Intended delivery mode and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction.

Objective: To compare neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR) by intended delivery mode.Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies with FGR that were delivered ≥34.0 weeks gestation. Neonatal outcomes were compared according to the intended delivery mode, which the attending obstetrician determined. Of note, none of the subjects had a contraindication to labor. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated via logistic regression models to assess the potential association between intended delivery mode and neonatal morbidity defined as a composite outcome (i.e. umbilical artery pH ≤7.1, 5-min Apgar score ≤7, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, hypoglycemia, intrapartum fetal distress requiring expedited delivery, and perinatal death). A sensitivity analysis excluded intrapartum fetal distress requiring emergency cesarean delivery from the composite outcome since only patients with spontaneous labor or labor induction could meet this criterion. Potential confounders in the adjusted effects models included maternal age, body mass index, hypertensive disorders, diabetes, FGR type (i.e. early or late), and oligohydramnios.Results: Seventy-two (34%) patients had an elective cesarean delivery, 73 (34%) had spontaneous labor and were expected to deliver vaginally, and 67 (32%) underwent labor induction. The composite outcome was observed in 65.3%, 89%, and 88.1% of the groups mentioned above, respectively (p < 0.001). Among patients with spontaneous labor and those scheduled for labor induction, 63% and 47.8% required an emergency cesarean delivery for intrapartum fetal distress. Compared to elective cesarean delivery, spontaneous labor (OR 4.32 [95% CI 1.79, 10.42], p = 0.001; aOR 4.85 [95% CI 1.85, 12.66], p = 0.001), and labor induction (OR 3.92 [95% CI 1.62, 9.49] p = 0.002; aOR 5.29 [95% CI 2.01, 13.87], p = 0.001) had higher odds of adverse neonatal outcomes.Conclusion: In this cohort of FGR, delivering at ≥34 weeks of gestation, pregnancies with spontaneous labor, and those that underwent labor induction had higher odds of neonatal morbidity than elective cesarean delivery.

Escore de Apgar e indicação de cesárea por sofrimento fetal em um hospital público do Distrito Federal / Apgar score and indication of cesarean section due to fetal distress at a public hospital in the Federal District

Objetivo: Avaliar as indicações de cesárea por sofrimento fetal (SF), pelo escore de Apgar, em um hospital público. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal e retrospectivo que incluiu todos os partos realizados no período de estudo. A análise estatística foi realizada no software IBM SPSS Statistics v.22 com teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para o cálculo do p-valor. A estimativa de risco foi definida pela razão de chances comum de Mantel-Haenszel, com cálculo de odds ratio (OR), intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e limite de significância de 95% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Dos 2.205 partos, 1.084 (49,1%) foram cesáreas e 1.121 (50,9%), partos vaginais. Escore de Apgar < 7 no primeiro minuto foi evidenciado em 5,9% do total de partos. A diferença entre os escores de Apgar no primeiro minuto entre os dois tipos de parto foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05), e esses recém-nascidos (RNs) tiveram a chance 1,4 vez maior de Apgar < 7 nas cesáreas em relação ao parto vaginal (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1-2,05). No quinto minuto, Apgar < 7 ocorreu em 0,7% em todos os tipos de partos. O SF foi a terceira causa de indicação de cesárea (22,8%), e o Apgar < 7 não diferenciou das cesáreas por demais causas. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou alta taxa de cesárea e maior risco de Apgar < 7 no primeiro minuto para esses partos. A ausência de diferença estatisticamente significante entre o Apgar dos RNs de cesárea por SF e demais indicações revela a necessidade local de rever esse diagnóstico e consequente conduta.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the cesarean indications for fetal distress (FD), using the Apgar score, in a public hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional and retrospective study, which included all the deliveries performed during the period of study. Statistical Analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.22 software with Pearson's Chi-square test to calculate the p-value. The risk estimate for Apgar < 7 was defined by the common odds ratio (OR) of Mantel-Haenszel, with calculation of OR and 95% confidence interval and significance limit of 95% (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 2,205 deliveries, 1,084 (49.1%) were cesarean and 1,121 (50.9%) were vaginal deliveries. Apgar score < 7 in the 1st minute was seen in 5.9% of total deliveries. The difference between the Apgar Scores in the 1st minute between the two types of delivery was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and these newborns (NBs) had 1.4 times more chance of Apgar < 7 in cesarean in relation to vaginal delivery (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1-2,05). In the 5th minute, Apgar < 7 occurred in 0.7% of all types of births. FD was the third cause of cesarean indication (22.8%) and the Apgar < 7 wasn't different from the cesareans performed for other causes. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high cesarean rate and a bigger risk of Apgar < 7 in the 1st minute for this type of delivery. The absence of statistically significant difference between the Apgar of NBs of cesarean due to FD and other indications reveal the need to review this diagnosis e it's conduct.(AU)

Fetal distress and in utero pneumonia in perinatal dolphins during the Northern Gulf of Mexico unusual mortality event.

An unusual mortality event (UME) involving primarily common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus of all size classes stranding along coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, USA, started in early 2010 and continued into 2014. During this northern Gulf of Mexico UME, a distinct cluster of perinatal dolphins (total body length <115 cm) stranded in Mississippi and Alabama during 2011. The proportion of annual dolphin strandings that were perinates between 2009 and 2013 were compared to baseline strandings (2000-2005). A case-reference study was conducted to compare demographics, histologic lesions, and Brucella sp. infection prevalence in 69 UME perinatal dolphins to findings from 26 reference perinates stranded in South Carolina and Florida outside of the UME area. Compared to reference perinates, UME perinates were more likely to have died in utero or very soon after birth (presence of atelectasis in 88 vs. 15%, p < 0.0001), have fetal distress (87 vs. 27%, p < 0.0001), and have pneumonia not associated with lungworm infection (65 vs. 19%, p = 0.0001). The percentage of perinates with Brucella sp. infections identified via lung PCR was higher among UME perinates stranding in Mississippi and Alabama compared to reference perinates (61 vs. 24%, p = 0.01), and multiple different Brucella omp genetic sequences were identified in UME perinates. These results support that from 2011 to 2013, during the northern Gulf of Mexico UME, bottlenose dolphins were particularly susceptible to late-term pregnancy failures and development of in utero infections including brucellosis.

Perinatal outcome in singleton pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and eclampsia in Ecuador.

Preeclampsia in Ecuador is an understudied subject since available epidemiological data are scarce. The aim of this study was to describe perinatal outcomes among singleton pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and eclampsia in a sample of low-income Ecuadorian women. Pregnant women complicated with preeclampsia (mild and severe) and eclampsia (defined according to criteria of the ACOG) delivering at the Enrique C. Sotomayor Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador were surveyed with a structured questionnaire containing maternal (socio-demographic) and neonatal data. Perinatal outcomes were compared according to severity of clinical presentation. A total of 163 women with preeclampsia [mild (23.9%), severe (68.7%) and eclampsia (7.4%)] were surveyed. Perinatal mortality and stillbirth rate was similar among studied groups (mild vs. severe preeclampsia/eclampsia cases). However, severe cases displayed higher rates of adverse perinatal outcomes: lower birth Apgar scores, more preterm births, and more low birth weight and small for gestational age infants. Caesarean-section rate and the number of admissions to intensive or intermediate neonatal care were higher in severe cases. A similar trend was found when analysis excluded preterm gestations. In conclusion, in this specific low-income Ecuadorian population perinatal outcome was adverse in pregnancies complicated with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia.

[Clinical features of strabismus in psychomotor retardation]. / Características clínicas del estrabismo en retraso psicomotor.

BACKGROUND: In psychomotor retardation there is an abnormal development of mental, sensory and motor skills associated with ocular manifestations. There are biological and psychosocial risk factors that predispose an individual to neurological damage. From 50% to 80% of patients with strabismus retardation have special features that differentiate it from the rest of strabismus in healthy patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most common type of strabismus in patients with psychomotor retardation and their clinical features. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with psychomotor retardation and strabismus were included. An ophthalmological examination was performed, as well as an evaluation of the characteristics of strabismus, including perinatal and post-natal history. RESULTS: Esotropia was the most frequent squint with 65.3%, followed by exotropia with 32.7%. The variability in the squint magnitude was 60% in both types, and 6 patients had dissociated vertical deviation. Most of the patients started to present strabismus since they were born. The most frequent perinatal risk factors were threatened miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, foetal distress, and hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: Esotropia is the most common type of strabismus in psychomotor retardation. The variability of squint magnitude is a characteristic in these patients. The moderate variability is the most frequent in both esotropia and exotropia. The most common refractive error is hyperopic astigmatism in esotropia and the myopic kind in exotropia.

[Perinatal outcomes in patients with cholestasis of pregnancy]. / Resultados perinatales en pacientes con colestasis gravídica.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric cholestasis has been associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery, intrapartum meconium, foetal distress and intrauterine foetal death. There is no consensus about the frequency of each of these complications or about the prognostic value of serum bile acids and transaminase levels. Bile acids levels above 40pml/L have been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of adverse perinatal outcomes in single pregnancies with cholestasis of pregnancy and assess the association between levels of bile acids and transaminases in maternal serum, together with peninatal outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study of 71 women diagnosed of intrahepatic cholestasis in the years 2006-201 1 in the University of Vigo Clinical Hospital Complex (Spain). RESULTS: The mean gestational age at the diagnostic was 35 weeks 6 days, being 10% of babies premature. There was one intrauterine foetal death (1 .4%). We found 18.3% intrapartum meconium. Caesarean sections were performed in 5.6% of the deliveries due to foetal distress. No neonate presented Apgar < 7, or PH in the umbilical artery < 7. The 75,5% of infants did not present respiratory distress, while 5 (6.75%) presented serious distress. We found no statistically significant association between adverse perinatal outcomes and the level of bile acids. High levels of transaminases were related to prematurity (p = 0.009; p =0.010) and severe distress (p = 0.027; p =0.008). CONCLUSION: The low frequency of adverse outcomes observed in our series could be in relation to the low rate of prematurity. Neither the biochemical nor clinical features are suitable for predicting foetal complications.

Apgar score and neonatal mortality in a hospital located in the southern area of São Paulo City, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the Apgar score, and neonatal mortality and its causes at a hospital located in the southern area of São Paulo City. METHODS: A retrospective study performed by analysis of medical charts (n = 7,094) of all live newborns during the period of 2005 to 2009, with data up to 28 days of life in reference to weight, Apgar score, survival and cause of mortality. Cases were analyzed by the chi2 test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: In 7,094 births, there were 139 deaths, 58.3% during the first week, and 3.6% of them with Apgar < 4 in the 1st minute. A positive association was found between mortality and this variable, with significantly declining values up to 2,000 g in weight. In the group with weight < 1,000 g, the association with Apgar < 4 in the 1st minute with mortality was three-fold greater than in the 1,000-1,500 g weight group, and 35-fold greater than in the > or = 3,000 g group. Among newborns with Apgar 8-10, the rate of mortality and low weight was two times greater than in those with weight > 2,499 g. Fetal distress and prematurity were associated with early neonatal death; malformations and fetal distress to late mortality. The predictive value of death with Apgar < 4 varied, according to weight, from 62.74% in the < 1,000 g group to 5.5%, in the > 3,000 g group. CONCLUSIONS: The Apgar score proved linked to factors both epidemiological and related to attention given to the birth and neonatal mortality, and was associated with extremely low birth weight.

Apgar score and neonatal mortality in a hospital located in the southern area of São Paulo City, Brazil / Escore de Apgar e mortalidade neonatal em um hospital localizado na zona sul do município de São Paulo

Objective: To correlate the Apgar score, and neonatal mortality and its causes at a hospital located in the southern area of São Paulo City. Methods: A retrospective study performed by analysis of medical charts (n=7,094) of all live newborns during the period of 2005 to 2009, with data up to 28 days of life in reference to weight, Apgar score, survival and cause of mortality. Cases were analyzed by the X² test (p < 0.05). Results: In 7,094 births, there were 139 deaths, 58.3% during the first week, and 3.6% of them with Apgar < 4 in the 1st minute. A positive association was found between mortality and this variable, with significantly declining values up to 2,000 g in weight. In the group with weight < 1,000 g, the association with Apgar < 4 in the 1st minute with mortality was three-fold greater than in the 1,000-1,500 g weight group, and 35-fold greater than in the ? 3,000 g group. Among newborns with Apgar 8-10, the rate of mortality and low weight was two times greater than in those with weight > 2,499 g. Fetal distress and prematurity were associated with early neonatal death; malformations and fetal distress to late mortality. The predictive value of death with Apgar < 4 varied, according to weight, from 62.74% in the < 1,000 g group to 5.5%, in the > 3,000 g group. Conclusions: The Apgar score proved linked to factors both epidemiological and related to attention given to the birth and neonatal mortality, and was associated with extremely low birth weight.

Objetivo: Correlacionar o escore de Apgar e a mortalidade neonatal e suas causas em um hospital localizado na zona Sul do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo por análise de prontuário (n=7.094), de todos os recém-nascidos vivos, no período de 2005 a 2009, com dados referentes até os 28 dias de vida, quanto a peso, escore de Apgar, sobrevida e causa de mortalidade. Os casos foram analisados pelo teste do X² (p < 0,05). Resultados: Nos 7.094 nascimentos, houve 139 óbitos, 58,3% na primeira semana, 3,6% com Apgar < 4 no 1º minuto. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre mortalidade e essa variável, com valores decrescentes significantemente até o peso de 2.000 g. No grupo de peso < 1.000 g, a associação do Apgar < 4 no 1º minuto com mortalidade foi três vezes maior do que no grupo 1.000 a 1.500 g e 35 vezes maior do que no grupo ? 3.000 g. Entre os recém-nascidos com Apgar de 8 a 10, a mortalidade entre baixo peso foi duas vezes maior do que nos de peso > 2.499 g. O sofrimento fetal e a prematuridade se associaram a óbito neonatal precoce; malformações e o sofrimento fetal à mortalidade tardia. O valor preditivo de morrer quando o Apgar < 4 variou, conforme o peso, entre 62,74% no grupo < 1.000 g a 5,5% no grupo > 3.000 g. Conclusões: O escore de Apgar se mostrou ligado a fatores epidemiológicos e de atenção ao parto, à mortalidade neonatal e se associou a extremo baixo peso.

Caracterização das cesarianas em centro de parto normal / Cesarean sections in a birth center / Caracterización de las cesáreas en centro de parto normal

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de cesarianas em um centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com análise de prontuários de 2.441 partos assistidos em março e abril de 2005 em um centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar de São Paulo, SP. A variável dependente (tipo de parto) foi classificada como parto normal e operação cesariana. As variáveis independentes foram categorizadas em quatro grupos: demográficas; história obstétrica pregressa e atual; assistência intraparto; e resultados perinatais. A razão de prevalência e o intervalo de 95 por cento de confiança (IC95 por cento) foram calculados para identificar associação entre tipo de parto e variáveis maternas e do recém-nascido. RESULTADOS: Do total de partos, 14,9 por cento foram operações cesarianas. Ter sido submetida a cesariana na gestação atual esteve associado a cesariana em gestação anterior (RP = 3,19; IC95 por cento: 2,64;3,84), idade gestacional > 40 semanas (RP = 1,32; IC95 por cento: 1,09;1,61), ser admitida com cervicodilatação até 4 cm (RP = 3,22; IC95 por cento: 2,31;4,50), líquido amniótico meconial (RP = 2,5; IC95 por cento: 2,05;3,06). Quanto ao recém-nascido, a cesariana associou-se a peso > 4kg (RP = 1,86; IC95 por cento: 1,29;2,66). Entre as mulheres com cesariana em gestação anterior, ter também parto normal prévio foi fator de proteção para cesariana na gestação atual (RP = 0,46; IC95 por cento 0,30;0,71). Fatores relacionados à condição fetal, como estresse fetal, líquido amniótico meconial, apresentação pélvica e macrossomia corresponderam a 47,8 por cento (175) das indicações para a realização da cesariana; condições ligadas ao mecanismo do parto, como parada de progressão, distócia funcional e distócia de rotação totalizaram 31,3 por cento (115) das indicações. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de cesariana mostrou-se dentro dos limites propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Mulheres com cesariana em gestação anterior, admitidas com até 4 cm de dilatação, idade gestacional > 40 semanas, com líquido amniótico meconial e recém-nascido > 4 kg tiveram maior risco para cesariana.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cesarean sections in a birth center of a hospital and identify factors associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including medical records of 2,441 births assisted in a birth center in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, between March and April 2005. The dependent variable (type of delivery) included vaginal delivery and cesarean section. The independent variables were grouped into four categories: demographic characteristics; current and past obstetric history; intrapartum care; and perinatal outcomes. Prevalence ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) were estimated to assess the association between type of delivery and maternal and newborn variables. RESULTS: Of all deliveries, 14.9 percent were cesarean sections. Cesarean section in the current pregnancy was associated with past cesarean sections (PR = 3.19, 95 percentCI: 2.64,3.84); gestational age > 40 weeks (PR = 1.32, 95 percentCI: 1.09;1.61); cervical dilation of up to 4 cm on admission (PR = 3.22, 95 percentCI: 2.31;4.50); and meconium-stained amniotic fluid (PR = 2.5, 95 percentCI: 2.05;3.06). Regarding newborn characteristics cesarean section was associated with birth weight >4 kg (PR = 1.86, 95 percentCI: 1.29;2.66). Among women with history of past cesarean sections, having had also a prior vaginal delivery was a protective factor for cesarean section in the current pregnancy (PR = 0.46, 95 percentCI: 0.30;0.71). Factors related to fetal conditions including fetal stress, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, breech presentation and macrosomia accounted for 47.8 percent (175) while those related to the mechanism of birth including arrest disorders, and functional and rotation dystocia accounted for 31.3 percent (115) of all indications for a cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of c-section was consistent with World Health Organization recommendations. Increased risk of c-section was associated with prior history of c-sections, cervical dilation of at least 4 cm upon admission, gestational age > 40 weeks, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and birthweight > 4 kg.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de cesáreas en un centro de parto normal intra-hospitalario e identificar factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con análisis de prontuarios de los 2.441 partos asistidos en marzo y abril de 2005 en Centro de Parto Normal de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. La variable dependiente (tipo de parto) fue clasificada como parto normal y operación cesárea. Las variables independientes fueron categorizadas en cuatro grupos: demográficas; historia obstétrica anterior y actual; asistencia intraparto; y resultados prenatales. La tasa de prevalencia y el intervalo con 95 por ciento de confianza (IC95 por ciento) fueron calculados para identificar asociación entre tipo de parto y variables maternas y del recién nacido. RESULTADOS: Del total de partos, 14,9 por ciento fueron operaciones cesáreas. Haber tenido parto por cesárea en la gestación actual estuvo asociada a cesárea en gestación anterior (RP=3,19; IC95 por ciento: 2,64;3,84), edad gestacional >40 semanas (RP=1,32;IC95 por ciento: 1,09;1,61), ser admitida con dilatación cervical hasta 4 cm (RP=3,22; IC95 por ciento: 2,31;4,50), liquido amniótico meconial (RP=2,5; IC95 por ciento: 2,05;3,06). con relación al recién nacido, la cesárea se asoció al peso>4kg (RP=1,86; IC 95 por ciento: 1,29;2,66). Entre las mujeres con cesárea en gestación anterior, tener también parto normal previo fue factor de protección para cesárea en la gestación actual (RP=0,46; IC95 por ciento: 0,30;0,71). Factores relacionados a la condición fetal, como estrés fetal, liquido amniótico meconial, presentación pélvica y macrosomia correspondieron a 41,8 por ciento (175) de las indicaciones para la realización de la cesárea; condiciones ligadas al mecanismo del parto, como parada de progresión, distoccia funcional y distoccia de rotación totalizaron 31,3 por ciento (115) de las indicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de cesárea se mostró dentro de los límites propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Mayor riesgo para cesárea fue asociado a cesárea en gestación anterior, dilatación cervical hasta 4 cm, edad gestacional >40 semanas, presencia de liquido amniótico meconial y peso del recién nacido >4 kg.

Cesarean sections in a birth center.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cesarean sections in a birth center of a hospital and identify factors associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including medical records of 2,441 births assisted in a birth center in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, between March and April 2005. The dependent variable (type of delivery) included vaginal delivery and cesarean section. The independent variables were grouped into four categories: demographic characteristics; current and past obstetric history; intrapartum care; and perinatal outcomes. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated to assess the association between type of delivery and maternal and newborn variables. RESULTS: Of all deliveries, 14.9% were cesarean sections. Cesarean section in the current pregnancy was associated with past cesarean sections (PR = 3.19, 95%CI: 2.64,3.84); gestational age > 40 weeks (PR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.09;1.61); cervical dilation of up to 4 cm on admission (PR = 3.22, 95%CI: 2.31;4.50); and meconium-stained amniotic fluid (PR = 2.5, 95%CI: 2.05;3.06). Regarding newborn characteristics cesarean section was associated with birth weight >4 kg (PR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.29;2.66). Among women with history of past cesarean sections, having had also a prior vaginal delivery was a protective factor for cesarean section in the current pregnancy (PR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.30;0.71). Factors related to fetal conditions including fetal stress, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, breech presentation and macrosomia accounted for 47.8% (175) while those related to the mechanism of birth including arrest disorders, functional dystocia and malposition accounted for 31,3% (115) of all indications for a cesarian section [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of c-section was consistent with World Health Organization recommendations. Increased risk of c-section was associated with prior history of c-sections, cervical dilation of at least 4 cm upon admission, gestational age > 40 weeks, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and birthweight > 4 kg.

[Cesarean birth: justifying indication or justified concern?]. / Operación cesárea: Indicación justificante o preocupación justificada?

BACKGROUND: Caesarean section is the most common surgery performed in all hospitals of second level of care in the health sector and more frequently in private hospitals in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior that caesarean section in different hospitals in the health sector in the city of Aguascalientes and analyze the indications during the same period. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive and cross in the top four secondary hospitals in the health sector of the state of Aguascalientes, which together account for 81% of obstetric care in the state, from 1 September to 31 October 2008. Were analyzed: indication of cesarean section and their classification, previous pregnancies, marital status, gestational age, weight and minute Apgar newborn and given birth control during the event. RESULTS: were recorded during the study period, 2.964 pregnancies after 29 weeks, of whom 1.195 were resolved by Caesarean section with an overall rate of 40.3%. We found 45 different indications, which undoubtedly reflect the great diversity of views on the institutional medical staff to schedule a cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Although each institution has different resources and a population with different characteristics, treatment protocols should be developed by staff of each hospital to have the test as a cornerstone of labor, also request a second opinion before a caesarean section, all try to reduce the frequency of cesarean section.

Maternal and fetal consequences of dengue fever during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the maternal and foetal consequences of dengue fever infection during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was carried out from 1 January 1992 to 10 September 2006 on 53 pregnant women infected with the dengue virus during pregnancy. The women were patients of the obstetrics and gynaecology department of Saint Laurent du Maroni hospital. A dengue infection was confirmed either by the presence of specific IgMs or by isolation of the virus (PCR or culture). The data collected related to obstetric and foetal consequences both during pregnancy and at birth, as well as the effect on the newborn. The risk of maternal-foetal transmission was assessed from 20 samples of blood taken from the umbilical cord at birth. RESULTS: The principal maternal consequences were: premature labour (41%), premature birth (9.6%), haemorrhage during labour (9.3%: 5 cases) and retroplacental haematoma (1.9%: 1 case). Foetal consequences were: prematurity (20%), foetal death in utero (3.8%: 2 cases), late miscarriage (3.8%: 2 cases), acute foetal distress during labour (7.5%: 4 cases), maternal-foetal transmission (5.6%: 3 cases) and neonatal death (1.9%: 1 case). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal infection with the dengue virus during pregnancy represents a real risk of premature birth. There is also a risk of haemorrhage both for the mother and the baby when infection occurs near term.

Characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in neonates: a nationwide survey in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the etiology, prognosis, and appropriate treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in neonates. STUDY DESIGN: We collected information on neonates in whom HLH was diagnosed between 1997 and 2007 from participating members of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology. RESULTS: HLH was diagnosed in 20 patients within 4 weeks after birth. Of the diagnostic criteria for HLH-2004, the incidence of fever was quite low in preterm infants, and hypertriglyceridemia and neutropenia were uncommon. Familial HLH (n = 6) or severe combined immunodeficiency-associated HLH (n = 1) was diagnosed in 7 patients, and 2 of them have survived. Herpes simplex virus-associated HLH was diagnosed in 6 patients, and 2 of them have survived. The overall survival rate for the 20 patients was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: HLH is rare in neonates and has a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are required when considering the possibility of herpes simplex virus-associated or familial HLH.

Correlación entre diagnostico clínico de sufrimiento fetal agudo y hallazgos ovulares y neonatales en cesarea de pacientes atendidas en el hospital Materno Infantil Doctor Fernando Velez Paiz, Managua julio a diciebre 2007 / Correlation between clinical diagnosis of fetal distress and acute findings in cesarea ovulares and neonatal patients treated in the hospital Mother and Child Doctor Fernando Velez Paiz

El presente trabajo titulado “CORRELACION ENTRE DIAGNOSTICO CLINICO DESUFRIMIENTO FETAL AGUDO Y HALLAZGOS TRANSOPERATORIOS EN CESAREA DE PACIENTES ATENDIDAS EN EL HOSPITAL MATERNO INFANTIL “DR.FERNANDO VELEZ PAIZ”, MANAGUA, JULIO A DICIEMBRE 2007”. es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con 103 pacientes con cesárea indicada por sufrimiento fetal agudo y tomada la muestra no probabilística por conveniencia. Nos planteamos como objetivos conocer la frecuencia de cesárea por sufrimiento fetal agudo, identificando los factores asociados a este diagnóstico, los criterios utilizados para realizar el diagnostico de sufrimiento fetal agudo, el manejo prequirúrgico de las pacientes, la correlacion entre el diagnostico pre y pos quirúrgico e identificar cual era lautilidad de los criterios clínicos utilizados. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: 1. Cesárea en esta Unidad Hospitalaria 2. Diagnóstico de sufrimiento fetal agudo 3. Ausencia de procesos patológicos congénitos incompatibles con la vida extrauterina(cardiopatías, malformaciones congénitas importantes) 4. Embarazo de término Encontrando los siguientes resultados: 1. La indicación y realización de cesárea por sufrimiento fetal agudo se dio en el 4,9 por ciento de casos de todos los nacidos en ese periodo de estudio y representó el 19 por ciento de todas las cesáreas realizadas. 2. Los factores asociados a sufrimiento fetal encontrados fueron las distociasfuniculares con un 43,6 por ciento, sin factor evidente con un 43,6 por ciento y el sufrimiento fetal crónico 7,7 por ciento, el síndrome hipertensivo gestacional 1,9 por ciento, amnioitis ehiperdinamia. 3. Los criterios diagnósticos utilizados fueron las alteraciones de la frecuenciacardiaca fetal, (principalmente la taquicardia fetal sostenida) y la presencia de líquido amniótico meconial (2-3 cruces). los serviciosde vigilancia del parto para discriminar mas adecuadamente los casos para decidir su cirugía...

[High plasmatic androgen levels in women affected with pregnancy-induced hypertension]. / Niveles elevados de andrógenos plasmáiticos en mujeres con hipertensión asociada al embarazo.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the plasmatic levels of free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAs) obtained from women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and from uncomplicated pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: FT, TT and DHEAs were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from 30 women with PIH (PIH group) defined as mean blood pressure > or = 105 mm Hg, and proteinuria > or = 100 mg/dL and < 300 mg/dL, and in 30 women with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group). Gestational age at the time of the study in the PIH group was 37 weeks +2 days (28+0 - 40+1), and in the control group, 37 weeks +1 day (28+0 - 41+6). The plasmatic androgen levels and the perinatal outcome were analysed in both groups. RESULTS: There was no difference in the gestational age at birth. In the PIH group there were increased number of caesarean sections due to fetal distress (PIH group; n = 10, control group; n = 2; p = 0.05), lower birthweight (PIH group 2549 g [800-3400 g], control group 3242 g [2400-4200 g]; p = 0.02) and increased number of neonatal intensive unit care admissions (PIH group; n = 3, control group; n = 0). In the PIH group, FT and TT levels were significantly higher than controls (mean, SD) (FT PIH group, 5.94 (0.9) pg/mL; FT control group, 0.44 (0.2) pg/mL; p = 0.002. TT PIH group, 5.28 (2.4) nmol/L; TT control group, 3.6 (0.6) nmol/L; p = 0.02. There was no difference in DHEAs levels between the groups (mean, SD) (PIH group, 51.13 (23.7) microg/dL; control group, 70.0 (13.5) microg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: In women complicated with PIH there is an increment in the plasmatic levels of FT and TT. This might contribute to the clinical findings and the adverse perinatal outcome observed in this patients.

Niveles elevados de andrógenos plasmáticos en mujeres con hipertensión asociada al embarazo / High androgen plasmatic levels in women affected with pregnancy-induced hypertension

Objective. To compare the plasmatic levels of free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAs) obtained from women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and from uncomplicated pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods. FT, TT and DHEAs were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from 30 women with PIH (PIH group) defined as mean blood pressure > 105 mm Hg, and proteinuria > 100 mg/dL and < 300 mg/dL, and in 30 women with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group). Gestational age at the time of the study in the PIH group was 37 weeks +2 days (28+0 - 40+1), and in the control group, 37 weeks +1 day (28+0 - 41+6). The plasmatic androgen levels and the perinatal outcome were analysed in both groups. Results. There was no difference in the gestational age at birth. In the PIH group there were increased number of caesarean sections due to fetal distress (PIH group; n = 10, control group; n = 2; p = 0.05), lower birthweight (PIH group 2549 g [800-3400 g], control group 3242 g [2400-4200 g]; p = 0.02) and increased number of neonatal intensive unit care admissions (PIH group; n = 3, control group; n = 0). In the PIH group, FT and TT levels were significantly higher than controls (mean, SD) (FT PIH group, 5.94 (0.9) pg/mL; FT control group, 0.44 (0.2) pg/mL; p = 0.002. TT PIH group, 5.28 (2.4) nmol/L; TT control group, 3.6 (0.6) nmol/L; p = 0.02. There was no difference in DHEAs levels between the groups (mean, SD) (PIH group, 51.13 (23.7) µg/dL; control group, 70.0 (13.5) /igldL). Conclusions. In women complicated with PIH there is an increment in the plasmatic levels of FT and TT. This might contribute to the clinical findings and the adverse perinatal outcome observed in this patients.

Objetivo. Comparar los valores plasmáticos de testosterona libre (TL), testosterona total (TT) y sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEAs) entre mujeres con hipertensión asociada al embarazo (HAE) y mujeres con embarazos normales en el tercer trimestre de la gestación. Mátodos. Se midieron TL, TT y DHEAs en el plasma de 30 mujeres con diagnóstico de HAE (grupo HAE), definida como tensión arterial media > 105 mm Hg y proteínas en orina >100 mg/dL y < 300 mg/ dL, y en 30 mujeres embarazadas sin HAE (grupo control) y los valores obtenidos se compararon entre ambos grupos. La edad gestacional de las pacientes del grupo control fue lo más similar posible a las pacientes del grupo con HAE. Resultados. TL y TT resultaron significativamente más altas en el grupo con HAE (media, DS). TL grupo HAE 5.94 (0.9) pg/mL; TL grupo control 0.44 (0.2) pg/mL; p = 0.002. TT grupo HAE 5.28 (2.4) nmol/L; TT grupo control 3.6 (0.6) nmol/L; p = 0.02. No hubo diferencias significativas en los valores de DHEAs (media, DS) grupo HAE 51.13 (23.7) µg/dL; grupo control 70.0 (13.5) µg/dL. La edad gestacional al momento del estudio en el grupo HAE fue de 37 semanas + 2 días (28 + 0 -40+1) y en el grupo control de 37 semanas +1 día (28+0 - 41+6). No hubo diferencia en la edad gestacional al nacimiento. El grupo con HAE presentó un mayor número de cesáreas por indicación fetal (grupo HAE n = 10; grupo control n = 2; p = 0.05), menor peso al nacimiento (grupo HAE 2549 g [800-3400 g]; grupo control 3242 g [2400-4200 g]; p = 0.02) y mayor número de ingresos a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (grupo HAE n = 3; grupo control n = 0). Conclusiones. En embarazadas con HAE, TL y TT están elevadas, pudiendo contribuir en las manifestaciones clínicas y en el peor resultado perinatal que tienen estas pacientes.

Increased incidence of adverse perinatal outcome with low maternal blood viscosity in preeclampsia.

Hyperviscosity of the maternal blood has been reported to be associated with an increased incidence of adverse perinatal outcome in preeclampsia. We related the changes in maternal blood viscosity to perinatal outcome in 47 preeclamptic, nulliparous, black Jamaican women. A group of 49 non-preeclamptic, nulliparous, gestation-matched women acted as controls. Perinatal outcome was also compared between the women with high blood viscosity (> or = 5 mPa.s) and those with low blood viscosity (< 5 mPa.s) in both the preeclamptic and non-preeclamptic groups. Data was analysed by the comparison of two proportions, the chi-squared test, the Fisher's exact test and the Pearson's correlation method. The level of statistical significance was taken at p < 0.05. The incidence of adverse perinatal outcome was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the preeclamptic women as compared with that of the non-preeclamptic controls. However, of interest, was the fact that within the preeclamptic group, the incidence of adverse perinatal outcome was significantly (p = 0.001, Fisher's exact test) higher in those with low blood viscosity as compared with those with high blood viscosity. These results suggest that low maternal blood viscosity may be related to increased incidence of adverse perinatal outcome in Jamaican women with preeclampsia.

[Indications and justification of cesarean sections at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social]. / Indicaciones y justificación de las cesáreas en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

OBJECTIVE: In view of the high frequency rates of cesarean section at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), we carried out a study to know main causes and its justification. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study in a randomized national sample of clinical records in 3,232 cesarean cases between June 1997 and June 1999. RESULTS: The most frequent indications were cephalopelvic disproportion (29.6%), one previous section (20.9%), acute fetal distress (14.1%), iterative section (11.9%), and premature rupture of amniotic membranes (10.7%). In cephalopelvic disproportion cases, mean weight of newborns was 3,430 g., 70.6% of patients had irregular uterine contractility, and 21.7% received oxytocin; 78.2% had integrity of membranes and 4 cm or less in cervical dilation. In previous section and cephalopelvic disproportion the mean weight of newborns was 3,425 g; 81.7% did not have regular contractility and, 4.8 received oxytocin. In sections due to acute fetal distress, 94.9% had an Apgar in 8 or more at 5 minutes after delivery. CONCLUSION: The cesarean indications at the IMSS were similar to those are informed most to date in Mexico and throughout the world, but we did not find justification most of cases in this study.

[Color Doppler flowmetry values in fetuses with nuchal cord encirclement]. / Valores de flujometría Doppler color en fetos con circular de cordón.

In order to evaluate the presence of nuchal cord entanglement and to measure resistance index with Doppler color ultrasonography, a prospective, observational, cross-sectional study was carried out, 132 low risk term pregnant women were included, 50 of them had umbilical cord encirclement (37%), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values were 92%, 87%, 81% and 95%, respectively. McNemar'test for discordance had a p = 0.121 in comparing ultrasonography result with the gold standard. Patients with nuchal cord entanglement had higher frequency of cesarean section (70%, p < 0.05) than those without it. On the other hand, normal vaginal delivery was more common (46%, p < 0.05) in patients without nuchal coiling of the umbilical cord. There were no significant difference in evaluating acute fetal distress, meconium stained amniotic fluid, newborn Apgar scores at one and five minutes, birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit admissions and intrapartum stillbirths. In our patients with nuchal cord entanglement the resistance index average values were 0.59 and those without nuchal cord were 0.60 (p = 0.712). We concluded that color flow Doppler ultrasonography is a reliable tool to detect nuchal coiling of the umbilical cord, and therefore Doppler color waveforms assessment in nuchal cord entanglements might helpful for clinicians to decide a closer surveillance in labor by using intrapartum cardiotocography.