, 9 females) who had ECG documentation of asystolic syncope, we compared the incidence of syncopal recurrence during a period without and a period with tailored theophylline therapy. RESULTS: During a median of 60 months before ECG documentation of the index episode, the patients had a median of 2 syncopes per year. During the 6 months of the study phase without therapy, the patients had a median of 2.6 syncopes per year, p = 0.63. During the 23 months of the study phase with theophylline, the patients had a median of 0.4 syncopes per year, p = 0.005 vs history and p = 0.005 vs no therapy. In the 13 patients who had an implantable loop recorder during both study phases, the incidence of asystolic episodes > 3 s decreased from 9.6 per year to 1.1 per year, p = 0.0007. During theophylline treatment, syncope recurred in 1/5 (20%) patients who had an idiopathic atrioventricular block as the index event versus 9/11 (81%) patients who had a sinus arrest, p = 0.005. CONCLUSION: Theophylline is effective in reducing syncopal burden in patients with syncope without prodromes with normal heart and normal ECG. Its efficacy is greater in those with idiopathic atrioventricular block.

Clinical features and management of Meniere's disease patients with drop attacks.

PURPOSE: The aims of the present study are to investigate the variations in clinical features, including medical history, hearing function, vestibular function, and degree of endolymphatic hydrops (EH), in Meniere's disease (MD) patients with and without drop attacks (DAs), and to examine the efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin (ITG) treatment in alleviating DAs. METHODS: In total, 177 unilateral definite MD patients, including 16 patients with DAs and 161 patients without DAs, were enrolled. The results of hearing test, vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed. Thirteen patients with DAs received a single ITG treatment and were followed up. RESULTS: The disease course of MD in the DA group was significantly longer than that in the control group (p = 0.007). MD patients with DAs had significantly greater hearing loss and worse EH than MD patients without DAs (p < 0.05). However, there was no between-group difference in vestibular function. In the study, 92.31% of refractory definite MD patients with DAs achieved satisfactory control of DAs after ITG treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MD patients with DAs tend to suffer from severe hearing loss and a significant degree of EH in the inner ear. However, the vestibular function of MD patients with DAs may not be completely abolished, but be sensitive to stimulating signals. ITG treatment, which helps to decrease vestibular sensitivity, was an effective treatment to control DAs.

Dysphagia, Hyperglycemia, and Presyncope.

There have been over 80 documented cases of swallow syncope-a rare form of reflex or neurally mediated syncope-with most cases associated with an underlying esophageal disorder. Here, we describe the first reported case of swallow syncope or presyncope caused by an infectious esophagitis. Our 65-year-old patient initially developed dysphagia, odynophagia, and presyncope with swallowing. This lead to nutrition and medication avoidance behavior, which was followed by the development of diabetic ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of swallow presyncope was confirmed with a provocative swallow study demonstrating 8 s sinus arrest, and an underlying cause of Candida esophagitis was found by upper endoscopy. Symptoms completely resolved after treatment with micafungin.