RESUMO
Rectal swabs were collected from 31 cats, 16 with FIV infection and 15 uninfected controls, to evaluate and compare the rectal bacterial microbiota in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection and uninfected controls. The rectal microbiota was characterized via next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) polymerase chain reaction products. Eighteen different phyla were identified. Firmicutes dominated in both groups, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, but there were no significant differences between groups. When predominant orders are compared, FIV-infected cats had significant higher median relative abundances of Bifidobacteriales (P=0.022), Lactobacillales (P=0.022) and Aeromonadales (P=0.043). No differences were identified in the 50 most common genera when adjusted for false discovery rate. There were significant differences in community membership (Jaccard index, unifrac P=0.008, AMOVA P<0.001) and community structure (Yue&Clayton index, unifrac P=0.03, AMOVA P=0.005) between groups. However, only one metacommunity (enterotype) was identified. The rectal microbiota differed between cats with FIV infection and uninfected controls. Some of the changes that were noted have been associated with 'dysbiosis' and proinflammatory states in other species, so it is possible that subclinical alteration in the intestinal microbiota could influence the health of FIV-infected cats. Evaluation of the reasons for microbiota alteration and the potential impact on cat health is required.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Microbiota , Reto/microbiologia , Animais , Gatos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
The brain is assumed to be a sterile organ in the absence of disease although the impact of immune disruption is uncertain in terms of brain microbial diversity or quantity. To investigate microbial diversity and quantity in the brain, the profile of infectious agents was examined in pathologically normal and abnormal brains from persons with HIV/AIDS [HIV] (nâ=â12), other disease controls [ODC] (nâ=â14) and in cerebral surgical resections for epilepsy [SURG] (nâ=â6). Deep sequencing of cerebral white matter-derived RNA from the HIV (nâ=â4) and ODC (nâ=â4) patients and SURG (nâ=â2) groups revealed bacterially-encoded 16 s RNA sequences in all brain specimens with α-proteobacteria representing over 70% of bacterial sequences while the other 30% of bacterial classes varied widely. Bacterial rRNA was detected in white matter glial cells by in situ hybridization and peptidoglycan immunoreactivity was also localized principally in glia in human brains. Analyses of amplified bacterial 16 s rRNA sequences disclosed that Proteobacteria was the principal bacterial phylum in all human brain samples with similar bacterial rRNA quantities in HIV and ODC groups despite increased host neuroimmune responses in the HIV group. Exogenous viruses including bacteriophage and human herpes viruses-4, -5 and -6 were detected variably in autopsied brains from both clinical groups. Brains from SIV- and SHIV-infected macaques displayed a profile of bacterial phyla also dominated by Proteobacteria but bacterial sequences were not detected in experimentally FIV-infected cat or RAG1â»/â» mouse brains. Intracerebral implantation of human brain homogenates into RAG1â»/â» mice revealed a preponderance of α-proteobacteria 16 s RNA sequences in the brains of recipient mice at 7 weeks post-implantation, which was abrogated by prior heat-treatment of the brain homogenate. Thus, α-proteobacteria represented the major bacterial component of the primate brain's microbiome regardless of underlying immune status, which could be transferred into naïve hosts leading to microbial persistence in the brain.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Alphaproteobacteria , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central , Cérebro , RNA Bacteriano , RNA Ribossômico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/genética , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/metabolismo , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Alphaproteobacteria/genética , Alphaproteobacteria/metabolismo , Animais , Autopsia , Gatos , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/genética , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Cérebro/metabolismo , Cérebro/microbiologia , Cérebro/patologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/microbiologia , Neuroglia/patologia , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA Ribossômico/metabolismoRESUMO
This study was designed to compare cutaneous mycoflora isolation and CD4+:CD8+ ratio in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats with that in FIV-uninfected cats. Sixty cats were examined. Twenty-five were FIV-infected cats and 35 were FIV-uninfected cats. All 60 cats were FeLV-negative. Fungi were speciated and immunophenotyping of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was performed. At least one fungal colony was isolated from 22/25 (88%) FIV-infected cats. Among the FIV-uninfected cats fungal colonies were recovered from 13/35 (37%) specimens. Dermatophytes were recovered from 2/25 (8%) FIV-infected cats (one Microsporum gypseum, one Microsporum canis) and 3/35 (8.5%) FIV-uninfected cats (M gypseum). Malassezia species was the most commonly isolated organism from both groups of cats (51.6%). Malassezia species was more commonly isolated from FIV-infected cats than FIV-uninfected cats (84% vs 28.6%). The CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocyte ratio for FIV-infected cats was significantly lower than the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in the FIV-uninfected cats. The CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocyte ratio for FIV-infected cats with cutaneous overall fungal isolation was significantly lower than the CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio in the FIV-infected cats but without cutaneous fungal isolation. We can conclude that immunologic depletion due to retroviral infection might represent a risk factor to cutaneous fungal colonization in cats.
Assuntos
Relação CD4-CD8/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/imunologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doenças do Gato/etiologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Dermatomicoses/etiologia , Dermatomicoses/imunologia , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of feline haemotropic mycoplasmas in Germany, to determine probable risk factors for these infections and to compare the diagnostic value of microscopic examination of blood smears to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the prevalence study, convenience samples (Ethylene diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood) from 262 (64.5% male and 35.5% female) cats were included. A PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis (MHF) and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMH) as well as a feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)/feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) enzyme-linked immunoassay was performed. Blood smears from 224 cats were examined and the sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic diagnosis were determined. The prevalence of CMH, MHF, and CMH/MHF co-infection was 22.5%, 4.5%, and 0.8%, respectively. CMH was significantly associated with male gender (P=0.047), older age (P=0.0015) and both FeLV (P=0.002) and FIV infections (P<0.0001). However, there was no association between the presence of anaemia and CMH/MHF infection. The respective sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic diagnosis were 10.3% and 87.1% for a CMH infection and 0.0% and 98.0% for MHF infection.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Leucemia Felina/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Mycoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Variância , Animais , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Comorbidade , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Hematócrito/veterinária , Leucemia Felina/microbiologia , Masculino , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Nine cat isolates and nine dog isolates of Rhodococcus equi from clinical material were investigated for the presence of the virulence-associated antigens (VapA and VapB) and virulence plasmids. Five of the cat isolates and one dog isolate were VapA positive and contained an 85-kb type I or an 87-kb type I plasmid. The remaining 12 isolates were avirulent R. equi strains and contained no virulence plasmids.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Gatos/microbiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Cães/microbiologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Plasmídeos , Rhodococcus equi/patogenicidade , Fatores de Virulência , Animais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , VirulênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare cutaneous and mucosal mycoflora in cats infected with FIV or FeLV with that in noninfected cats. ANIMALS: 85 client-owned cats; 24 seropositive for FIV, 10 seropositive for FeLV, 1 seropositive for both viruses, and 50 seronegative for both viruses. PROCEDURE: Cutaneous specimens were obtained from the coat and external acoustic meatus (ear canal) and mucosal specimens from the oropharynx and rectum. Fungi were isolated from specimens, using Sabouraud dextrose agar incubated at 27 or 37 C for cutaneous and mucosal specimens, respectively. RESULTS: Fungal colonies were cultured from at least 1 specimen from 83 of 85 (97.6%) cats. The most common fungal isolates were Aspergillus spp (cultured from 59.3% of all specimens), Penicillium spp (50.0%), Cladosporium spp (44.2%), Scopulariopsis spp (41.8%), and lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia (31.4%). A greater diversity of fungal genera was isolated from retrovirus-infected cats, and Malassezia spp were more commonly recovered from these cats, compared with noninfected cats. Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and dermatophytes (eg, Microsporum canis) were rarely isolated from any cat. Significant differences in frequency of isolation of C. neoformans and dermatophytes were not found between infected and noninfected cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cats infected with FIV or FeLV may have a greater diversity of cutaneous and mucosal mycoflora than noninfected cats. However, infected cats may be no more likely than noninfected cats to expose humans to zoonotic fungi such as C. albicans, C. neoformans, and M. canis.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Fungos/classificação , Leucemia Felina/microbiologia , Micoses/veterinária , Pele/microbiologia , Animais , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Gato/etiologia , Gatos , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Dermatomicoses/etiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Feminino , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Leucemia Felina/complicações , Malassezia/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Microsporum/isolamento & purificação , Micoses/etiologia , Penicillium/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that induces an acquired immunodeficiency in domestic cats. The objective of this study was to compare the immune response of chronically FIV-infected cats and specific pathogen free (SPF) cats to Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacterium. Regional lymph nodes were removed at various times after subcutaneous inoculation with L. monocytogenes and evaluated. Lymph nodes of chronically FIV-infected cats enlarged more slowly and to a lesser degree than SPF cats. This was due to delayed and blunted lymphoid follicle formation and markedly diminished histiocyte influx. The cellular response correlated with a marked upregulation in IL10 transcription and delayed increase in TNF-alpha upregulation in FIV-infected cats. Transcriptional upregulation of IFN-gamma, IL4, and the p40 chain of IL12 was similar in lymph nodes of FIV-infected and SPF cats. Clinically, FIV-infected cats had a more severe response at the site of L. monocytogenes injection and showed signs of systemic bacterial dissemination while SPF cats remained clinically normal. FIV-infected cats generated a delayed hypersensitivity response similar to SPF cats but also had a significantly greater antibody response. Taken together, these data suggest excessive IL10 production may be responsible for the deficiency observed in the innate immune response of chronically FIV-infected cats challenged with L. monocytogenes.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Listeria monocytogenes/isolamento & purificação , Listeriose/imunologia , Listeriose/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Gatos , Citocinas/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/patologia , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Listeria monocytogenes/imunologia , Listeriose/microbiologia , Listeriose/patologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Replicação ViralAssuntos
Portador Sadio/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Microsporum , Animais , Portador Sadio/transmissão , Gatos , Dermatomicoses/complicações , Dermatomicoses/transmissão , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Microsporum/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Leucemia Felina , Animais , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/terapia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/patogenicidade , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/imunologia , Leucemia Felina/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential mechanisms for disease potentiation where feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of persistently feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats results in more severe FIV disease and increased mortality than FIV infection of specific pathogen-free cats. DESIGN AND METHODS: To determine whether pseudotype formation resulting in expanded cell tropism may be an important mechanism, cellular targets and tissue distribution of FIV and FeLV were determined by in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry. To determine whether FeLV can transactivate the FIV long terminal repeat (LTR) resulting in increased FIV expression, in vitro transient expression assays were performed. To examine whether persistent FeLV infection can cause the deletion of a suppressive T-lymphocyte population, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from persistently FeLV-infected cats were infected with FIV and monitored for FIV antigen levels. RESULTS: Macrophages were the predominant target of FIV infection and were disseminated in a similar pattern in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of both FIV-infected and FeLV/FIV-coinfected cats. FeLV-infected cells expressing FIV RNA were not present. Significant transactivation of the FIV LTR in FeLV-infected cells was not demonstrated. FIV antigen production was similar upon in vitro infection of PBMC from FeLV-infected and uninfected cats. CONCLUSIONS: Neither direct virus/virus interactions, such as FeLV/FIV pseudotype formation or transactivation of the FIV LTR in FeLV-infected cells, nor deletion of a regulatory cell subset from the blood of FeLV-infected cats, was found to be the mechanism of disease potentiation.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/fisiologia , Leucemia Felina/complicações , Animais , Gatos , Células Cultivadas , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Hibridização In Situ , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/genética , Leucemia Felina/microbiologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , RNA Viral/análise , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , Linfócitos T/microbiologia , Ativação Transcricional , Interferência ViralRESUMO
A malignant low-grade B-cell lymphoma, primarily in the kidney, is described in a specific-pathogen-free cat experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and free of feline leukaemia virus. At the time of diagnosis the cat showed a marked reduction of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes, was 2 years old, and had been infected for 18 months. FIV was isolated both from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the neoplastic tissue. DNA of FIV gag gene was detected in several specimens, including the neoplastic tissue. Even if they do not demonstrate a direct role for virus promotion of lymphomas, these and previous observations indicate that B-cell malignant lymphoma might be associated with FIV infection as reported for human and simian immunodeficiency virus infections.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Linfoma de Células B/complicações , Animais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Medula Óssea/patologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/patologia , Feminino , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Imuno-Histoquímica , Rim/patologia , Contagem de Leucócitos , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/microbiologia , Linfoma de Células B/patologia , Microscopia Eletrônica , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to identify cellular and organ targets of acute feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in vivo. Tissues of FIV-infected cats were studied at eight time points during the first 3 months after experimental infection. FIV nucleic acids were first detected by in situ hybridization 21 days after infection, approximately 1.5 weeks after lymph node enlargement was first observed and 3 weeks before the primary acute flu-like illness. The majority of FIV-infected cells were present in lymphoid organs, though low numbers of infected cells were noted in nonlymphoid organs as well. Germinal centers harbored many of the FIV-infected cells within lymphoid tissues. The thymic cortex was also a major site of early infection. Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that T lymphocytes were the primary target of early FIV infection in tissues of cats before the onset of clinical signs of acute illness. An unidentified population of mononuclear cells and a few macrophages were also infected. During the ensuing acute flu-like illness, the proportion of FIV-infected macrophages in tissues increased dramatically. This early shift in the predominant cellular localization of FIV from T lymphocytes to macrophages may be important for establishing viral persistence.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Gatos , DNA Viral/análise , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/sangue , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/patologia , Feminino , Hibridização In Situ , Intestinos/microbiologia , Intestinos/patologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Masculino , RNA Viral/análise , Baço/microbiologia , Baço/patologia , Linfócitos T/microbiologia , Timo/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Young cats, when chronically infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV), developed feline acquired immune deficiency syndrome (FAIDS). The syndrome was associated with a sequence of dysfunctions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and the immune system, manifested in the reduction of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in blood plasma. The average FSH and LH (in plasma or lymphocyte), testosterone, and LHRH concentrations in the 20 FeLV-infected cats were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results were compared with those of the 12 control cats that were not FeLV-infected. Four weeks after infection, the plasma LHRH concentration in the infected cats showed a 43% reduction. Five to six weeks after infection, the content of FSH and LH in lymphocyte was reduced by 50% and 28%, respectively, whereas, the plasma FSH and LH was reduced by 52% and 42%, respectively. A significant reduction in testosterone content was detected at Week 11 of infection. The onset of the immuno- and neuroendocrine dysfunctions in FAIDs cats followed this sequence: hypothalamus, lymphocyte, pituitary, adrenal gland, and gonads. Indirect immunofluorescence assay showed the presence of FeLV cytoplasmic antigens in the fibers of the hypothalamic preoptic region and the Leydig cells. The possible causal relationship between the dysfunction of the lymphocyte and HPG systems and the presence of FeLV was discussed.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/fisiologia , Sistemas Neurossecretores/fisiopatologia , Animais , Gatos , Células Cultivadas , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/fisiopatologia , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/sangue , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/imunologia , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Linfócitos/microbiologia , Masculino , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
The polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) was used to detect feline immunodeficiency virus proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of a group of 8 experimentally infected cats. The proportion of PBMC containing provirus was determined from 6 to 32 weeks post inoculation (p.i.) by performing PCR on serially diluted samples of PBMC. Primers from the p15 and p24 regions of the gag gene were used and Southern hybridization using an end-labelled probe was required to confirm primer-specific products. Provirus was detected in 5 of 8 cats by 6 weeks p.i. in 50000 PBMC, and in all 8 infected cats by 8 weeks p.i. Provirus was not detected in PBMC from any of 3 FIV negative cats. The proportion of PBMC containing provirus in individual cats ranged from 1 in 70 to 1 in 99600 PBMC. There was no significant decline over time in the proportion of PBMC containing provirus. Sequencing of a segment (287 bases) of the gag region of a West Australian FIV isolate (T90) revealed only slight nucleotide divergence from the North American Petaluma and PPR isolates and wider divergence from the Japanese TM2 clone.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Leucócitos Mononucleares/microbiologia , Provírus/isolamento & purificação , Viremia/microbiologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Southern Blotting/veterinária , Gatos , Linhagem Celular , Sequência Consenso , Primers do DNA/química , DNA Viral/análise , DNA Viral/química , Produtos do Gene gag/genética , Genes gag , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Provírus/genética , Provírus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
A review is given on Feline Immunodeficiency Syndrome with reference being made to aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathology, clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, immunity, therapy and prophylaxis.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Animais , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologiaRESUMO
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was first isolated in 1986 from a cat with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-like disease. This virus has many characteristics in common with human immunodeficiency virus which is an etiological agent of AIDS in human and is classified as a member of the lentivirus genus of the retrovirus family. Since the discovery of FIV, many researchers have studied the virus extensively from clinical, biological, and genetic aspects. In this review, the biological nature of FIV is summarized in four sections, i.e., morphological and biochemical properties of FIV biological properties of FIV, immunological aspects of FIV infection, and clinical aspects of FIV infection. This review includes some recent, unpublished data from our and other groups.
Assuntos
Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/microbiologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/transmissão , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genéticaRESUMO
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) proviral DNAs in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Suitable conditions for PCR amplification were examined to obtain highly sensitive and specific results by simple staining in agarose gel. Specific amplification of FIV proviral DNA in PBMC DNA of FIV-infected cats was achieved by a nested two-step PCR that amplified the DNA first with outer primers and then with inner primers nested within the first primers. PCR amplification using different primers indicated that those based on the gag sequence of the FIV/TM2 strain isolated in Japan were suitable for the detection of FIV genomes in naturally infected Japanese pet cats. By the nested two-step PCR with mixed gag primers of TM2 and Petaluma, isolated in the USA, we could detect FIV genomes in all 11 primary PBMC samples from FIV-seropositive cats tested. The PCR protocol developed here is sensitive and specific for molecular detection of FIV infection in cats.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Leucócitos Mononucleares/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Gatos , Primers do DNA , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/sangue , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Provírus/genética , Provírus/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Gatos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Fluorimunoensaio/veterinária , Países Baixos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/microbiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/microbiologia , Gatos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Reservatórios de Doenças , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/prevenção & controle , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/terapia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/ultraestrutura , Incidência , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
In an investigation of the evolution of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in vivo, sequential isolates from a persistently infected cat were examined by direct sequencing following amplification of selected subgenomic regions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Three isolates, T90, T91, and T92, obtained over a three-year period revealed no changes to regions known to be conserved within gag and pol genes. Additionally, no change occurred within gag and pol in an isolate recovered from a second cat which was experimentally infected with T90. Changes were detected within an N-terminal region of the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 (env). These consisted of point mutations, some of which would result in amino acid substitutions and the predicted amino acid changes tended to cluster within variable domains. Inoculation of T90 into a second cat resulted in a different pattern of mutations than that observed for the three isolates from the first cat. In all cases, virus isolates derived from the same cat were much more highly related to each other (extent of env variation was 0.5-1.5%) than to isolates from other cats (10-12% env variation). The rate of change of FIV was estimated to be 3.4 x 10(-3) nucleotide substitutions per site per year for the env gene and less than 10(-4) nucleotide substitutions per site per year for the gag and pol genes, values concordant with that found for human immunodeficiency virus 1. Both nucleotide and amino acid changes in the gp 120 region were found to be directional, suggesting that selective pressures influence FIV envelope gene sequences.