Alcohol in the city: wherever and whenever / El alcohol en la ciudad: en todo lugar y momento

Alcohol urban environment has been associated with individual alcohol behaviors. We are constantly exposed to a wide variety of alcohol products, its marketing and promotion and signs of alcohol consumption that may influence alcohol-drinking behaviors. In this photo-essay, we include photographs that visually explain the exposure to alcohol in the urban streetscape of Madrid. These photographs show the pervasiveness of alcohol products in this city, which can be found everywhere at any time (AU)

El entorno urbano del alcohol se ha asociado a su consumo individual. Estamos constantemente expuestos a una amplia variedad de productos con contenido de alcohol, su promoción y signos de consumo, que pueden influir en la normalización del mismo. En este ensayo fotográfico se incluyen imágenes que explican visualmente la exposición al alcohol en el paisaje urbano de Madrid. Estas fotografías muestran la omnipresencia de los productos con contenido de alcohol en esta ciudad, que se puede encontrar en todas partes y en cualquier momento (AU)

Medicine for the City: Perspective and Solidarity as Tools for Making Urban Health.

The United States has pursued policies of urban upheaval that have undermined social organization, dispersed people, particularly African Americans, and increased rates of disease and disorder. Healthcare institutions have been, and can be, a part of this problem or a part of the solution. This essay addresses two tools that healthcare providers can use to repair the urban ecosystem-perspective and solidarity. Perspective addresses both our ability to envision solutions and our ability to see in the space in which we move. Solidarity is our ability to appreciate our fellowship with other people, a mindset that is at the heart of medical practice. These two tools lay the foundation for structurally competent healthcare providers to act in a restorative manner to create a health-giving built environment.

Tratamiento y uso de recursos en salud mental de pacientes sin patología / Treatment and use of resources in mental health of patients without pathology

Objetivo: Determinar si existen diferencias en el uso de recursos y la actividad terapéutica llevada a cabo con las personas con y sin trastorno mental diagnosticable (códigos Z según CIE-10) en los Servicios de Salud Mental. Metodología: Diseño: estudio descriptivo comparativo. Ámbito: área sanitaria urbana. Población: todos los pacientes derivados al Centro de Salud Mental (n=1187) durante un año. Variables: se han analizado la indicación clínica, el número de citas y la intervención terapéutica a lo largo de un año de seguimiento. Asimismo, se recogieron también variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y asistenciales mediante la entrevista clínica, el test GHQ-28 y una escala de expectativas, para poder completar el estudio. Resultados: Los códigos Z son dados de alta en mayor proporción, reciben un tercio de visitas a lo largo de un año, faltan a mayor número de citas y tienen una probabilidad casi 5 veces mayor de abandonar tras la primera consulta que los trastornos mentales. Los pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno mental llegan con más tratamiento pautado desde atención primaria, se les añade más tratamiento, sobre todo si habían llegado sin ello a consulta, si viven solos y en el caso de ser derivados vía normal, que los códigos Z. A los 12 meses también están tomando psicofármacos en mayor proporción. Conclusiones: La indicación de alta o seguimiento en la primera entrevista, el número de citas y los abandonos discriminan las dos poblaciones mejor que en trabajos previos. Nuestros pacientes tienen más medicación pautada en el momento de la consulta, sobre todo en el caso de los códigos Z, que en los estudios internacionales. No obstante, la intervención farmacológica con los códigos Z suele ir encaminada en su mayoría a suspender los psicofármacos (AU)

Aims: to establish the differences in the use of resorurces and treatment with the people with and without diagnosable mental (Z codes according to CIE 10) in a Community Mental Health Center. Method: Design: comparative descriptive study. Scope: urban area. Population: all patientes referred to de mental health service during a year (n=1187). Variables: clinical indication, number of consults and therapeutic intervention throughout a year of pursuit have been analyzed. Also, were also collected sociodemographic, clinical and health services utilization variables by clinical interview, the test GHQ-28 and a scale of expectations, in order to complete the study. Results: Z codes are discharged to a greater extent, receive one-third of visits over a year, missing more citations and have a nearly 5 times more likely to leave after the first consultation that mental disorders. Patients diagnosed as mental disorder come with more prescribed treatment from primary care, further treatment is added, especially if they come without it to see, if they live alone and if they are re - ferred for normal track than Z. codes At 12 months are also taking psychotropic drugs in greater proportion. Conclusions: The indication of discharge or pursuit in the first interview, the number of consults and drop-outs discriminates the two populations better than in previous works. Our patients have more medication at the moment of the consultation, mainly in the case of the Z codes, than other studies. However, the pharmacology intervention with Z codes usually goes directed in its majority to suspend the psychotropic drug (AU)

[Chikungunya and urban sprawl on Reunion Island]. / Le chikungunya et l'habitat informel a La Réunion.

The proportion of unsanitary housing in French overseas departments is much higher than in mainland France. Reunion Island is no exception to this fact. Between 80 and 90% of housing in Reunion Island was built by squatters with no legal claim or deed to the property. This has resulted in uncontrolled urban sprawl with living conditions reminiscent of those in developing countries. The absence of adequate drainage systems for sewage and rain water and the lack of properly organized garbage disposal that characterizes these sprawl areas constitutes a particularly favorable breeding ground for vector-borne diseases, especially chikungunya. Thus, implementing measures to control this type of settlement and to relocate of people out of existing sprawl areas constitutes a significant tool to control this epidemiological risk. Up to now, public officials have shown a clear reluctance to intervene in sprawl areas despite good knowledge of their location. On June 26th of this year, a law containing provisions relative to the control of urban sprawl and unsanitary housing in overseas departments and territories will come into effect. This law should provide public officials with the legal basis that has up until now been lacking to take action. Persistence in the "wait-and-see" attitude could lead to condemnation by French or European courts.