Ultrasound assessment of sheep stifle joint undergone lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis / Ultrassonografia da articulação femorotibiopatelar em ovinos submetidos à indução de sinovite por lipopolissacarídeos

Synovitis can be induced in animals through the application of bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide and has similar signs to naturally-occurring synovitis. Several studies have been using the sheep species as an experimental model to understand osteoarticular diseases of the femorotibiopatellar (FTP) joint in humans. There are echographic studies on the standardization of normality of the femorotibiopatellar joint in sheep. However, there is a gap in the literature for changes such as acute synovitis. The objective was to serially describe the sonographic aspects of the synovitis process induced by intra-articular infiltration of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide in the femorotibiopatellar joint of sheep. Twelve healthy crossbred sheep (Santa Inês x Dorper) were used. Induction of synovitis was performed only in the right FTP joints, which were serially evaluated using ultrasound examination at baseline moment (M0) and 12 (M12), 24 (M24), 48 (M48), 72 (M72), and 120 (M120) hours after lipopolysaccharide infiltration for synovitis induction. Intra-articular application of E. coli lipopolysaccharide resulted in one or more echographic signs of synovitis (increased synovial fluid volume, folding of the synovial membrane, and cellularity in the joint cavity), which were identified early, 12 hours after inoculation, and regressed over the evaluated times (p=0.0001) until disappearing after 120 hours of inoculation.

A sinovite pode ser induzida em animais por meio da aplicação de lipopolissacarídeo de parede bacteriana, e apresenta sinais semelhantes à sinovite causada de forma natural. Diversos estudos têm sido realizados utilizando a espécie ovina como modelo experimental na compreensão das enfermidades osteoarticulares da articulação femorotibiopatelar (FTP) em humanos. Existem estudos ecográficos quanto a padronização da normalidade da articulação femorotibiopatelar em ovinos. Porém, para as alterações, como a sinovite aguda há lacuna na literatura. Objetivou-se descrever, de forma seriada, os aspectos ultrassonográficos do processo de sinovite induzida por infiltração intra-articular de lipopolissacarídeo de Escherichia coli (E. coli) na articulação femorotibiopatelar de ovinos. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos mestiços (Santa Inês x Dorper), hígidos. A indução da sinovite foi realizada apenas nas articulações FTP direitas, as quais foram avaliadas, por meio do exame ultrassonográfico de forma seriada, nos momentos basal (M0) e às 12 (M12), 24 (M24), 48 (M48), 72 (M72) e 120 (M120) horas após a infiltração com lipopolissacarídeo para a indução de sinovite. A aplicação intra-articular de lipopolissacarídeo de E. coli resultou em um ou mais sinais ecográficos de sinovite (aumento de volume do fluido sinovial, pregueamento da membrana sinovial e celularidade na cavidade articular), os quais foram identificados precocemente, 12 horas após a inoculação, e regrediram ao longo dos tempos avaliados (p=0,0001), até desaparecerem após 120 horas da inoculação.

Hyaluronic acid has chondroprotective and joint-preserving effects on LPS-induced synovitis in horses.

The intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid (HA) for the treatment of synovitis and osteoarthritis is still controversial. As a consequence, corticosteroids remain the most frequently employed therapeutic agents, despite their potential systemic and local deleterious effects. This study examined the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chondroprotective activities of low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA and HMW-HA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis in horses compared to triamcinolone acetonide (TA). LPS was injected in the metacarpophalangeal joints, which were treated intra-articularly with either TA (as control) or LMW-HA or HMW-HA. Joint clinical evaluation and synovial fluid (SF) analysis were performed at 0, 8, 24, and 48 h. The white blood cell counts (WBC), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and HA concentrations, oxidative burst, and HA molecular weights were measured. TA reduced the lameness, swelling, and PGE2 release but increased the SF CS concentrations enormously at 24h and 48h, and decreased the SF HA modal molecular weight. These results indicate the breakdown of articular cartilage aggrecan and SF HA. In contrast, LMW-HA and HMW-HA were less effective in reducing the inflammation symptoms, but preserved the joints because only a modest increase in CS occurred at 24 h, decreasing at 48 h, and the SF HA was maintained. The HA-treatment also had anti-inflammatory actions, and LMW-HA was the most effective in reducing the release of cytokine. In summary, the HA treatment inhibited efficiently the digestion of cartilage proteoglycans and SF HA breakdown.

Pedometria aplicada a estudo comparativo entre morfina e tramadol em bovinos / Pedometry applied to a comparative study using morphine and tramadol in bovine

A analgesia com opioides é limitada ou indefinida em ruminantes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a realização de um estudo comparativo entre dois analgésicos opioides: a morfina e o tramadol, com base nas avaliações clínica e pedométrica de animais submetidos a artrite e sinovite experimental transitórias, desenvolvidas na articulação interfalângica distal, após administração intra-articular de anfotericina B. Utilizou-se seis animais, em dois tratamentos distintos, com morfina, na dose de 0,5 mg/kg e 20 dias depois com tramadol, na dose de 1,8 mg/kg, ambos via intramuscular. Os animais foram avaliados em intervalos de três horas, num total de 27 horas, observando-se parâmetros fisiológicos, deambulação e atividade pedométrica. Claudicação e alterações pedométricas foram observadas para ambos os fármacos. Por meio das variáveis da atividade pedométrica, observou-se um padrão de inquietação compatível com nocicepção podal, não havendo a interferência dos fármacos sobre a claudicação. Concluiu-se que a morfina e o tramadol, nas doses testadas, foram incapazes de interferir na atenuação do grau de claudicação no momento de máxima estimulação dolorosa, frente ao modelo experimental de dor ortopédica.(AU)

The use of opioids for analgesia is limited or undefined in ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesics opioids, morphine and tramadol, based on the clinical and pedometric evaluations of animals submitted to a temporary experimental arthritis and synovitis, developed at the distal interphalangeal joint after an intra-articular administration of amphotericin B. Six animals were used in two different treatments, using morphine, dose of 0,5 mg/kg, and twenty days later, tramadol, dose of 1,8 mg/kg, both intramuscularly. The animals were evaluated at 3-hour intervals for a total of 27 hours, observing the physiological parameters, ambulation and pedometer activity. Lameness and pedometer variations were observed in both treatments. Based on the variables of pedometric activity, a pattern of restlessness compatible with podal nociception was observed, and there was no interference of any of the drugs on lameness. It was concluded that morphine and tramadol, at the tested doses, were incapable of interfering in the lameness attenuation during the maximum painful stimulation moment in this experimental protocol of orthopedic pain.(AU)

Pro-inflammatory mediators and neutrophils are increased in synovial fluid from heifers with acute ruminal acidosis.

BACKGROUND: Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) is a metabolic disease of cattle characterized by an aseptic synovitis. ARA is the result of an increased intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates that frequently occurs in dairy cattle subjected to high production requirements. In human joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout, several pro-inflammatory molecules are increased in the synovial fluid, including cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), metalloproteinases, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The aim of this study was to identify the presence of proinflammatory mediators and neutrophils in the synovial fluid of heifers with ARA, induced by an oligofructose overload. Five heifers were challenged with an oligofructose overload (13 g/kg BW) dissolved in water. As a control, a similar vehicle volume was used in four heifers. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the tarso-crural joint and PGE2, IL-6, IL-1ß, ATP, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, glucose, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cellular free DNA, NETs, and serpin B1 were analyzed at 0, 9, and 24 h post treatment. RESULTS: At 9 h post oligofructose overload, an increase of IL-1ß, IL-6, PGE2, serpin B1 and LDH was detected in the joints when compared to the control group. At 24 h, the synovial fluid was yellowish, viscous, turbid, and contained abundant neutrophils. An increase of DNA-backbone-like traps, histone 3 (H3cit), aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps (aggNETs), and serpin B1 were observed 24 h post treatment. Furthermore, albumins, LDH, ATP, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-1ß were increased after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results indicate that IL-1ß, IL-6 and PGE2, were the earliest proinflammatory parameters that increased in the synovial fluid of animals with ARA. Furthermore, the most sever inflammatory response in the joint was observed after 24 h and could be associated with a massive presence of neutrophils and release of aggNETs.

Pedometria aplicada a estudo comparativo entre morfina e tramadol em bovinos / Pedometry applied to a comparative study using morphine and tramadol in bovine

A analgesia com opioides é limitada ou indefinida em ruminantes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a realização de um estudo comparativo entre dois analgésicos opioides: a morfina e o tramadol, com base nas avaliações clínica e pedométrica de animais submetidos a artrite e sinovite experimental transitórias, desenvolvidas na articulação interfalângica distal, após administração intra-articular de anfotericina B. Utilizou-se seis animais, em dois tratamentos distintos, com morfina, na dose de 0,5 mg/kg e 20 dias depois com tramadol, na dose de 1,8 mg/kg, ambos via intramuscular. Os animais foram avaliados em intervalos de três horas, num total de 27 horas, observando-se parâmetros fisiológicos, deambulação e atividade pedométrica. Claudicação e alterações pedométricas foram observadas para ambos os fármacos. Por meio das variáveis da atividade pedométrica, observou-se um padrão de inquietação compatível com nocicepção podal, não havendo a interferência dos fármacos sobre a claudicação. Concluiu-se que a morfina e o tramadol, nas doses testadas, foram incapazes de interferir na atenuação do grau de claudicação no momento de máxima estimulação dolorosa, frente ao modelo experimental de dor ortopédica.

The use of opioids for analgesia is limited or undefined in ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesics opioids, morphine and tramadol, based on the clinical and pedometric evaluations of animals submitted to a temporary experimental arthritis and synovitis, developed at the distal interphalangeal joint after an intra-articular administration of amphotericin B. Six animals were used in two different treatments, using morphine, dose of 0,5 mg/kg, and twenty days later, tramadol, dose of 1,8 mg/kg, both intramuscularly. The animals were evaluated at 3-hour intervals for a total of 27 hours, observing the physiological parameters, ambulation and pedometer activity. Lameness and pedometer variations were observed in both treatments. Based on the variables of pedometric activity, a pattern of restlessness compatible with podal nociception was observed, and there was no interference of any of the drugs on lameness. It was concluded that morphine and tramadol, at the tested doses, were incapable of interfering in the lameness attenuation during the maximum painful stimulation moment in this experimental protocol of orthopedic pain.

Eficácia anti-inflamatória do Meloxicam Comprimido em cães com sinovite reversível induzida experimentalmente / Anti-inflammatory efficacy of Meloxicam Tablet in a sodium urate-induced synovitis model in dogs / Eficacia antiinflamatoria de Meloxicam Tableta en perros con sinovitis reversible inducida experimentalmente

La eficacia antiinflamatoria de meloxicam tablet* fue evaluada por medio de la synovitis reversible inducida experimentalmente por el modelo de inyección intrasinovial (articulación femorotibiopatelar) de cristal de urato de sódio em 16 Beagles. El produto meloxicam fue administrado por via oral em forma de tabletas (0,2mg/kg de peso corporal) em 8 animales 15 min depués de la inducción de la sinovitis. El examen clínico y ortopédico, como también los parâmetros hematológicos y bioquímicos, y el análisis dei líquido sinovial, fueron realizados durante el estúdio. La eficácia clínica fue evaluada mediante el uso de um sistema de puntuación de la claudicación. La recuparación de la claudicación fue observada a partir de 4 horas después de lainducción y 24 horas después retornó a su estado normal. Las evaluaciones demonstraron diferenças significativas (p<0,05) em los signos clínicos de los animales del grupo tratado em comparación com el grupo control. El estúdio demuestra la eficácia antiinflamatoria de meloxicam tableta em la dosis recomendada.(AU)

The anti-inflammatory efficacy of meloxicam tablet* was evaluated by reversible experimental synovitis model induced by intrasynovial (femoral-tibio-patellar joint) injection of sodium urate crystal in 16 Beagles. The product meloxicam was administered orally in tablet form (0.2 mg/kg body weight) in 8 animais 15 min after synovitis induction. Clinical and orthopedic examination, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters, and synovial fluid analysis were performed during the study period. Clinical efficacy was assessed by the use of a lameness scoring system. The lameness recovering was observed from 4 hours post-induction, and 24 hours after they returned to normal status. Evaluations have shown significant differences (p<0.05) in the clinical signs of the animais in the test group compared to the control group showing the efficacy of meloxicam in the recommended dose.(AU)

A eficácia anti-inflamatória do meloxicam comprimido* foi investigada através da indução experimental da sinovite reversível pela injeção de cristais de urato de sódio na articulação fêmoro-tibiopatelar em 16 Beagles. O produto meloxicam foi administrado via oral na forma de comprimido (0,2 mg/ kg de peso corpóreo) em 8 animais, 15 minutos após a indução da sinovite. Exames clínicos, laboratoriais, ortopédicos e colheita de líquido sinovial foram realizados durante o período do estudo. A eficácia clínica foi avaliada pelo uso de sistema de escores de claudicação. A diminuição da claudicação foi observada a partir de 4 horas pós-indução e 24 horas após todos retornaram a condição normal. As avaliações demonstraram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nos sinais clínicos dos animais do grupo teste em comparação ao grupo controle demonstrando a eficácia do meloxicam na dose preconizada.(AU)

Eficácia anti-inflamatória do Meloxicam Comprimido em cães com sinovite reversível induzida experimentalmente / Anti-inflammatory efficacy of Meloxicam Tablet in a sodium urate-induced synovitis model in dogs / Eficacia antiinflamatoria de Meloxicam Tableta en perros con sinovitis reversible inducida experimentalmente

La eficacia antiinflamatoria de meloxicam tablet* fue evaluada por medio de la synovitis reversible inducida experimentalmente por el modelo de inyección intrasinovial (articulación femorotibiopatelar) de cristal de urato de sódio em 16 Beagles. El produto meloxicam fue administrado por via oral em forma de tabletas (0,2mg/kg de peso corporal) em 8 animales 15 min depués de la inducción de la sinovitis. El examen clínico y ortopédico, como también los parâmetros hematológicos y bioquímicos, y el análisis dei líquido sinovial, fueron realizados durante el estúdio. La eficácia clínica fue evaluada mediante el uso de um sistema de puntuación de la claudicación. La recuparación de la claudicación fue observada a partir de 4 horas después de lainducción y 24 horas después retornó a su estado normal. Las evaluaciones demonstraron diferenças significativas (p<0,05) em los signos clínicos de los animales del grupo tratado em comparación com el grupo control. El estúdio demuestra la eficácia antiinflamatoria de meloxicam tableta em la dosis recomendada.

The anti-inflammatory efficacy of meloxicam tablet* was evaluated by reversible experimental synovitis model induced by intrasynovial (femoral-tibio-patellar joint) injection of sodium urate crystal in 16 Beagles. The product meloxicam was administered orally in tablet form (0.2 mg/kg body weight) in 8 animais 15 min after synovitis induction. Clinical and orthopedic examination, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters, and synovial fluid analysis were performed during the study period. Clinical efficacy was assessed by the use of a lameness scoring system. The lameness recovering was observed from 4 hours post-induction, and 24 hours after they returned to normal status. Evaluations have shown significant differences (p<0.05) in the clinical signs of the animais in the test group compared to the control group showing the efficacy of meloxicam in the recommended dose.

A eficácia anti-inflamatória do meloxicam comprimido* foi investigada através da indução experimental da sinovite reversível pela injeção de cristais de urato de sódio na articulação fêmoro-tibiopatelar em 16 Beagles. O produto meloxicam foi administrado via oral na forma de comprimido (0,2 mg/ kg de peso corpóreo) em 8 animais, 15 minutos após a indução da sinovite. Exames clínicos, laboratoriais, ortopédicos e colheita de líquido sinovial foram realizados durante o período do estudo. A eficácia clínica foi avaliada pelo uso de sistema de escores de claudicação. A diminuição da claudicação foi observada a partir de 4 horas pós-indução e 24 horas após todos retornaram a condição normal. As avaliações demonstraram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nos sinais clínicos dos animais do grupo teste em comparação ao grupo controle demonstrando a eficácia do meloxicam na dose preconizada.

Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis.

BACKGROUND: Continuous-rate infusion (CRI) of drugs results in more stable plasma drug concentrations than administration of intermittent boluses, thus providing greater stability of physiological parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiologic and analgesic effects of the administration of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone by CRI in horses with induced synovitis of the radiocarpal joint. RESULTS: Increased values of cardiorespiratory parameters and body temperature were observed in all groups after initiation of opioid administration, and these increases were sustained throughout the CRI period. Morphine, butorphanol and methadone each caused a reduction in gut sounds, and this effect was greatest in animals that received morphine. Administration of morphine or methadone reduced the degree of lameness after the end of intravenous infusion. Administration of tramadol did not alter the degree of lameness in the animals. CONCLUSIONS: CRI of morphine or methadone, but not butorphanol or tramadol, provided analgesia in horses with carpal synovitis. All of these opioids increased cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and reduced gut sounds during CRI.

Epidural analgesia with morphine or buprenorphine in ponies with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis.

This study evaluated the analgesia effects of the epidural administration of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of morphine or 5 µg/kg BW of buprenorphine in ponies with radiocarpal joint synovitis. Six ponies were submitted to 3 epidural treatments: the control group (C) received 0.15 mL/kg BW of a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution; group M was administered 0.1 mg/kg BW of morphine; and group B was administered 5 µg/kg BW of buprenorphine, both diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 0.15 mL/kg BW administered epidurally at 10 s/mL. The synovitis model was induced by injecting 0.5 ng of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the left or right radiocarpal joint. An epidural catheter was later introduced in the lumbosacral space and advanced up to the thoracolumbar level. The treatment started 6 h after synovitis induction. Lameness, maximum angle of carpal flexion, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, and intestinal motility were evaluated before LPS injection (baseline), 6 h after LPS injection (time 0), and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after treatments. Although the model of synovitis produced clear clinical signs of inflammation, the lameness scores in group C were different from the baseline for only up to 12 h. Both morphine and buprenorphine showed a reduction in the degree of lameness starting at 0.5 and 6 h, respectively. Reduced intestinal motility was observed at 0.5 h in group M and at 0.5 to 1 h in group B. Epidural morphine was a more effective analgesic that lasted for more than 12 h and without side effects. It was concluded that morphine would be a valuable analgesic option to alleviate joint pain in the thoracic limbs in ponies.

Effects of intraarticular ropivacaine and morphine on lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intraarticular (IA) analgesic effects of ropivacaine and morphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded cross-over design. ANIMALS: Twelve healthy mixed breed horses between 8-15 years old. METHODS: Synovitis was induced in the left radio-carpal joint with an injection of lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli 055:B5). Six hours later, the horses were treated with an IA injection of 40 mg of ropivacaine (ROPI), 40 mg of morphine (MOR), 20 mg of ropivacaine added to 20 mg of morphine in saline (RM) or 4 mL of saline (SAL), as control. Analgesia was measured subjectively using a numerical rating scale, a simple descriptive scale, pain upon maximal flexion of the carpus and by the range of motion exhibited by the affected joint. Data are reported as mean +/- SD and were analyzed using anova. Blood and synovial data were analyzed by split plots in time with units (treatments: SAL, ROPI, MOR and RM) and subunits (times: T0-24), in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Mean comparisons were made by Tukey's test; differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Ropivacaine had a clinical analgesic effect with a relative short duration ( approximately 2.5 to 3.5 hours). Morphine had a slower onset of action than ROPI, but a stronger analgesic effect of longer duration. The RM showed an earlier onset of action than MOR and had a strong analgesic effect for the 24-hour post-injection period. All treatments caused a significant decrease in total nucleated cells compared with the control, 24 hours after administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Morphine alone or in combination with ropivacaine produced a strong analgesic effect of prolonged duration, which may offer pain relief for acute synovitis for at least 24 hours.

Efeito clínico do uso do parecoxib em modelo de sinovite induzida em pôneis / Clinical effect of parecoxib in induced synovitis in horses

Um modelo experimental de sinovite em pôneis foi usado para avaliar o efeito do parecoxib, um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal (AINE) seletivo injetável. Cinco dias após indução da sinovite, três pôneis foram tratados com 0,55mg/kg/dia (IV) de parecoxib e três receberam solução salina 0,9 por cento (IV) por cinco dias. A avaliação de parâmetros clínicos dos animais e físico-químicos do líquido sinovial foi realizada antes da indução de sinovite, antes e 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após o início do tratamento. A injeção intra-articular com adjuvante completo de Freund induziu sinovite de intensidade moderada a grave. Os pôneis tratados com parecoxib apresentaram diminuição do grau de claudicação; manutenção da flexão articular, do comprimento do passo, da temperatura retal e da freqüência cardíaca; e atenuação do grau de efusão articular. Embora o parecoxib, na dose utilizada, não tenha apresentado efeito sobre os parâmetros do líquido sinovial das articulações com sinovite, sua ação antipirética, antiinflamatória e principalmente analgésica foi observada.(AU)

An experimental synovitis model was used in ponies to evaluate the effect of parecoxib, a selective non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Five days after synovitis induction, three ponies received parecoxib (IV) 0.55mg/kg/day and three ponies received sterile 0.9 percent saline solution (IV) for five days. Clinical parameters and synovial fluid were evaluated before synovitis induction, prior treatment and 12, 24, 48, 96, and 120 hours after the first treatment. The intra-articular injection of Freund's complete adjuvant induced a moderate to severe synovitis. The parecoxib treated ponies showed lameness reduction; maintenance of stride length, articular flexion, temperature, and heart rate; and attenuation of articular effusion. Although the used dosage of parecoxib had no effect on evaluated synovial fluid parameters, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and especially analgesic effects were observed.(AU)

Efeito clínico do uso do parecoxib em modelo de sinovite induzida em pôneis / Clinical effect of parecoxib in induced synovitis in horses

Um modelo experimental de sinovite em pôneis foi usado para avaliar o efeito do parecoxib, um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal (AINE) seletivo injetável. Cinco dias após indução da sinovite, três pôneis foram tratados com 0,55mg/kg/dia (IV) de parecoxib e três receberam solução salina 0,9 por cento (IV) por cinco dias. A avaliação de parâmetros clínicos dos animais e físico-químicos do líquido sinovial foi realizada antes da indução de sinovite, antes e 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após o início do tratamento. A injeção intra-articular com adjuvante completo de Freund induziu sinovite de intensidade moderada a grave. Os pôneis tratados com parecoxib apresentaram diminuição do grau de claudicação; manutenção da flexão articular, do comprimento do passo, da temperatura retal e da freqüência cardíaca; e atenuação do grau de efusão articular. Embora o parecoxib, na dose utilizada, não tenha apresentado efeito sobre os parâmetros do líquido sinovial das articulações com sinovite, sua ação antipirética, antiinflamatória e principalmente analgésica foi observada.

An experimental synovitis model was used in ponies to evaluate the effect of parecoxib, a selective non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Five days after synovitis induction, three ponies received parecoxib (IV) 0.55mg/kg/day and three ponies received sterile 0.9 percent saline solution (IV) for five days. Clinical parameters and synovial fluid were evaluated before synovitis induction, prior treatment and 12, 24, 48, 96, and 120 hours after the first treatment. The intra-articular injection of Freund's complete adjuvant induced a moderate to severe synovitis. The parecoxib treated ponies showed lameness reduction; maintenance of stride length, articular flexion, temperature, and heart rate; and attenuation of articular effusion. Although the used dosage of parecoxib had no effect on evaluated synovial fluid parameters, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and especially analgesic effects were observed.

Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in plasma and synovial fluid of horses with acute synovitis.

Pharmacokinetic parameters were established for enantiomers of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen (KTP) administered as the racemic mixture at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg and as separate enantiomers, each at a dose of 1.1 mg/kg to a group of six horses (five mares and one gelding). A four-period cross-over study in a LPS-induced model of acute synovitis was used. After administration of the racemic mixture S(+)KTP was the predominant enantiomer in plasma as well as in synovial fluid. Unidirectional inversion of R(-) to S(+)KTP was demonstrated but the inversion was less marked than previously reported. It is suggested that this reduction could be because of the influence of the inflammatory reaction on hepatic metabolism. The disposition of KTP enantiomers after administration of the racemic mixture was similar to those observed after administration of S(+) and R(-)KTP. The S(+) and R(-)KTP concentrations in synovial fluid were low and short lasting. After administration of R(-)KTP significant concentrations of the optical antipode were detected in synovial fluid.

Tentativa de infecçäo experimental da pomba-rola (Columbina picui) com Mycoplasma synoviae / A trial to infect the free-flying pigeon Columbina picui with Mycoplasma synoviae

O Mycoplasma sinoviae é patogênico para várias espécies de aves silvestres e domésticas, causando aerossaculite e sinovite. Sua transmissäo ocorre horizontalmente entre galinhas de um mesmo lote, e verticalmente, pelo ovo. A importância de sua transmissäo de aves silvestres para domésticas, ou vice-versa, porém, permanece obscura. Por ser um pássaro que frequenta aviários de criaçäo de frangos e matrizes, a pomba-rola (Columbina picui) foi submetida à tentativa de infecçäo por criaçäo em isolador contendo galinhas infectadas. Nenhuma reaçäo sorológica ou sinal clínico foi percebido por um período de 16 semanas, quando se encerrou o experimento, concluindo-se que essas pombas näo säo susceptíveis à infecçäo pelo micoplasma, sob as condiçöes empregadas

Levantamento sorológico em frangos de corte em Minas Gerais: 1985-1986. II. Artrite viral, doença respiratória crônica, sinovite infecciosa e pulorose-tifo aviário / Serological survey in broiler chickens in Minas Gerais: 1985-1986. II. Viral arthritis, chronic respiratory disease, infectious synovitis and pullorum disease-fowl typhoid

Determinou-se, sorologicamente, o estado de infecçäo quanto à artrite viral (AV), doença respiratória crônica (DRC), sinovite infecciosa (SI) e pulorose-tifo aviário (P-T) da criaçäo de frangos de corte nas regiöes do Alto Säo Francisco e Metalúrgica de Minas Gerais, no período de 1985-1986. Testaram-se em torno de 20 aves de cada um dos 133 lotes, de 96 granjas daquelas regiöes. Informaçöes adicionais foram obtidas dos criadores através de questionário. Utilizou-se o teste de imunodifusäo radial em ágar na determinaçäo de anticorpos anti-vírus da AV (VAV) (OLSON, 1984b), usando-se a amostra S1133 na preparaçäo do antígeno. A DRC, SIEP-T foram estudadas pelo teste de aglutinaçäo rápida em placa, conforme YODER (1984), OLSON (1984a) e WILLIAMS et al (1980), respectivamente, utilizando-se antígenos comerciais (Salsbury Laboratórios, Campinas-SP). Os soros reagentes à diluiçäo 1:5 foram retestados à diluiçäo 1:10. Antes do uso, eles foram inativados a 56§C/30 min e centrifugados a 1200 g/10 min. Observaram-se os seguintes resultados de soropositividade para as doenças em teste, entre as granjas trabalhadas: AV, 51//; DRC, 34//; SI, 94//e P-T, 7//. Eles parecem refletir o nível de preocupaçäo do setor matrizeiro quanto a erradicaçäo dessas doenças dos seus plantéis. A frequência de soropositividade para a AV foi relativamente baixa, considerando-se as características epidemiológicas da doença (OLSON, 1984b), e näo está associada a uso de vacina, procedimento que näo se verificou nas granjas testadas. A baixa freqüência de soropositividade para a DRC, em relaçäo à SI, pode justificar-se pelo consistente processo de erradicaçäo a que o Mycoplasma gallisepticum, agente da DRC, vem sofrendo no setor matrizeiro nacional. A SI só mais recentemente configurou-se em motivo de preocupaçäo para o setor. A manutençäo do M. gallisepticum nos criatórios comerciais pode dever-se à sua introduçäo ocidental com pintos descendentes de matrizes ainda infectadas ou mesmo pela sua transmissäo entre lotes dentro da própria granja. A freqüência encontrada para a P-T foi baixa, explicando-se este fato pela virtual erradicaçäo destas doenças do setor matrizeiro nacional. A soropositividade encontrada pareceu ser de natureza inespecífica, porque ambas doenças näo ocorreram clinicamente nas granjas testadas