Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Implantação do Embrião , Prednisona , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução , Humanos , Prednisona/farmacologia , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Recidiva , Implantação do Embrião/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/uso terapêutico , Resultado da Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Implantação do Embrião , Prednisona , Complicações na Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução , Humanos , Prednisona/farmacologia , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva , Implantação do Embrião/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/uso terapêutico , Resultado da GravidezAssuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Implantação do Embrião , Prednisona , Complicações na Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução , Humanos , Prednisona/farmacologia , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Resultado da Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Implantação do Embrião/efeitos dos fármacos , Recidiva , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Implantação do Embrião , Prednisona , Complicações na Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução , Humanos , Prednisona/farmacologia , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Implantação do Embrião/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Recidiva , Resultado da GravidezRESUMO
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) serves as a second messenger for numerous G-protein-coupled receptors. Changes in cellular cAMP levels reflect the biological activity of various GPCR-specific agents, including protein hormones. cAMP biosensors based on detection of Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) offer unique advantages including the ratiometric nature of measurement, adjustable affinity toward detected molecule, capability of monitoring kinetics of cAMP release, and compatibility with the multi-well format and fluorescence plate reader platforms. In this chapter, we introduce the optimized version of the previously reported method to achieve sufficient and reproducible level of cAMP biosensor protein expression with the means of BacMam transduction system. As a practical challenge, we address the applicability of the designed assay for screening of biological activity of human hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) bearing different posttranslational modifications.
Assuntos
Baculoviridae/metabolismo , Gonadotropina Coriônica/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores do LH/metabolismo , Animais , Baculoviridae/genética , Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , Células Cultivadas , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Humanos , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluates the effect of different modes of final follicular maturation triggering on the degree of apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) and the potential effect on progesterone secretion. METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF who received hCG, GnRH agonist, or dual trigger for final follicular maturation were included in the study. Granulosa cells were obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval. The proportion of apoptotic cells was evaluated via TUNEL and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the GnRH agonist-alone group compared to hCG-alone and the dual trigger groups (13.5 ± 1.5% vs. 7.8% ± 1.8 vs. 10.1% ± 2, respectively, P < 0.01). Moreover, the expression of active-caspase-3 was also significantly increased in the GnRH agonist-alone group compared with the hCG-alone and the dual trigger groups (15.5% ± 2.9 vs. 8.4% ± 1.6 vs. 12.7% ± 2.6, respectively, P < 0.01). The progesterone levels measured in the granulosa-luteal cell culture medium after 24 h of incubation were similar between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of apoptosis are increased after GnRH agonist/dual trigger. The increased apoptosis might be one of the culprit of the subsequent premature demise of the corpus luteum post GnRH agonist trigger.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Infertilidade Masculina/fisiopatologia , Células Lúteas/patologia , Luteólise , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Adulto , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/métodos , Humanos , Células Lúteas/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Recuperação de Oócitos , Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study examined the effects of exogenous hCG administration on ovarian function and pregnancy rates in estrous-induced dairy goats during the transition into the breeding season. Eighty-six Toggenburg does received 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate intravaginal sponge for 6 d plus 200 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin and 30 µg of d-cloprostenol i.m. 24 h before sponge removal, and were then bred for 96 h. Seven days (D7) after first mating the does received either 1 mL of saline (the control group, n = 43) or 300 IU of hCG (the hCG-treated group, n = 43) i.m. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography (B-mode and color Doppler) was performed on D7, D13, D17, and D21 and ultrasonographic pregnancy detection on D30. Pregnancy rate was higher (P < 0.05) in hCG-treated goats (90.7%; 39/43) than that in control animals (74.4%; 32/43). Accessory luteal structures (ALSs) were detected in 46.5% (20/43) of hCG-treated does. All hCG-treated does that had ALSs and 82.6% of goats without ALS post-treatment remained pregnant. The total luteal area increased (P < 0.05) from D7 to D13 in pregnant animals of both groups, whereas mean vascular area declined (P < 0.05) by D21 in all nonpregnant does. Serum progesterone concentrations increased (P < 0.05) on D21 in pregnant goats of both groups, but they were related to changes in luteal tissue content only in control does throughout the present study. Mean daily numbers of small- and medium-sized antral follicles decreased (P < 0.05) only in pregnant animals of both groups with a decline in medium follicle numbers occurring earlier in hCG-treated (D13) compared with control does (D17). To summarize, a single dose of hCG given on D7 after estrus was followed by a decrease in the number of medium-sized antral follicles in gestating hCG-treated does, induced the formation of ALSs in ~47% of all hCG-treated does, and significantly increased the pregnancy rate in estrous-induced Toggenburg goats in the transition to the breeding season.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Cabras/fisiologia , Taxa de Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Animais , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
In the present study, there was assessment of effects of gonadotropin treatments on broodstock maturation, induced breeding, and spawning outcomes of striped snakehead in captivity. The striped snakehead (n = 128) were equally distributed in four concrete tanks (15â¯m2) and hormone implants (500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/kg body weight) were inserted intramuscularly and striped snakehead broodstock administered this treatment were confined in two tanks and striped snakehead of a non-implanted group were confined in two tanks. The hormone implanted striped snakehead had a greater (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) gonadosomatic index (GSI) and oocyte diameter in comparison to non-implanted striped snakehead. In a subsequent experiment, hCG and carp pituitary homogenate (CPH) were evaluated for inducing breeding. Dosages of hCG used were, 2,000 (TH1), 3000 (TH2), and 4000 (TH3) IU hCG/kg body weight of females. Dosages of CPH were, 20 (TP1), 30 (TP2), and 40 (TP3) mg CPH/kg body weight of females. Males were administered 0.75 of the dosage administered to females. The values for reproductive variables were estimated. Fertilization (89.0⯱â¯3.0 %) and hatching (92.0⯱â¯1.0 %) rates were greater (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) in the TH1 group of implanted striped snakehead. Relative fecundity (19,023⯱â¯2211), as well as fertilization (96.2⯱â¯2.4 %), and hatching (96.6⯱â¯1.7 %) rates were greater in the TP2 group of the implanted striped snakehead. The results from the present study indicate broodstock treated with gonadotropins had greater spawning outcomes which might facilitate mass scale breeding and fertilized egg as well as juvenile production of striped snakehead in captivity.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Peixes/fisiologia , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Animais , Aquicultura , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Implantes de Medicamento , Feminino , Masculino , Hipófise/química , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Non-lactating multiparous NZW rabbit does (n = 227) were used in two experiments. In the 1st experiment (n = 87), does were i.m. injected with 0.1-ml saline/doe in day 0 (control, n = 29). Other does were injected with 25 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), followed by 0.2-ml gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH, n = 29) or 75 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG, n = 29) per doe 48 h later. After 60 h of day 0, does in all groups were artificially inseminated (AI). In the 2nd experiment, does (n = 140) were mated (AI) after synchronization of estrus/ovulation with 25 IU eCG, and 75 IU hCG 48 h later. On day 5 post-AI, does were injected with saline (control), 75 IU hCG, 0.2 ml GnRH, or 25 IU eCG per doe. Injection of eCG with GnRH or hCG pre-AI significantly increased corpora lutea number, ovulation rate, total number/doe and recovery rate of embryos, viable embryos, hatched blastocysts, in vivo reproductive parameters, and concentration of progesterone and progesterone/estradiol 17-ß ratio. Injection of eCG on day 5 post-AI significantly improved large and total follicle number, and in vivo reproductive efficiency. The corpora lutea number and impantation sites were significantly increased in the hCG and eCG groups. Fetal loss rate significantly increased only in the GnRH group. Under high ambient temperature, administration of eCG with hCG or GnRH injection pre-AI could be synchronized estrus/ovulation for improving in vivo and in vitro embryo production. In addition, pregnancy outcomes could be enhanced in rabbit does induced to ovulation by a single eCG or hCG dose on day 5 post-AI.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/fisiologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Gonadotropinas Equinas/farmacologia , Temperatura Alta , Indução da Ovulação/veterinária , Coelhos/fisiologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Inseminação Artificial/veterináriaRESUMO
This study was conducted in ewes to assess effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration after imposing an estrous induction treatment regimen. Ewes (n = 115) were treated with a 60 mg medroxyprogesterone-intravaginal-sponge for 6 d plus 200 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) im and 37.5 µg d-cloprostenol im 36 h before sponge removal (Day 0). After natural mating, ewes having at least one corpus luteum (CL; n = 108) were administered either 1 mL of saline (G-Control; n = 53) or 300 IU of hCG (G-hCG; n = 55) on Day 7.5 after sponge removal (Day 0). Ovarian ultrasonography and blood collection were performed on Days 7.5, 13.5, 17.5, 21.5, and 30.5. Accessory CL (aCL) were observed in 81.5 % (G-hCG) and 0.0 % (G-Control) of ewes (P = 0.0001). Diameter, area, and volume of luteal tissue were greater (P < 0.05) in G-hCG from Day 13.5 to 30.5. Progesterone (P4) concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) on Days 13.5, 17.5, 21.5 and 30.5 for ewes of the G-hCG group. Pregnancy percentage was similar (P = 0.25) between groups [47.1 % (G-control) compared with 60.0 % (G-hCG)], although total number of lambs produced by estrous synchronized ewes was greater (P = 0.005) in ewes of the G-hCG group (90.9 % compared with 66.0 %). In conclusion, hCG administration 7.5 days after sponge removal from Morada Nova ewes during the non-breeding season is an effective treatment to induce aCL formation, improve luteal tissue biometry and P4 concentrations, and to enhance the total number of lambs born.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Corpo Lúteo/efeitos dos fármacos , Sincronização do Estro/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovinos , Animais , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Cloprostenol/farmacologia , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais/farmacologia , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Luteolíticos/farmacologia , Medroxiprogesterona/administração & dosagem , Medroxiprogesterona/farmacologia , Gravidez , Progesterona/sangue , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/administração & dosagem , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologiaRESUMO
Kisspeptin and its receptor KISS1R have been proven as pivotal regulators on controlling the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. Inactivating mutations in one of them cause idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in human as well as rodent models. Notably, gonadotropin insensitivity, failure in hCG response, was presented in the male patients with loss-function-mutations in KISS1R gene; this reveals the essential role of KISS1R signaling in regulating testosterone production beyond the hypothalamic functions of kisspeptin. In this study, we hypothesized that the autocrine action of kisspeptin on Leydig cells may modulate steroidogenesis. Based on the mouse cell model, we first demonstrated that the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway mediated gonadotropin-induced kisspeptin expression. By using siRNA interfering technique, knockdown of Kiss1r in MA-10 cells, a mouse Leydig tumor cell line, significantly reduced progesterone productions in both basal and hCG-treated conditions. Integrating the results from both quantitative real-time PCR and steroidogenic enzyme-activity assay, we found that this steroidogenic defect was associated with decreased luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (Lhcgr) and StAR protein (Star) expressions. Furthermore, exogenous expression of human LHCGR completely rescued hCG-stimulated progesterone production in the KISS1R-deficient cells. In conclusion, we proposed that the reproductive functions of KISS1R signaling in Leydig cell include modulating Lhcgr and steroidogenic gene expressions, which may shed the light on the pathophysiology of gonadotropin insensitivity.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Luteinizante/farmacologia , Progesterona/biossíntese , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/metabolismo , Animais , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/citologia , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/genética , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger ovulation on pregnancy outcomes in natural IUI cycles with donor sperm. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 5,610 first-natural IUI cycles with donor sperm in infertile couples during the period from January 2012 to December 2017. To control for other confounding factors, our analysis was restricted to normo-ovulatory women without tubal infertility. The main outcome measure was live birth rate; the secondary outcomes included rates of clinical pregnancy and miscarriage. Results: In the crude analysis, both the clinical pregnancy (27.40 vs. 22.73%; P = 0.001) and live birth rates (24.52 vs. 20.13%; P = 0.007) were significantly higher for the hCG group than for the spontaneous LH group. After adjustment for a number of confounding factors, the reproductive outcomes were still significantly worse for the spontaneous ovulatory group. Conclusions: Among women undergoing natural cycle IUI with donor sperm, hCG triggered ovulation for timing insemination offers beneficial impacts on both clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Fertilização in vitro/métodos , Infertilidade/terapia , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas/métodos , Adulto , Coeficiente de Natalidade , China , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Indução da Ovulação , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espermatozoides/citologia , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a common complication of ovarian stimulation associated with the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during assisted reproduction. We have determined the expression of luteinizing hormone receptor (Lhcgr) mRNA, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its transcription factor, HIF1α, during the periovulatory period in a rodent model of OHSS and compared these results with normal ovulatory periods. These results showed that the downregulation of Lhcgr mRNA in response to conditions that mimic preovulatory LH surge was significantly impaired in the OHSS group compared to the complete downregulation seen in the control group. Most importantly, the downregulation of luteinizing hormone receptor mRNA expression following hCG administration was sustained in the control group up to 48 h, whereas it remained at significantly higher levels in the OHSS group. This impairment of hCG-induced Lhcgr downregulation in the OHSS group was accompanied by significantly elevated levels of VEGF and its transcription factor, HIF1α. Furthermore, the downregulation of Lhcgr that occurs in response to a preovulatory LH surge in normal cycles was accompanied by low levels of VEGF. This study shows that, while downregulation of Lhcgr as well as low VEGF levels are seen in response to a preovulatory LH surge in normal ovarian cycle, impaired Lhcgr downregulation and elevated VEGF levels were found in the OHSS group.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/patologia , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Receptores do LH/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/genética , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores do LH/genética , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
This study assessed animal welfare in ewes subjected to transcervical (TC) or laparotomy (LP) embryo collection, and the efficiency of these two techniques. Santa Inês ewes (n = 57) received a protocol for estrus synchronization and superovulation. Cervical dilation protocol was initiated 12 h before embryo collection in all ewes. Depending on the success of cervical passage, the embryos were collected from ewes by either TC or LP. Records were made of physiological (rectal temperature (RT) and heart rate (HR)), endocrine (cortisol concentration), biochemical (glycaemia, total proteins, globulin and albumin concentrations), and behavioral variables. Data were recorded before fasting (BF) and sedation (BS), during (DC) and immediately after embryo collection (IAC), and 1 h (1hAC), 3 h (3hAC), 6 h (6hAC), 12 h (12hAC), 24 h (24hAC), and 48 h (48hAC) after embryo collection. The LP and TC procedures were applied to 22 and 35 ewes (with 100.0% and 94.3% of procedures being successful, respectively). The use of LP took longer than TC (P = 0.007) but was less effective in the recovery of uterine fluid and structures (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0180, respectively), with no difference in the number of viable embryos recovered per animal. The TC procedure induced a greater RT at DC (P = 0.002) and IAC moments (P < 0.0001). The heart rate was greater in TC than LP in IAC (P = 0.036). On the other hand, HR was greater with LP at 12hAC (P = 0.033) and 24hAC (P = 0.002). There was no interaction between the procedures and time on total proteins, albumin, or globulin concentrations. The TC procedure induced greater glycaemia than LP in IAC (P < 0.0001). LP induced greater serum cortisol concentration than TC at DC, IAC, 1hAC (P = 0.0004; P = 0.0006; P = 0.036, respectively), even though it was greater in the TC than the LP procedure at 3hAC (P = 0.008). In conclusion, the TC embryo collection was more effective than the traditional LP procedure. Although both embryo collection procedures affected ewes' welfare, the TC procedure is probably less stressor than the LP.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Laparotomia/veterinária , Ovinos , Coleta de Tecidos e Órgãos/veterinária , Abortivos não Esteroides/farmacologia , Animais , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Cloprostenol/farmacologia , Dinoprosta/farmacologia , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Luteolíticos/farmacologia , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/farmacologia , Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , SuperovulaçãoRESUMO
Two experiments evaluated the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) administered 11 d before artificial insemination (AI) on body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), ovarian structures, pregnancy rate, and antioxidant response of Nellore cows. In Experiment 1, 20 multiparous cows were assigned to one of two treatments: subcutaneous injection (6â¯mL/cow; 11 d before AI) of saline solution or ITM (60, 10, 5, and 15â¯mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se and Cu, respectively) and BW, BCS, ovarian structures and blood were evaluated. In Experiment 2, 1,144 multiparous cows were assigned to same treatments described in Experiment 1 and pregnancy rate on d 30 was evaluated. In Experiment 1, ITM did not affect (Pâ¯≥⯠0.23) BW, dominant follicle size, ovulation rate, and plasma concentrations of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and progesterone (P4). The ITM treatment tended to increase (Pâ¯=⯠0.06) cow BCS and reduce (Pâ¯≤⯠0.06) corpus luteum (CL) diameter and volume. Furthermore, ITM treatment tended to increase (Pâ¯=⯠0.06) plasma concentrations of SOD and increased (Pâ¯=⯠0.007) GSH-Px compared with saline injection. In Experiment 2, ITM treatment tended (Pâ¯=⯠0.06) to increase pregnancy rate of cows with BCS ≤ 5.0 but not cows with BCS > 5.0 (Pâ¯=⯠0.99). The ITM treatment did not alter BW, plasma P4, and acute phase response, but enhanced plasma concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, and tended to enhance BCS and pregnancy rates to AI of cows with BCS ≤ 5.0, even though there was a smaller corpus luteum size.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Oligoelementos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Contraceptivos Hormonais/administração & dosagem , Contraceptivos Hormonais/farmacologia , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Estradiol/farmacologia , Feminino , Fármacos para a Fertilidade Feminina/administração & dosagem , Fármacos para a Fertilidade Feminina/farmacologia , Gravidez , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Progesterona/farmacologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/administração & dosagem , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologiaRESUMO
The ovulatory homolog model of female orgasm posits that the neuro-endocrine mechanisms underlying female orgasm evolved from and are homologous to the mechanisms mediating copulation-induced ovulation in some mammals. This model predicts that pharmacological agents that affect human orgasm, such as fluoxetine, should also affect ovulation in animals with copulation-induced ovulation, such as rabbits. We tested this prediction by treating rabbits with daily doses of fluoxetine for 2 wk and found that fluoxetine treatment reduces the number of ovulations postcopulation by 30%. In a second experiment we tested whether this result was mediated by an effect on the brain or via peripheral serotonin functions. We treated animals with fluoxetine and induced ovulation with a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. In this experiment ovulation rate was nominally reduced by only 8%, which is statistically not significant. We conclude that the effect of fluoxetine on copulation-induced ovulation rate supports the ovulatory homolog model of female orgasm, suggesting that female orgasm has very deep evolutionary roots among the early eutherian mammals.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Copulação/fisiologia , Feminino , Fluoxetina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Ovulação/fisiologia , Coelhos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/administração & dosagem , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations during eCG-ovarian follicular superstimulatory treatment performed in early luteal phase and estradiol concentrations during peri-ovulatory period on ovarian response, number and embryo quality. On Day -2, females (nâ¯=â¯75) having a follicle ≥7â¯mm were treated with GnRH to induce ovulation. On Day 0, females that had ovulations (nâ¯=â¯54) were treated with 1000 IU eCG and were assigned to one of two treatments: (1) intravaginal device (ID) containing 0.5â¯g P4 (P4 group) and (2) no ID (Control group). On Day 5, females were administered PGF2α and the ID was removed. On Day 7 and 8, females were mated and embryo recovery was performed 7 or 8 days later. Blood samples were collected from Day 0 to 9. Number (± SD) of follicles ≥7â¯mm on day of mating was greater (Pâ¯=⯠0.04) in the control (9.7 ± 4.2) than P4-treated (6.7⯱â¯4.9) group; number of corpora lutea did not differ (5.5⯱â¯3.1 and 5.2⯱â¯3.4 respectively). Ovulation rate was greater (Pâ¯<⯠0.01) in the P4-group (77.4%; 130/168) than control group (53.3%; 135/253). Number of embryos with an excellent grade (grade 1) tended to be greater (Pâ¯=⯠0.07) in the P4-group (82.4%; 42/51) than control group (65.4%; 36/55). It was concluded that supplementation with exogenous P4 during eCG treatment in early luteal phase inhibits excessive follicular growth, increases ovulation rate and improves embryo quality.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/fisiologia , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Corpo Lúteo/fisiologia , Progesterona/farmacologia , Superovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Camelídeos Americanos/sangue , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Corpo Lúteo/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Progestinas/farmacologia , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologiaRESUMO
RATIONALE: The borderline form of empty follicle syndrome (EFS) is a phenomenon where only a few mature or immature oocytes are retrieved despite adequate response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). It is a rare phenomenon with an unclear underlying mechanism, and there is currently no effective treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS: The patient received 3 assisted reproductive technology cycles, and although her follicular development and estrogen levels were normal during COH, the outcome with respect to the oocytes obtained was unsatisfactory. DIAGNOSES: Borderline form of EFS. INTERVENTIONS: In the context of undergoing GnRH-antagonist protocol, we implemented a double-trigger with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after 6âhours of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) administration. OUTCOMES: Eleven oocytes were obtained (M Iâ×â3, M IIâ×â8), which underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF). After 18âhours, 7 oocytes showed normal fertilization, with 2 embryos formed 72âhours later (embryo rating, 6C IIâ×â1, 9C IIâ×â1); the embryos were then frozen. LESSONS: Oocyte maturation and ovulation are time-dependent processes, and that different patients require different lengths/intervals of time for treatment. Therefore, the borderline form of EFS, in general, may be treatable, and our novel trigger method provides a new treatment option for such patients in the future.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Fármacos para a Fertilidade Feminina/farmacologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/terapia , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Adulto , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Humanos , Recuperação de Oócitos , Gravidez , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologiaRESUMO
The objective of the present was to determine the effect of long-term release GnRH agonists "deslorelin" on suppression and restoration of testicular and accessory sex glands functions, and expression of HSP in testes of adult male rats. A group of twenty-eight male rats and fifty-six female rats were kept for eleven months. The male rats were subdivided into treatment (nâ¯=â¯18; deslorelin, an analogue of GnRH, 4.7â¯mg, S.C; six months) and control (nâ¯=â¯10; untreated), and the adult female rats were introduced with either treatment or control male rats at the 2nd, 6th and 11th months post implant insertion. At 6th month of deslorelin implants insertion, six male rats from treatment and five rats from control group were sacrificed. The remaining (twelve treatment and five control) male rats were sacrificed at 11 months. The testicular dimension were measured monthly in both treatment and control rats. The blood samples were collected for testosterone and HSP70 antibody, whereas, the testes and accessory glands were isolated for histological examination at each sacrificial time. The results showed that testicular dimension were significantly lesser in treatment group until 9 months post treatment. HSP70 protein expression was negligible at 6 months in treatment group but its intensity increased in spermatids 11 months of treatment similar to control group. Significantly lower testosterone concentrations with poor semen quality, and smaller litter size were observed in treatment group. The histological picture of accessory sex glands and seminiferous tubules shown a variable integrity in treatment group than control at 6 months implant insertion. In conclusion, the subcutaneous application of 4.7â¯mg of the GnRH-analogue deslorelin represents a practicable, like in the female rats, method to suppress testicular, accessory sex glands functions, testicular HSP expression and fertility in male rats. Moreover, the suppressive effects of deslorelin, continued until 11th months after removal of the implant.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/farmacologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Pamoato de Triptorrelina/análogos & derivados , Animais , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Feminino , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Ratos , Substâncias para o Controle da Reprodução/administração & dosagem , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/fisiologia , Testosterona/sangue , Pamoato de Triptorrelina/administração & dosagem , Pamoato de Triptorrelina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an inducible rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid production. Because COX-2 represents one of the inducible genes in mouse mesenchymal stem cells upon differentiation into Leydig cells, we investigated COX-2 expression and production of prostaglandin (PG) in Leydig cells. Although COX-2 was undetectable in mouse testis, it was transiently induced in Leydig cells by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Consistent with the finding that Leydig cells expressed aldo-keto reductase 1B7 (PGF synthase) and PGE synthase 2, induction of COX-2 by hCG caused a marked increase in testicular PGF 2α and PGE 2 levels. Using mouse Leydig cell tumor-derived MA-10 cells as a model, it was indicated by reporter assays and electron mobility shift assays that transcription of the COX-2 gene was activated by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ß (C/EBPß) with cAMP-stimulation. C/EBPß expression was induced by cAMP-stimulation, whereas expression of C/EBP homolog protein (CHOP) was robustly downregulated. Transfection of CHOP expression plasmid inhibited cAMP-induced COX-2 promoter activity. In addition, CHOP reduced constitutive COX-2 expression in other mouse Leydig cell tumor-derived TM3 cells. These results indicate that COX-2 is induced in Leydig cells by activation of C/EBPß via reduction of CHOP expression upon gonadotropin-stimulation to produce PGF 2α and PGE 2 .