Medical intestinal rehabilitation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Medical intestinal rehabilitation is a part of the very complex management of patients with intestinal failure. The goal is to achieve enteral autonomy and minimize need for parenteral nutrition and hydration. In this manuscript, we will review the strategies to achieve this goal with dietary optimization and pharmacologic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: We will review the most updated recommendations on medical management of patients with intestinal failure. SUMMARY: Medical intestinal rehabilitation is just a portion of a multistep strategy that aims to minimize need of parenteral support in patients with intestinal failure, with the ultimate goal of achieving enteral autonomy. This needs to be done by a multidisciplinary team via dietary and pharmacologic optimization.

Pediatric intestinal rehabilitation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The intestinal rehabilitation program (IRP) is a comprehensive treatment strategy that employs various approaches implemented by multidisciplinary teams to treat intestinal failure in children. This program has shown promising results, such as reducing complications and improving prognosis and quality of life (QOL). In this review, we discuss the current status of this program and relevant topics. RECENT FINDINGS: IRP includes the prevention and treatment of various complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease, catheter-related bloodstream infection or sepsis, and venous thromboembolism. In addition, treatment strategies such as glucagon-like peptide-2 analogs, surgical interventions, and intestinal transplantation have evolved over time and have contributed to improved outcomes. In addition, the scope and regions for IRP activities have expanded. SUMMARY: IRP improves the prognosis and QOL of children with intestinal failure. The development of new drugs, surgical methods, and treatment strategies is expected to improve the current and future status of pediatric patients with intestinal failure. Furthermore, international institutions must collaborate, share knowledge, conduct joint research, and establish patient registries to advance IRP progress.

Intestinal failure among adults and children: Similarities and differences.

Intestinal failure (IF) is a complex medical condition that is caused by a constellation of disorders, resulting in the gut's inability to adequately absorb fluids and nutrients to sustain hydration, growth, and survival, thereby requiring the use of parenteral fluid and/or nutrition. Significant advancements in intestinal rehabilitation have resulted in improved survival rates for individuals with IF. There are distinct differences, however, related to etiology, adaptive potential and complications, and medical and surgical management when comparing children with adults. The purpose of this review is to contrast the similarities and differences between these two distinct groups and provide insight for future directions, as a growing population of pediatric patients will cross into the adult world for IF management.

Combined procedures for surgical short bowel syndrome: experience from two European centres.

BACKGROUND: Autologous gastrointestinal reconstructive surgery (AGIR) has become a key component of intestinal rehabilitation programs. However, the best surgical option for short bowel syndrome (SBS) remains unknown. This paper presents our experience using combined procedures as primary treatment. METHODS: We collected data on SBS patients who underwent surgery from 2008 to 2021 in two tertiary European Centres. Combined procedures were defined as more than one technique used on the same patient. Charts were reviewed for demographics, type of procedures, complications, and outcomes. Data are presented as median and IQR. Wilcoxon signed rank was used for all paired analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-one children (12 females) underwent combined procedures. Preoperative median small bowel length was 20 cm (IQR: 15-35 cm); after lengthening, it was 35.5 cm (IQR: 30.75-50.50 cm) (P < 0.001). Combined procedures were simultaneous in 15 patients and sequential in 6. At a median of 9.2 years (IQR: 7.55-9.78 years) follow-up, complications were three bowel obstructions after strictures of anastomosis and two wound infections. Two patients achieved enteral autonomy, and others followed a weaning home parenteral nutrition regimen with a median of 4 nights off (IQR: 3-4 nights) starting with a median of 7 nights (IQR: 7-7 nights). CONCLUSIONS: Combined AGIR techniques are practical and safe in SBS treatment when tailored to meet patients' needs, combining lengthening, tailoring, and reducing transit time procedures. Therefore, combined AGIR may be considered a resource in intestinal rehabilitation units' armamentarium.

An overview of the current management of short-bowel syndrome in pediatric patients.

Short-bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as a state of malabsorption after resection or loss of a major portion of the bowel due to congenital or acquired factors. This article presents an overview on the recent management of pediatric SBS. The pediatric SBS population is very heterogeneous. The incidence of SBS is estimated to be 24.5 per 100,000 live births. The nutritional, medical, and surgical therapies available require a comprehensive evaluation. Thus, multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation programs (IRPs) are necessary for the management of these complex patients. The key points of focus in IRP management are hepato-protective strategies to minimize intestinal failure-associated liver disease; the aggressive prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections; strategic nutritional supply to optimize the absorption of enteral calories; and the management and prevention of small bowel bacterial overgrowth, nephrocalcinosis, and metabolic bone disease. As the survival rate of children with SBS currently exceeds 90%, the application of small bowel transplantation has been evolving. The introduction of innovative treatments, such as combined therapy of intestinotrophic hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-2, may lead to further improvements in patients' quality of life.

Approach to Intestinal Failure in Children.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pediatric intestinal failure is a complex condition requiring specialized care to prevent potential complications. In this article, we review the available evidence supporting recent advances in care for children with intestinal failure. RECENT FINDINGS: Multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation teams utilize medical and surgical management techniques to help patients achieve enteral autonomy (EA) while preventing and treating the complications associated with intestinal failure. Recent advances in lipid management strategies, minimization of intestinal failure associated liver disease, prevention of central line-associated blood stream infections, and loss of access, as well as development of promising new hormone analogue therapy have allowed promotion of intestinal adaptation. These advances have decreased the need for intestinal transplant. There have been recent advances in the care of children with intestinal failure decreasing morbidity, mortality, and need for intestinal transplantation. The most promising new therapies involve replacement of enteroendocrine hormones.

Multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation in acute type II intestinal failure: Results from an intestinal rehabilitation team.

BACKGROUND: Type II (acute) intestinal failure (IF) is usually caused by complications of abdominal surgery resulting in enteric fistulas or proximal stomas and requires parenteral nutrition (PN) for several months. This study aimed to evaluate clinical management and outcome of type II IF patients in a single center. METHODS: Medical records of patients referred to the Intestinal Rehabilitation Team (IRT) at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: From 2014 to 2019, 34 patients with IF were referred. 28 patients were type II IF and were included in the analysis. There were 17 males and 11 females. Mean age of patients was 56.7 years. Pathophysiology of IF were high-output stoma in 16 cases, extensive bowel resection (with bowel in continuity) in 7 cases, and enterocutaneous fistula in 5 cases. The catastrophic events necessitating abdominal surgery in the patients were adhesive ileus in 9 cases, superior mesenteric artery thrombosis in 8 cases, internal herniation of bowel in 5 cases, traumatic bowel injury in 3 cases, and ischemic enteritis in 3 cases. Following medical and surgical rehabilitation, 10 patients (35.7%) were weaned off PN and overall mortality was 28.5%. Deaths were related to progression of underlying malignancies in 4 cases, liver failure in 3 cases, and sepsis in 1 case. Thirteen patients underwent surgery to restore bowel continuity. Six postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (30.7%) and there were no postoperative mortalities. CONCLUSION: Standardized care including restorative surgery resulted in successful outcomes in type II IF patients in this cohort.

Síndrome do intestino curto: desafios e estratégias para um cuidado continuado / Short bowel syndrome: challenges and strategies for ongoing care

A síndrome pediátrica do intestino curto (SIC) é uma condição que ocorre em neonatos e crianças cujo cuidado demanda acesso a centros especializados. A SIC constitui-se um desafio para os profissionais de saúde, pois para que a criança alcance a autonomia enteral, deve ter seu cuidado planejado e realizado por uma equipe experiente e especializada. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever os principais desafios e estratégias para organização dos serviços especializados visando o cuidado integrado e continuado à criança com SIC. Foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas metodológicas: a) revisão integrativa de literatura; (b) análise da casuística das crianças com SIC atendidas e internadas no Instituto Fernandes Figueira (IFF) nos últimos 6 anos; e (c) grupo nominal. Na revisão integrativa foram selecionadas 8 revisões sistemáticas que continham as práticas e intervenções clínicas que se desejava examinar e 11 estudos foram recuperados manualmente para complementar a análise dos pontos críticos do cuidado à criança com SIC. Na análise da casuística do IFF foram encontrados 23 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade, sendo a maioria destes nascidos no IFF (74%), cuja patologia de base predominante foi a gastrosquise (86,9%), com idade gestacional (IG) entre 34 e 36 semanas (47,8%). O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 179 dias, com 2 reinternações em média, devendo-se considerar que a maior parte dos pacientes (n= 14, 60,8%) não reinternaram. As crianças com SIC/Falência Intestinal (FI) ocuparam na maior parte do tempo (70%) leitos da enfermaria de cirurgia pediátrica, sob os cuidados da equipe cirúrgica. A casuística apresenta 13 crianças (56,5%) que permaneceram internadas com nutrição parenteral (NP) por um período superior a 90 dias e que seriam elegíveis para a nutrição parenteral domiciliar (NPD). A média de utilização de cateteres por paciente ficou em torno de 6,5 e o tempo médio de permanência dos cateteres foi de 116,82 dias. Na análise da infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada a cateter (ICSRC), o número de episódios de infecção foi prejudicado pela ausência de dados anteriores ao ano de 2016 no Epimed. Contudo, foi observado uma maior percentagem de pacientes (21,7%) que apresentaram o primeiro episódio de infecção antes de completarem um mês de vida. Somente 1 paciente foi submetido à Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP), tendo como desfecho o óbito. Já o transplante intestinal não foi realizado em pacientes. Dentre os 15 pacientes que tiveram alta hospitalar, apenas 4 foram atendidos pela gastroenterologia pediátrica (27%), enquanto um maior número pela cirurgia pediátrica (87%) a nível ambulatorial. O grupo nominal (GN) foi composto por 5 especialistas do IFF e 2 especialistas externos que atuam em programas de reabilitação intestinal (PRI). Todos os especialistas reforçaram por meio dos dados obtidos nas estratégias anteriores, que as crianças de SIC/FI se beneficiam de um PRI estruturado no hospital de referência (serviço de internação e cuidado ambulatorial especializado), o qual também deve estar organizado para o cuidado de longo prazo que estas crianças demandam. Como contribuição para o SUS e no intuito de fortalecer a criação de uma linha de cuidado à criança com SIC/FI em outras unidades de referência, foram referidos os principais aspectos que devem ser pensados nas instâncias de saúde do país.

Pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a condition that occurs in neonates and children whose care requires access to specialized centers. SIC is a challenge for health professionals, because for the child to achieve enteral autonomy, his care must be planned and carried out by an experienced and specialized team. This research aimed to describe the main challenges and strategies for the organization of specialized services aimed at integrated and continuous care for children with SBS. The following methodological techniques were used: a) integrative literature review; (b) analysis of the sample of children with SBS treated and hospitalized at Instituto Fernandes Figueira (IFF) in the last 6 years; and (c) nominal group. In the integrative review, 8 systematic reviews were selected that contained the clinical practices and interventions that were desired to be examined and 11 studies were manually retrieved to complement the analysis of the critical points of care for children with SBS. In the analysis of the IFF series, 23 patients were found who met the eligibility criteria, most of whom were born in the IFF (74%), whose predominant underlying pathology was gastroschisis (86.9%), with gestational age (GA) between 34 and 36 weeks (47.8%). The mean length of hospital stay was 179 days, with an average of 2 readmissions, considering that most patients (n=14, 60.8%) were not readmitted. Children with SBS/Intestinal Failure (IF) occupied most of the time (70%) beds in the pediatric surgery ward, under the care of the surgical team. The series has 13 children (56.5%) who were hospitalized on parenteral nutrition (PN) for a period longer than 90 days and who would be eligible for home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The average use of catheters per patient was around 6.5 and the average length of stay of the catheters was 116.82 days. In the analysis of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), the number of episodes of infection was hampered by the absence of data prior to 2016 in Epimed. However, a higher percentage of patients (21.7%) were observed who presented the first episode of infection before completing one month of life. Only 1 patient underwent serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP), resulting in death. Intestinal transplantation was not performed in patients. Among the 15 patients who were discharged from the hospital, only 4 were treated by pediatric gastroenterology (27%), while a greater number by pediatric surgery (87%) were treated on an outpatient basis. The nominal group (NG) was composed of 5 specialists from the IFF and 2 external specialists working in intestinal rehabilitation programs (IRP). All the specialists reinforced, through the data obtained in the previous strategies, that the children of SBS/FI benefit from a structured IRP in the referral hospital (inpatient service and specialized outpatient care), which must also be organized for the care of long term that these children demand. As a contribution to the SUS and to strengthen the creation of a line of care for children with SBS/IF in other reference units, the main aspects that should be considered in the country's health bodies were mentioned.

Guideline for Management of Mesenteric Ischemia: Shiraz Intestinal Failure Unit Protocol.

We have recently established an intestinal rehabilitation unit (IRU) in Abu Ali Sina transplantation center affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Our intestinal failure rehabilitation and transplant program aims to provide state-of-the-art care for adult patients with different degrees of intestinal insufficiency and failure. In the IRU, we aimed to design an algorithmic approach to patients with small bowel ischemia and short bowel syndrome (SBS) based on our institutional experience in our country and based on other pioneering studies from other regions of the world.

Long-Term Outcomes and Disease Burden of Neonatal Onset Short Bowel Syndrome.

PURPOSE: The study aims to describe long-term outcomes and disease burden of neonatal onset short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS: Utilizing the WHO criteria for adolescence, patients 10-19 years of age with neonatal onset SBS requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) for >90 days and followed by our multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation center between 2009 and 2018 were included for analysis. RESULTS: Seventy adolescents with SBS were studied. Median (IQR) age at last follow up in our center was 15 (11, 17) years. There was 0% mortality in the cohort, and 94% remained transplant free. Fifty-three patients (76%) achieved enteral autonomy. Three patients were weaned from PN without transplantation after six years of follow-up and another four after ten years of care at our multidisciplinary center. Disease burden remained higher in adolescents receiving PN, including inpatient hospitalizations (p < 0.01), procedures (p = 0.01), clinic visits (p < 0.01), and number of prescribed medications (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Survival for adolescents with neonatal onset SBS is excellent. Of the cohort studied, there was no mortality, and more than 75% achieved enteral autonomy. Disease burden remains high for adolescents who remain dependent on PN. However, achievement of enteral autonomy is feasible with long-term multidisciplinary rehabilitation. TYPE OF STUDY: Prognosis study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

[Intestinal Rehabilitation in Short Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Intestinal Failure]. / Intestinale Rehabilitation bei Kurzdarmsyndrom und chronischem Darmversagen.

Patients with severely orally decompensated malsaborption due to surgical rescetion suffer from short bowel syndrome (SBS). The resultant decrease in intestinal surface area after rescetion of parts of the intestines leads to chronic functional intestinal insufficiency or even complete failure (cIF) which requires parenteral fluid and nutrient restoration for establishment of metabolc stability. Since the introduction of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 analogues such as teduglutide functional rehabilitation of the remaining gastrointestinal tract has become a causal treatment option. Teduglutide functionally and effectively enhances intestinal absorption of fluid as well micro- and macronutrients allowing a reduction of parenteral nutrition and/or volume with even complete weaning off in some patients. This results increased metabolic stability, oral autonomy, quality of life and putatively less complications.

Outcomes of Children With Chronic Intestinal Failure: Experience Over 2 Decades at a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of the study was to aid decisions on prognosis and transplantation; this study describes the outcome of children with intestinal failure managed by the multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. METHODS: Retrospective review of children requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) for >3 months who were assessed for home PN between 1991 and 2011. RESULTS: A total of 51 children were included. Forty-two (82%) had short bowel syndrome (SBS), 5 (10%) had chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome, and 4 (8%) had congenital enteropathies. Median small bowel length for patients with SBS was 45 cm (interquartile range 30-80) or 23.9% of the expected length for age (interquartile range 17.0%-40.6%). Overall survival rate was 84% (43/51). Mortality in children (n = 7) occurred after a median of 13.2 months (range 6.2-29.2) with intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) being the only predictor (P = 0.001). Out of 50 children 21 (42%) had IFALD. Children who were premature (P = 0.013), had SBS (P = 0.038), and/or frequent sepsis (P = 0.014) were more likely to develop IFALD. PN weaning occurred in 27 of 35 (77%) SBS survivors, after a median of 10.8 months (up to 8.2 years), with longer residual small bowel (P = 0.025), preservation of the ileocecal valve (P = 0.013) and colon (P = 0.011) being predictors. None of 5 (0%) patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome and 2 of 4 (50%) patients with congenital enteropathies weaned off PN. Overall sepsis rate was 7.3 episodes/1000 line days. Frequency of sepsis and longevity of central lines improved with time as patients grew older (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term PN with intestinal rehabilitation was effective in treating most children with intestinal failure. Children with severe refractory IFALD may have benefited from intestinal transplantation.

[Efficacy of the intestinal rehabilitation program in patients with short bowel syndrome]. / Eficacia del programa de rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con síndrome de intestino corto.

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, intestinal rehabilitation programs, advances in parenteral nutrition (PN) and intestinal lengthening techniques have improved the results of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the growth, the independence of PN and the survival of patients with SBS diagnosed in the last 12 years. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective review between the years 2007-2016. Defining SBS as the inability of the intestine to provide complete absorption via the enteral route being necessary PN. A multivariate analysis was performed to assess the prognostic factors regarding the autonomy of the NE controlled by Cox regression: ileocecal valve presence (qualitative variable: yes/no), small intestine length and gestational age (both quantitative variables). RESULTS: 18 patients were evaluated. The most frequent causes of SBS: necrotizing enterocolitis (6, 33.3%), jejunal atresia and Hirschsprung (4 cases each pathology, 22.2%) and others (4). The average intestinal length was 51.17 cm at diagnosis, 72.2% lacked an ileocecal valve. The mean PN at the start was 115.8 hours / week, currently: 56.9. The 22.2% achieved complete enteral nutrition (CEN) after an average time of 4.62 years. Serial transverse enteroplasty was performed in 3 patients.The presence of an ileocecal valve was a protective factor to achieve CEN (p<0.018). In contrast, intestinal length and gestational age were not significant. After a follow-up of 5.38 years (3 exitus, 9.6 months on average), no patient was a candidate for intestinal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of patients with SBS has improved in recent decades due to intestinal rehabilitation programs, advances in PN and intestinal lengthening techniques. It is possible to achieve NEC and avoiding intestinal transplantation.

INTRODUCCION: En las últimas décadas, los programas de rehabilitación intestinal, los avances en la nutrición parenteral (NP) y las técnicas de alargamiento intestinal han mejorado los resultados de los pacientes con síndrome de intestino corto (SIC). OBJETIVO: Valorar el crecimiento, la independencia de la NP y la supervivencia de los pacientes con SIC diagnosticados en los últimos 12 años. MATERIAL Y METODO: Revisión retrospectiva entre los años 2007-2016. Definiéndose SIC como la incapacidad del intestino para proporcionar la absorción completa por vía enteral siendo necesaria la NP. Se realizó un análisis multivariante para valorar los factores pronósticos respecto a la autonomía de la nutrición enteral (NE) mediante regresión de Cox controlado por: presencia de válvula ileocecal (variable cualitativa: sí/no), longitud de intestino delgado y edad gestacional (ambas variables cuantitativas). RESULTADOS: Fueron evaluados 18 pacientes. Las causas más frecuentes de SIC: enterocolitis necrotizante (6, 33,3%), atresia yeyunal y Hirschsprung (4 casos cada patología, 22,2%) y otros (4). La longitud intestinal media era 51,17 cm al diagnóstico, el 72,2%, carecían de válvula ileocecal. La media NP al inicio era de 115,8 horas/semana, actualmente: 56,9. El 22,2% lograron la nutrición enteral completa (NEC) tras un tiempo medio de 4,62 años. En 3 pacientes se realizó una enteroplastia transversa seriada. La presencia de válvula ileocecal fue un factor protector para lograr la NEC (p<0,018). En cambio, la longitud y la edad gestacional no fueron significativos. Tras un seguimiento de 5,38 años (3 exitus, 9,6 meses de media), ningún paciente fue candidato a trasplante intestinal. CONCLUSIONES: La supervivencia de pacientes con SIC ha mejorado en las últimas décadas debido a los programas de rehabilitación intestinal, los avances en la NP y las técnicas de alargamiento intestinal. Es posible lograr la NEC y reducir la NP evitando el trasplante intestinal.

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

Short bowel syndrome in children and adults: from rehabilitation to transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a dramatic clinical condition in both children and adults; the residual bowel length is not sufficient to avoid intestinal failure, with subsequent malnutrition and growth retardation, and intravenous support is required to provide the nutrients normally coming from the intestine. Apart from the primary disease, the medical status can be worsened by complications of intestinal failure: if there are irreversible, the prognosis is poor unless a successful intestinal rehabilitation is achieved. Areas covered: The rescue of the remnant small bowel requires a multidisciplinary expertise to achieve digestive autonomy. The use of intestinal trophic factors has shown encouraging results in improving the intestinal adaptation process. Whenever the residual bowel length is inadequate, in a well-selected population weaning parenteral nutrition (PN) off could be attempted by surgery through lengthening procedures. A further subset of patients, with total and irreversible intestinal failure and severe complications on PN, may have an indication to intestinal transplantation. This procedure is still affected by poor long-term results. Expert commentary: Novel approaches developed through a multidisciplinary team work, such as manipulation of microbiota or tissue bioengineering, should be added to current therapies to treat successfully SBS.

Predicting Intestinal Adaptation in Pediatric Intestinal Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The primary goal in intestinal failure (IF) is adaptation and enteral autonomy (EA). Our goals were to determine the proportion of patients treated for IF by an established intestinal rehabilitation program who achieved EA and to assess the predictors of EA. BACKGROUND: There have been considerable advancements in the management of IF over the last 15 years, children with short bowel syndrome with a reduction in mortality. Several studies have discussed variables that may influence the ability to attain EA; however, majority were written when mortality rates were considerably higher compared with the current contemporary experience. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of infants <12 months with short bowel syndrome referred between 2006 and 2013 (n = 120). Data was collected on IF-related factors and nutritional intake. The cohort was stratified based on achievement of EA. Statistical testing completed using t test, Chi Square, and Cox Proportional Hazards regression (P < 0.05). RESULTS: EA was achieved in 84 (70.0%) patients. Patients who remained parenteral nutrition dependent were more likely to have volvulus (1.2 vs 22.2%, P < 0.001), shorter percent residual small bowel (29.4 vs 68.6%; P < 0.0001) and colon length (64.6 vs 86.0%; P = 0.001), and no ileocecal valve (61.1 vs 29.8%; P = 0.05). Mortality was also decreased in those who achieved EA (4 vs 22%; P = 0.004). Percent residual small bowel (HR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.03) and colon (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02) length were positively associated with EA, while number of septic episodes was negatively associated (HR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.91-0.99). CONCLUSION: Seventy percent of infants with IF achieved EA. Residual small and large bowel length were the most important predictors of EA and septic events had a negative impact.

Improvements in intestine transplantation.

Transplantation of the intestine in children has presented significant challenges even as it has become a standard to treat nutritional failure due to short gut syndrome. These challenges have been addressed in part by significant improvements in short and long-term care. Noteworthy enhancements include reduced need for intestine transplantation, drug-sparing immunosuppressive regimens, immune monitoring, and improved surveillance and management of PTLD and non-adherence.

Intestinal failure: the evolving demographic and patient outcomes on home parenteral nutrition.

AIM: We performed this study to examine and understand the evolving demographics and changing outcomes of intestinal failure (IF) and its implications for healthcare delivery. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective analysis of outcome data of children on home parenteral nutrition (HPN), over a 15-year period. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients received HPN: 15 for short bowel syndrome (SBS), eight neuromuscular disease (NMD) and eight for other causes. The HPN prevalence increased from 1.54 per million children in 2000 to 21.5 in 2016. The outcomes over last 5 years were better than those of previous 10 years. The rate of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) had fallen from 4 to 1.3 and IF liver disease (IFALD) from 20% to 7.7%. The aetiology changed over years from SBS being the main cause to NMD contributing 43% to the total in 2016. This was especially relevant as NMD was associated with greater numbers of IFALD (38% vs 6.7%), CRBSI (1.51 vs 0.64/1000 PN days) and mortality. CONCLUSION: The outcome of long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) has improved. The increasing number of patients with NMD, coupled with their higher burden of care, results in an increasing health care burden, and the planning of intestinal rehabilitation services needs to reflect this.

Survey of Nutrition Management Practices in Centers for Pediatric Intestinal Rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition management of pediatric intestinal failure (IF) requires interdisciplinary coordination of parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN) support. Nutrition strategies used by specialists in pediatric intestinal rehabilitation to promote gut adaptation and manage complications have not been previously summarized. METHODS: A practice survey was distributed to members of the dietitian subgroup of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Pediatric Intestinal Failure Section. The survey included 24 open-ended questions related to PN and enteral feeding strategies, nutrition management of PN-associated liver disease, and laboratory monitoring. RESULTS: Dietitians from 14 centers completed the survey. Management components for patients at risk for cholestasis were consistent and included fat minimization, trace element modification, avoiding PN overfeeding, and providing EN. Parenteral amino acid solutions designed for infants/young children are used in patients <1 or 2 years of age. Trace minerals are dosed individually in 10 of 14 centers. Eleven centers prescribe a continuous infusion of breast milk or elemental formula 1-2 weeks after resection while 3 centers determine the formula type by the extent of resection. Most (86%) centers do not have a protocol for initiating oral/motor therapy. Laboratory panel composition varied widely by center. The selection and frequency of use depended on clinical variables, including cholestatic status, exclusive vs partial PN dependence, postrepletion verification vs routine monitoring, intestinal anatomy, and acuity of care. CONCLUSION: EN and PN management strategies are relatively consistent among U.S. centers. Collaborative initiatives are necessary to define better practices and establish laboratory monitoring guidelines.