Streptococcus intermedius causing primary bacterial ventriculitis in a patient with severe periodontitis - a case report.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus intermedius is a member of the S. anginosus group and is part of the normal oral microbiota. It can cause pyogenic infections in various organs, primarily in the head and neck area, including brain abscesses and meningitis. However, ventriculitis due to periodontitis has not been reported previously. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a headache, fever and later imbalance, blurred vision, and general slowness. Neurological examination revealed nuchal rigidity and general clumsiness. Meningitis was suspected, and the patient was treated with dexamethasone, ceftriaxone and acyclovir. A brain computer tomography (CT) scan was normal, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Gram staining and bacterial cultures remained negative, so the antibacterial treatment was discontinued. Nine days after admission, the patient's condition deteriorated. The antibacterial treatment was restarted, and a brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed ventriculitis. A subsequent CT scan showed hydrocephalus, so a ventriculostomy was performed. In CSF Gram staining, chains of gram-positive cocci were observed. Bacterial cultures remained negative, but a bacterial PCR detected Streptococcus intermedius. An orthopantomography revealed advanced periodontal destruction in several teeth and periapical abscesses, which were subsequently operated on. The patient was discharged in good condition after one month. CONCLUSIONS: Poor dental health can lead to life-threatening infections in the central nervous system, even in a completely healthy individual. Primary bacterial ventriculitis is a diagnostic challenge, which may result in delayed treatment and increased mortality.

Brain Abscess Secondary to Streptococcus Intermedius Following an EGD with Biopsy in a Patient with Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Brain abscess is a rare complication of esophagogastro- duodenoscopy (EGD) with few reported cases in the literature. In this report, we discuss a patient presenting with altered mental status, headache, and dysarthria due to brain abscess caused by S. intermedius shortly after an EGD with an esophageal biopsy showing a new diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. We highlight the rare association of EGD and brain abscess, and discuss the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Esophageal Perforation Presenting Initially as Multiple Brain Abscesses Secondary to Streptococcus intermedius.

Brain abscess is a life-threatening infection that can occur secondary to contiguous or hematogenous spread. Several underlying conditions can lead to brain abscesses, such as dental infection, otitis media, sinusitis, and immunosuppression. Esophageal perforation leading to brain abscesses is extremely rare. We report a rare case of a 32-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with progressive headaches and upper-extremity weakness. Upon further evaluation, computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple brain abscesses secondary to Streptococcus intermedius infection. The patient eventually underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which showed a perforation in the middle third of the esophagus. This case highlights the importance of considering esophageal perforation as a predisposing condition for brain abscesses.

Lung abscess by Streptococcus intermedius: An unusual first case report from India.

A unique case report, probably first case from India, of lung abscess caused by Streptococcus intermedius in a previously untreated patient with Type 2 diabetes mellitus is reported here. The patient presented with non-productive cough and right-sided chest pain. Microbiological evaluation confirmed the presence of Streptococcus intermedius and the patient responded positively to antibiotic therapy. This case highlights the fact that S.intermedius may act as pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. So, a caution is needed by the medical fraternity before disregarding it as a commensal.

Infecciones por estreptococos del grupo S. anginosus en pediatría / S. anginosus group streptococcal infections in children

Los estreptococos del grupo Streptococcus anginosus (EGA), también llamados "Streptococcus milleri", fueron reconocidos como parte de los estreptococos del grupo viridans (EGV) desde principios del siglo XX. Su rol como patógenos humanos, sin embargo comenzó a destacarse recién en la década de 1970. En esta actualización se describen aspectos microbiológicos y clínicos de los EGA. Los métodos fenotípicos de identificacón e incluso algunos genotípicos carecen de precisión para reconocer las tres especies del grupo (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus y Streptococcus intermedius) e incluso pueden fallar en su clasificación a nivel de grupo. La mayoría de ellos son sensibles a los antibióticos beta-lactámicos pero son considerables los porcentajes de resistencia a macrólidos, lincosamidas y tetraciclinas. Los EGA son colonizantes habituales de las mucosas orofaríngea, intestinal y genitourinaria, pero, cada vez más frecuentemente, son reconocidos como patógenos humanos. Es ampliamente conocida su capacidad de formar abscesos en órganos sólidos, especialmente abscesos cerebrales, pulmonares y hepáticos. También producen sinusitis, empiemas y colecciones en piel y tejidos blandos, hueso, articulaciones, etc. Se han encontrado asociados con exacerbaciones pulmonares en pacientes con fibrosis quística y con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Producen también infecciones posteriores a mordeduras humanas, infecciones diseminadas, bacteriemia sin foco aparente y, en menor medida, endocarditis infecciosa (AU)

Streptococci from the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG), also termed "Streptococcus milleri", were recognized as members of the viridans group streptococci (VGS) in the early 20th century. Nevertheless, their role as human pathogens only became evident in the 1970s. In this update, microbiological and clinical aspects of the SAG are described. Phenotypic and even some genotypic identification methods lack accuracy in recognizing the three species of the group (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius) and may fail to classify them at the group level. Most of them are sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics but rates of resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines are significant. SAGs are common colonizers of the oropharyngeal, intestinal, and genitourinary mucosa, but are increasingly recognized as human pathogens. Their ability to form abscesses in solid organs, especially brain, lung and liver, is widely known. They may produce sinusitis, empyemas, and collections in skin and soft tissues, bone, joints, etc. They have also been associated with pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, they may cause infections following human bites, disseminated infections, bacteremia without apparent focus, and, to a lesser extent, infective endocarditis (AU)

Complicaciones intracraneales graves secundarias a infecciones por Streptococcus intermedius / Serious intracranial complications secondary to Streptococcus intermedius infections

Streptococcus intermedius es un microorganismo anaerobio, perteneciente al grupo de Streptococcus anginosus. Es una bacteria comensal habitual de la cavidad oral y nasofaringe, conocida por su potencial capacidad de formar abscesos cerebrales por contigüidad o por vía hematógena a partir de infecciones de la esfera otorrinolaringológica. Las infecciones del sistema nervioso central debidas a miembros de este grupo son potencialmente mortales y requieren de un manejo multidisciplinar. La obtención de imágenes mediante tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética debe realizarse de forma precoz para evaluar las colecciones que requieren drenaje. La intervención quirúrgica y el inicio de terapia antibiótica empírica a tiempo son imprescindibles para asegurar una correcta evolución (AU)

treptococcus intermedius is an anaerobic bacterium and a member of the Streptococcus anginosus group. It is a commensal bacterium of the oral cavity and nasopharynx, which is known for its potential ability to form brain abscesses by contiguity or hematogenous dissemination from infections of the otorhinolaryngological sphere. Central nervous system infections due to members of this group are life-threatening and need multidisciplinary management. Imaging with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should be performed as soon as possible to evaluate the collections requiring drainage. Timely initiation of surgical intervention and appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy are essential to ensure a correct evolution. (AU)

Estreptococos del grupo Streptococcus anginosus Parte IIIb. Infecciones en localizaciones diferentes de las de cabeza y cuello / Streptococcus anginosus group. Part IIIb. Other than head and neck infections

Resumen Las bacterias del grupo Streptococcus anginosus (EGA) son colonizantes habituales de las mucosas orofaríngea, intestinal y genitourinaria, pero, cada vez más frecuentemente, son reconocidas como patógenos humanos. En esta parte III se describen las tendencias de los EGA a la producción de distintas patologías humanas. Por su extensión debió ser desdoblada a su vez en otras dos partes (IIIa y IIIb). Es ampliamente conocida su capacidad de formar abscesos en órganos sólidos, especialmente abscesos cerebrales, pulmonares y hepáticos. También producen sinusitis, empiemas y colecciones en piel y tejidos blandos, huesos, articulaciones, etc. Se han encontrado asociados con infecciones urinarias, vaginitis aeróbica y con exacerbaciones pulmonares en pacientes con fibrosis quística y con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Producen también infecciones posteriores a mordeduras humanas, infecciones diseminadas, bacteriemia sin foco aparente y, en menor medida, endocarditis infecciosas, generalmente complicadas con abscesos perivalvulares. Esta parte IIIb está focalizada en las infecciones que no comprometen la cabeza y el cuello.

Abstract Streptococcus anginosus (SGA) group streptococci are common colonizers of the oropharyngeal, intestinal, and genitourinary mucosa, but they are increasingly recognized as human pathogens. In this part III, tendencies of the EGA to the production of different human pathologies are described. Due to its length, it had to be divided into two other parts (IIIa and IIIb). Its ability to form abscesses in solid organs, especially brain, lung and liver abscesses, is widely known. They also cause sinusitis, empyema and collections in skin and soft tissues, bones, joints, etc. They have been found associated with urinary tract infections, aerobic vaginitis and with pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They also cause infections after human bites, disseminated infections, bacteremia without apparent focus and, to a lesser extent, infective endocarditis, generally complicated by perivalvular abscesses. This part IIIb is focused on other than head and neck infections.

Resumo As bactérias do grupo Streptococcus anginosus (EGA) são colonizadores comuns da mucosa orofaríngea, intestinal e geniturinária, mas são cada vez mais reconhecidos como patógenos humanos. Nesta parte III são descritas as tendências do EGA à produção de diferentes patologias humanas. Devido ao seu comprimento, teve que ser dividido em duas outras partes (IIIa e IIIb). Sua capacidade de formar abcessos em órgãos sólidos, principalmente cérebro, pulmão e fígado, é amplamente conhecida. Eles também causam sinusite, empiema e coleções na pele e tecidos moles, ossos, articulações, etc. Eles foram encontrados associados à infecções urinárias, vaginite aeróbia e às exacerbações pulmonares em pacientes com fibrose cística e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Também causam infecções após picadas humanas, infecções disseminadas, bacteremia sem origem aparente e, em menor grau, endocardite infecciosa, geralmente complicada por abscessos perivalvulares. Seu papel na faringite é controverso, embora algumas das subespécies possam estar envolvidas em tais infecções. Seu potencial carcinogênico também é postulado pela associação com carcinomas orofaríngeos, gástricos ou esofágicos. Esta parte IIIb enfoca infecções em diferentes locais da cabeça e pescoço.

Multiple Brain Abscesses Secondary to Odontogenic Infection: A Clinical Case Report

Introduction Cerebral abscess is a suppurative infection of the cerebral parenchyma, which may occur due to contiguity, hematogenous dissemination of distant foci, secondary to open traumatic brain injuries, or be idiopathic. Clinical Case A 63-year-old male patient sought assistance due to a severe headache in the frontal region associated with chills and lack of appetite that started four days before. Clinical examination of the patient showed no significant changes. Imaging and laboratory tests on admission showed only nonspecific changes, such as leukocytes 18,540, platelets 517,000, and c-reactive protein 2,0. In such case,magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the skull was performed with contrast, showing the presence of expansive lesions compatible with multiple brain abscesses in the right parietooccipital region. Discussion After excluding the main focus of hematogenous dissemination and in view of the identification of the agent Streptococcus intermedius by means of secretion culture collected through a surgical method, the hypothesis of abscess due to contiguous dental pyogenic foci was pointed out. Conclusion Dental evaluation showed multiple foci of infection with periodontitis and dental abscess, which were treated along with the use of antibiotics directed to the etiologic agent.

La utilidad de la ecografía clínica ante la sospecha de fascitis necrosante / Usefulness of point-of-care ultrasonography in the suspicion of necrotizing fascitis

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Estreptococos del grupo Streptococcus anginosus Parte I. Taxonomía, características microbiológicas e identificación / Streptococcus anginosus groupb Part I. Taxonomy, microbiological characteristics and identification / Estreptococos do grupo Streptococcus anginosus Parte I. Taxonomia, características microbiológicas e identificação

Resumen Los estreptococos del grupo Streptococcus anginosus (EGA), también llamados "Streptococcus milleri" fueron reconocidos como parte de los estreptococos del grupo viridans (EGV) desde principios del siglo XX. Sin embargo, su rol como patógenos humanos comenzó a destacarse recién en la década de 1970. Esta actualización consta de tres partes: en esta primera parte se tratarán los aspectos taxonómicos y microbiológicos así como los métodos de identificación de los EGA. El crecimiento de estas bacterias es relativamente lento, las colonias son pequeñas, incluso a las 48-72 horas de incubación y la mayoría de las cepas despide un olor a caramelo característico cuando crecen en agar sangre. Su crecimiento es estimulado en una atmósfera con 5% de CO2. Últimamente, con el reconocimiento de la asociación de los EGA con episodios indeseables en pacientes con fibrosis quística se han desarrollado medios selectivos para poner de manifiesto su presencia en las vías aéreas. Los métodos fenotípicos e incluso algunos genotípicos carecen de precisión para identificar las tres especies del grupo (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus y Streptococcus intermedius) e incluso pueden fallar en su clasificación a nivel de grupo. Dentro de los métodos moleculares, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) no puede ser tomado como referencia para llegar a subespecie, pero sí es muy eficiente en la identificación a nivel de especie. Para algunos autores la secuenciación del gen sodA podría ser una buena opción, pero el gold standard es el multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA).

Abstract Streptococci from the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG), also called "Streptococcus milleri", have been recognized as belonging to the viridans group (VGS) since the beginning of the 20th century. Their role as human pathogens, however, only began to emerge in the 1970s. This review consists of three parts: the first part will deal with the taxonomic and microbiological aspects and the identification methods of SAGs. The growth of these bacteria is relatively slow; the colonies are small even after 48-72 hours of incubation and most of the strains give off a characteristic caramel odor when they grow on blood agar. Their growth is stimulated in an atmosphere with 5% CO2. Lately, with the recognition of the association of SAGs with undesirable episodes in patients with cystic fibrosis, selective media have been developed to reveal their presence in the airways. Phenotypic and even some genotypic methods lack precision in identifying the three species in the group (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius) and may even fail to classify at the group level. Among the molecular methods, MALDI-TOF MS cannot be taken as a reference to arrive at subspecies, but it is very efficient to identify at the species level. For some authors, sequencing the sodA gene may be a good option, but the gold standard is multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA).

Resumo Os estreptococos do grupo Streptococcus anginosus (EGA), também chamados de "Streptococcus milleri", foram reconhecidos como pertencentes ao grupo viridans (EGV) desde o início do século XX. Seu papel como patógenos humanos, no entanto, só começou a surgir na década de 1970. Esta atualização consiste em três partes: nesta primeira parte, trataremos dos aspectos taxonômicos e microbiológicos e dos métodos de identificação dos EGAs. O crescimento dessas bactérias é relativamente lento, as colônias são pequenas mesmo após 48-72 horas de incubação e a maioria das cepas emitem um cheiro de caramelo característico quando crescem em ágar sangue. Seu crescimento é estimulado em uma atmosfera com 5% de CO2. Ultimamente, com o reconhecimento da associação dos EGAs com episódios indesejáveis em pacientes com fibrose cística, foram desenvolvidos meios seletivos para revelar sua presença nas vias aéreas. Os métodos fenotípicos e mesmo alguns genotípicos carecem de precisão na identificação das três espécies do grupo (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus e Streptococcus intermedius) e podem até falhar em sua classificação em nível de grupo. Entre os métodos moleculares, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) não pode ser tomado como referência para chegar a subespécie, mas é muito eficiente na identificação em nível de spécie. Para alguns autores, o sequenciamento do gene sodA poderia ser uma boa opção, mas o padrão-ouro é a análise de sequência multilocus (MLSA).

Infección espinal por una cepa defectiva de Streptococcus intermedius diagnosticada mediante PCR multiplex / Spinal infection caused by a defective strain of Streptococcus intermedius diagnosed by multiplex-PCR

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Síndrome de seno cavernoso secundario a una tromboflebitis por Streptococcus intermedius complicada con vasculitis de la arteria carótida interna y abscesos cerebrales / Cavernous sinus syndrome secondary to thrombophlebitis due to Streptococcus intermedius complicated with vasculitis of the internal carotid artery and brain abscesses

Introducción: La tromboflebitis del seno cavernoso es una enfermedad infecciosa grave con alta mortalidad y morbilidad. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío y requiere múltiples visitas a urgencias en la mayoría de casos, y el pronóstico es altamente dependiente de su rápido tratamiento. A pesar de su gravedad, la evidencia con respecto al tratamiento con corticoides y anticoagulación es escasa y controvertida. Entre sus complicaciones se encuentra la arteritis, la cual puede confundirse con una vasculitis de mediano-gran vaso, como en este caso. Caso clínico: Mujer de 26 años, que acude por una cefalea y un edema palpebral izquierdo. En las pruebas de imagen se evidencia trombosis del seno cavernoso izquierdo y una estrechez importante de la arteria carótida interna. Se interpreta el cuadro como secundario a un proceso vascular inflamatorio y se inician corticoides, con buena respuesta. Sin embargo, al poco tiempo se presenta fiebre y edema palpebral contralateral. En los hemocultivos se obtiene un crecimiento de Streptococcus intermedius y se diagnostica una tromboflebitis del seno cavernoso. A pesar del inicio de antibióticos y anticoagulación, sufre una hemiplejía derecha secundaria a la formación de abscesos frontotemporales. Se procede al drenaje quirúrgico y la paciente cursa con buena evolución. Ante la ausencia de otros focos infecciosos, y debido a la procedencia oral del germen, se realiza una exodoncia múltiple profiláctica. Conclusión: Se recomienda considerar la tromboflebitis como una opción diagnóstica tanto en las cefaleas con síntomas oculares como en la arteritis de mediano-gran vaso para su tratamiento oportuno

Introduction: Thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus is a severe infectious disease with high mortality and morbidity. It is usually diagnosed at a late stage and requires a number of visits to the emergency department in most cases, and the prognosis is highly dependent on prompt treatment. Despite its severity, evidence regarding treatment with corticosteroids and anticoagulation therapy is scarce and controversial. One of its complications is arteritis, which can be mistaken for medium to large vessel vasculitis, as in this case. Case Report: A 26-year-old female, who visited due to headache and left palpebral oedema. Imaging tests revealed thrombosis in the left cavernous sinus and significant narrowing of the internal carotid artery. The clinical picture was interpreted as secondary to an inflammatory vascular process and treatment with corticosteroids was initiated, with a good response. However, soon afterwards, fever and contralateral palpebral oedema developed. In the blood cultures a growth of Streptococcus intermedius was obtained and thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus was diagnosed. Despite initiating antibiotic and anticoagulation therapy, the patient suffered a right hemiplegia secondary to the formation of frontotemporal abscesses. Surgical drainage was performed and the patient progressed well. In the absence of other infectious foci, and due to the oral origin of the germ, a prophylactic multiple exodontia was performed. Conclusion: Thrombophlebitis should be considered as a diagnostic option both in headaches with ocular symptoms and in medium to large vessel arteritis so that they can be treated in a timely manner

Absceso en la fosa posterior por Streptococcus intermedius tras una limpieza dental en una paciente inmunocompetente / Streptococcus intermedius posterior fossa abscess after a minor dental procedure in an immunocompetent woman

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 52 años, sin antecedentes de interés, que fue derivada a nuestro centro tras ser diagnosticada de una lesión ocupante de espacio en el hemisferio cerebeloso derecho. La sospecha inicial era de metástasis. En la RMN cerebral, sin embargo, se apreciaba una marcada restricción en la secuencia de difusión concordante con un absceso cerebeloso. La paciente se había sometido a una limpieza dental tres semanas antes. El análisis microbiológico tras la evacuación quirúrgica de la lesión mostró la presencia de Streptococcus intermedius

A 52-year-old woman with no relevant previous medical history was diagnosticated of an infratentorial bulky cerebellar mass. The mass showed restricted diffusion on MR images, which was consistent with cerebellar abscess. The patient had undergone a minor dental procedure three weeks before. Microbiological analysis after surgical evacuation of the mass confirmed the presence of Streptococcus intermedius

Otitis media aguda: una causa poco frecuente de síndrome de Lemierre / Acute otitis media: a rare cause of Lemierre's syndrome

El síndrome de Lemierre es una patología poco frecuente y potencialmente letal, que se origina como complicación de una infección localizada a nivel de cabeza y cuello que se extiende al espacio carotídeo. Se asocia a tromboflebitis séptica de la vena yugular interna y con frecuencia produce embolias sépticas a distancia. Se presenta generalmente como un cuadro de fiebre y odinofagia de varios días de evolución tras el antecedente de una infección orofaríngea aparentemente resuelta. Otros focos infecciosos menos frecuentes pueden corresponder a mastoiditis, sinusitis u otitis media aguda. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico y apoyado en las pruebas de imagen, como la ecografía Doppler y la tomografía computarizada cervical con contraste. El tratamiento consiste en antibioterapia prolongada con adecuada cobertura para anaerobios, especialmente Fusobacterium necrophorum, el patógeno más frecuente. El papel de la anticoagulación en el síndrome de Lemierre es controvertido. Se presenta un caso de síndrome de Lemierre secundario a una otitis media aguda

Lemierre's syndrome is a rare and potentially lethal disease that originates as a complication of a localized infection at the head and neck level that extends to the carotid space. It is associated with septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and often produces septic emboli at a distance. It usually presents as a picture of fever and odynophagia several days after the history of an apparently resolved oropharyngeal infection. Other less frequent infectious foci may correspond to mastoiditis, sinusitis or acute otitis media. The diagnosis is fundamentally clinical and supported by imaging tests such as Doppler ultrasound and cervical CT with contrast. The treatment consists of prolonged antibiotic therapy with adequate coverage for anaerobes, especially Fusobacterium necrophorum, which is the most frequent pathogen. The role of anticoagulation in Lemierre's syndrome is controversial. We present a case of Lemierre's syndrome secondary to acute otitis media

Extensive Pylephlebitis and a Liver Abscess Combined with Streptococcus Intermedius Sepsis / 대한내과학회지

Pylephlebitis (septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system) is a rare but serious complication of intra-abdominal infections that drain into the portal venous system. Its diagnosis is based on imaging; computed tomography may reveal a thrombus in the portal vein. Bacteremia may also be evident. As the symptoms are nonspecific, early clinical diagnosis is difficult, and delayed treatment can compromise outcomes. We report a case with extensive pylephlebitis and a liver abscess associated with Streptococcus intermedius sepsis; the case was treated successfully with antibiotics and anticoagulants. Such cases have not been widely reported.

Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of pleuro-pulmonary infection due to Streptococcus intermedius / Características clínicas y microbiológicas de la infección pulmonar causada por Streptococcus intermedius

The clinical and microbiological characteristics of pleuro-pulmonary infection (PPI) caused by Streptococcus intermedius is described, including 6 cases in the literature and 9 cases handled at the present centre. Out of the 15 patients, 12 were male; mean age at diagnosis was 62.06 ± 15 years. Twelve had risk factors for S. intermedius infection such as alcoholism in 5 (35.7%) patients, periodontal disease in 3 (24.6%) cases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 3 (24.6%), and diabetes mellitus in 2 (14.2%). Cough was present in 12 (80%) patients and chest pain and dyspnea in 9 (60%). The mean diagnosis interval was 34 days. The diagnosis was obtained from pleural fluid aspirate in 13 (86.6%) cases and from biopsy/tissue samples in 2. The most frequently antimicrobials used for treatment were ceftriaxone + levofloxacin. Ten patients cured with a combination of medical and surgical treatment and 2 patients died as a consequence of infection. The incidence of PPI caused by S. intermedius is increasing in our health area; drainage along with antibiotic therapy is recommended for treatment

Se describen las características clínicas y microbiológicas de la infección pleuro-pulmonar producida por Streptococcus intermedius , incluyendo 6 casos de la literatura y 9 casos diagnosticados en nuestro centro. De los 15 pacientes, 12 eran varones; la media de edad al diagnóstico fue de 62,02 ± 15 años. Doce tenían factores de riesgo para la infección por S. intermedius , tales como alcoholismo en 5 (35,7%) pacientes, enfermedad periodontal en 3 (24,6%) casos, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en 3 (24,6%), y diabetes mellitus en 2 (14,2%). Se presentó tos en 12 (80%) pacientes y dolor torácico y disnea en 9 (60%). La media del intervalo diagnóstico fue de 34 días. El diagnóstico se obtuvo de aspirado de líquido pleural en 13 (86,6%) casos y de muestras de biopsia/tejido en 2. Los antimicrobianos más frecuentemente utilizados fueron ceftriaxona + levofloxacino. Diez pacientes curaron con una combinación de tratamiento médico y quirúrgico y dos pacientes fallecieron como consecuencia de la infección. La incidencia de infección pleuro-pulmonar causada por S. intermedius se ha incrementado en nuestra área de salud; el tratamiento recomendado es el drenaje junto con la terapia antibiótica

La ecografía clínica en urgencias ante un paciente séptico / Clinical ultrasound in the emergency room on a septic patient

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¿Cuál sería su diagnóstico? Tumor inflamatorio de Pott / What would your diagnosis be?. Pott's puffy tumour

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Pyogenic Liver Abscess Following Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment / 가정의학회지

Acupuncture treatment is generally regarded as a relatively safe procedure. However, most procedures have some complications and acupuncture treatment is no exception. Reported complications of acupuncture treatment were mostly mild or temporary symptoms, but certain severe adverse effects were also observed. We report here for the first time a case of liver abscess following acupuncture and moxibustion treatment.

Molecular Identification of Anginosus Group Streptococci Isolated from Korean Oral Cavities

Anginosus group streptococci (AGS) were classified based on the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) and comprised Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus constellatus. It is known that AGS is a causative factor of oral and systematic diseases. The purpose of this study was to discriminate the 56 clinical strains of AGS isolated from Korean oral cavities using phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and species-specific PCR at the species-level. The 16S rDNA of clinical strains of AGS was sequenced using the dideoxy chain termination method and analyzed using MEGA version 5 software. PCR was performed to identify the clinical strains using species-specific primers described in previous studies and S. intermedius-specific PCR primers developed in our laboratory. The resulting phylogenetic data showed that the 16S rDNA sequences can delineate the S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus strains even though the 16S rDNA sequence similarity between S. intermedius and S. constellatus is above 98%. The PCR data showed that each species-specific PCR primer pair could discriminate between clinical strains at the species-level through phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences. These results suggest that phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and PCR are useful tools for discriminating between AGS strains at the species-level.