Psychological Attempts to Change a Person's Gender Identity From Transgender to Cisgender: Estimated Prevalence Across US States, 2015.

Objectives. To examine exposure to psychological attempts to change a person's gender identity from transgender to cisgender (PACGI) among transgender people in the United States, lifetime and between the years 2010 and 2015, by US state.Methods. We obtained data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, a cross-sectional nonprobability sample of 27 716 transgender people in the United States, to estimate the percentage exposed to PACGI in each US state.Results. Overall, 13.5% of the sample indicated lifetime exposure to PACGI, ranging across all US states from 9.4% (South Carolina) to 25.0% (Wyoming). The percentage of transgender adults in the United States reporting exposure to PACGI between 2010 and 2015 was 5% overall, and across all states ranged from 1.2% (Alaska) to 16.3% (South Dakota).Conclusions. Despite major medical organizations identifying PACGI as ineffective and unethical, 13.5% of transgender people in the United States reported lifetime exposure to this practice. Findings suggest that this practice has continued in every US state as recently as the period 2010 to 2015.

Efeito de um programa de apoio às necessidades psicológicas básicas sobre os comportamentos pró e anti-socias na educação física escolar / Efecto de un programa de apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas sobre los comportamientos pró y anti-sociales en la educación física escolar / Effect of a program to support basic psychological needs on pro and antisocial behavior in school physical education

Comportamentos antissociais tornaram-se recorrentes no ambiente escolar e se manifestado por meio de agressões físicas, verbais e simbólicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de uma intervenção, fundamentada no atendimento das necessidades psicológicas básicas (NPB), nos comportamentos pró e antissociais em aulas de Educação Física escolar. Participaram deste estudo 45 alunos e 2 professores de educação Física (PEF) divididos em Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Intervenção (GI). Os alunos responderam o Questionário de Atitudes no Esporte (QAE-23) e uma entrevista semiestruturada nos momentos pré e pós intervenção. A intervenção consistiu em uma orientação semanal com o PEF do GI durante 10 semanas, com objetivo de realizar adaptações na aula a fim de levar ao cumprimento das NPB. Para verificar diferença entre os grupos, em relação às respostas do QAE-23, nos momentos pré e pós, foi utilizado o teste T de Student e adotado nível de significância 5%. Na análise qualitativa, as entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e, posteriormente, categorizadas e analisadas. Mediante análise dos relatos obtidos pela entrevista foi possível observar percepção do atendimento das NPB e redução de comportamentos antissociais. Contudo, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para as respostas do QAE-2. Conclui-se, por meio dos relatos obtidos na entrevista, que a intervenção pautada no cumprimento das NPB possibilitou um efeito positivo em relação à redução dos comportamentos antissociais, porém, os dados quantitativos sugerem que a duração do estudo pode ter sido um fator limitante de maior efeito em relação à ausência internalização dos comportamentos

Los comportamientos antissociales se tornaron recurrentes en el ambiente escolar y se manifestaron por medio de agresiones físicas, verbales y simbólicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el efecto de una intervención, fundamentada en la atención de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (NPB), en los comportamientos pro y antisociales en clases de Educación Física escolar. En este estudio participaron 45 alumnos y 2 profesores de educación Física (PEF) divididos en Grupo Control (GC) y Grupo Intervención (GI). Los alumnos respondieron el Cuestionario de Actitudes en el Deporte (QAE-23) y una entrevista semiestructurada en los momentos pre y post intervención. La intervención consistió en una orientación semanal con el PEF del GI durante 10 semanas, con el objetivo de realizar adaptaciones en la clase a fin de llevar al cumplimiento de las NPB. Para verificar la diferencia entre los grupos, en relación a las respuestas del QAE-23, en los momentos pre y post, se utilizó la prueba T de Student y se adoptó un nivel de significancia del 5%. En el análisis cualitativo, las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas y posteriormente clasificadas y analizadas. Mediante el análisis de los relatos obtenidos por la entrevista fue posible observar percepción de la atención de las NPB y reducción de comportamientos antisociales. Sin embargo, no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos para las respuestas del QAE-2. Se concluye, por medio de los relatos obtenidos en la entrevista, que la intervención pautada en el cumplimiento de las NPB posibilitó un efecto positivo en relación a la reducción de los comportamientos antisociales, sin embargo, los datos cuantitativos sugieren que la duración del estudio puede haber sido un factor limitante de mayor efecto en relación a la ausencia de internalización de los comportamientos

The objective was to verify the effect of an intervention, based on the attendance of the basic psychological needs (NPB) and pro and antisocial behaviors in school physical education classes. Thirty-five students and two teachers of Physical Education, divided into Control Group (CG) and Intervention (GI) participated in this study. The students answered the Attitudes Questionnaire in Sport (QAE-23) and participated in a semi-structured interview in the pre-and post-intervention moments. The intervention was performed with the GI teacher for 10 weeks, aiming to promote NPB during class. The Student's t-test was used and adopted p <0.05. The interviews were categorized and analyzed. It was observed perception of NPB care and reduction of antisocial behaviors. It was concluded that intervention based on NPB compliance enabled a reduction of antisocial behavior, but the duration of the study may have been a limiting factor of greater effect in relation to the internalization of these behaviors

Role of distractors in delayed matching-to-sample arrangements in tests for emergent relations

Some studies have presented math tasks as distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) procedures between the offset of the sample stimulus and the onset of the comparison stimuli in tests for equivalence class formation. The main findings have been a decrease in experimenter-defined correct matching performance when participants have been exposed to such distractors. Therefore, the purpose of two experiments in the present study was to extend the knowledge of how different types of distractors may or may not influence equivalence class formation in DMTS procedures. Experiments 1 and 2 were arranged as ABA designs. The A-phases were arranged without distractors and the B-phases with distractors during testing. In the test phases, dictation tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 1, while echoic tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 2. The results showed that matching accuracy and equivalence class formation were reduced in the B-phases but not in the A-phases in Experiment 1, while the echoic tasks did not influence performance in Experiment 2. The results are also discussed on the basis of the criterion of correct responding

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Personality change and therapeutic gain: randomized controlled trial of a positive psychology intervention

This study examined the possibility that personality would change in the course of a positive psychology intervention, and would add to therapeutic gain. 89 participants were randomly assigned into the intervention group (N= 45) and the waiting-list group (N= 44). The intervention followed 6-week-online-protocol. Participants reported on the Steen Happiness Index (SHI), The Positive Psychotherapy Index (PPTI), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS) as well as on the temperament scales Harm Avoidance and Persistence, and the character trait Self-Directedness three times: at outset, post-intervention, and four weeks later at follow-up. Hypotheses were tested using growth curve analysis and regression analysis. The intervention group gained in all three happiness measures, in the personality traits Self-Directedness and Persistence and decreased in Harm Avoidance relative to the waiting-list group. Regression analyses revealed that the change in personality traits, and particularly in Self-Directedness mediated the therapeutic gains in the SHI as well as in the PPTI, but not in SLS. Although personality is basically very stable, successful interventions can bring about beneficial changes in personality which may in turn help to maintain therapeutic gains. The role of personality change in psychotherapy should be studied across therapeutic approaches, settings, and psychiatric diagnoses

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Quality science from quality measurement: The role of measurement type with respect to replication and effect size magnitude in psychological research.

The quality of psychological studies is currently a major concern. The Many Labs Project (MLP) and the Open-Science-Collaboration (OSC) have collected key data on replicability and statistical effect sizes. We build on this work by investigating the role played by three measurement types: ratings, proportions and unbounded (measures without conceptual upper limits, e.g. time). Both replicability and effect sizes are dependent on the amount of variability due to extraneous factors. We predicted that the role of such extraneous factors might depend on measurement type, and would be greatest for ratings, intermediate for proportions and least for unbounded. Our results support this conjecture. OSC replication rates for unbounded, 43% and proportion 40% combined are reliably higher than those for ratings at 20% (effect size, w = .20). MLP replication rates for the original studies are: proportion = .74, ratings = .40 (effect size w = .33). Original effect sizes (Cohen's d) are highest for: unbounded OSC cognitive = 1.45, OSC social = .90); next for proportions (OSC cognitive = 1.01, OSC social = .84, MLP = .82); and lowest for ratings (OSC social = .64, MLP = .31). These findings are of key importance to scientific methodology and design, even if the reasons for their occurrence are still at the level of conjecture.

Non-response to sad mood induction: implications for emotion research.

Experimental induction of sad mood states is a mainstay of laboratory research on affect and cognition, mood regulation, and mood disorders. Typically, the success of such mood manipulations is reported as a statistically significant pre- to post-induction change in the self-rated intensity of the target affect. The present commentary was motivated by an unexpected finding in one of our studies concerning the response rate to a well-validated sad mood induction. Using the customary statistical approach, we found a significant mean increase in self-rated sadness intensity with a moderate effect size, verifying the "success" of the mood induction. However, that "success" masked that, between one-fifth and about one-third of our samples (adolescents who had histories of childhood-onset major depressive disorder and healthy controls) reported absolutely no sadness in response to the mood induction procedure. We consider implications of our experience for emotion research by (1) commenting upon the typically overlooked phenomenon of nonresponse, (2) suggesting changes in reporting practices regarding mood induction success, and (3) outlining future directions to help scientists determine why some subjects do not respond to experimental mood induction.

Indicators of Complex Care During the Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Activity at the Transplant Center of the Policlinico Hospital, Modena.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify possible biopsychosocial predictors of organizational complexity in patients referred to the consultant psychiatrist for assessment before liver transplantation. METHODS: This was a case-control study. All psychiatric consultations performed before and after liver transplantation from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013 were included. Complexity was operationalized as "undergoing two or more psychiatric consultations". Controls were defined as patients who were assessed only once by the consultant. Cases were represented by patients who underwent two or more consultations. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 13.1, using logistic regressions. RESULTS: In this study, 515 consultations were requested for 309 patients potentially eligible for liver transplantation. Controls were 209 (67.6%); cases were 100 (32.4%). Positive psychiatric history (odds ratio [OR] = 2.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-4.16), viral or toxic (alcohol- or drug-related) liver disease (OR = 1.93; 95% CI, 1.09-3.42), use of psychotropic medications at the baseline (OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.14-4.07), and female gender (OR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.01-3.11) were significantly associated with an increased probability of being cases. CONCLUSIONS: Positive psychiatric history, viral or toxic liver disease, use of psychotropic medications at the index referral, and female gender are possible biopsychosocial predictors of complexity in patients eligible for liver transplantation.

A systematic review of systematic reviews of interventions to improve maternal mental health and well-being.

OBJECTIVE: to identify non-invasive interventions in the perinatal period that could enable midwives to offer effective support to women within the area of maternal mental health and well-being. METHODS: a total of 9 databases were searched: MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO (CINAHL/British Nursing Index), MIDIRS Online Database, Web of Science, The Cochrane library, CRD (NHS EED/DARE/HTA), Joanne Briggs Institute and EconLit. A systematic search strategy was formulated using key MeSH terms and related text words for midwifery, study aim, study design and mental health. Inclusion criteria were articles published from 1999 onwards, English language publications and articles originating from economically developed countries, indicated by membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Data were independently extracted using a data collection form, which recorded data on the number of papers reviewed, time frame of the review, objectives, key findings and recommendations. Summary data tables were set up outlining key data for each study and findings were organised into related groups. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed based on predefined quality assessment criteria for reviews. FINDINGS: 32 reviews were identified as examining interventions that could be used or co-ordinated by midwives in relation to some aspect of maternal mental health and well-being from the antenatal to the postnatal period and met the inclusion criteria. The review highlighted that based on current systematic review evidence it would be premature to consider introducing any of the identified interventions into midwifery training or practice. However there were a number of examples of possible interventions worthy of further research including midwifery led models of care in the prevention of postpartum depression, psychological and psychosocial interventions for treating postpartum depression and facilitation/co-ordination of parent-training programmes. No reviews were identified that supported a specific midwifery role in maternal mental health and well-being in pregnancy, and yet, this is the point of most intensive contact. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This systematic review of systematic reviews provides a valuable overview of the current strengths and gaps in relation to maternal mental health interventions in the perinatal period. While there was little evidence identified to inform the current role of midwives in maternal mental health, the review provides the opportunity to reflect on what is achievable by midwives now and in the future and the need for high quality randomised controlled trials to inform a strategic approach to promoting maternal mental health in midwifery.

How different are girls and boys above and below the diagnostic threshold for autism spectrum disorders?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore sex differences in autistic traits in relation to diagnosis, to elucidate factors that might differentially impact whether girls versus boys meet diagnostic criteria for autism or a related autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD: Data from a large population-based sample of children were examined. Girls and boys (aged 10-12 years) meeting diagnostic criteria for an ASD were compared with those failing to meet diagnostic criteria despite very high scores on a trait measure of ASD, the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST). Information about behavioral difficulties as reported by teachers, and early estimates of intellectual functioning, were compared. RESULTS: Girls, but not boys, meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD showed significantly more additional problems (low intellectual level, behavioral difficulties) than peers with similarly high CAST scores who did not meet diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that, in the absence of additional intellectual or behavioral problems, girls are less likely than boys to meet diagnostic criteria for ASD at equivalently high levels of autistic-like traits. This might reflect gender bias in diagnosis or genuinely better adaptation/compensation in girls.

La inteligencia emocional como predictor del rendimeinto académico en estudiantes univesitarios / Emotional intelligence as predictor of academic achievement in university student

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el análisi de la contribución específica de la inteligencia emocional a la predicción del rendimiento académico. Los participantes fueron 250 estudantes universitarios de estudios técnicos y humanísticos. Se emplearon dos pruebas de inteligencia emocional, el TMMS-24 y la prueba de Schutte et al. (1998), junto con el test de factor g de Cattell, y diferentes indicadores globnales de rendimiento académico. Los resultados mostraron la existnecia de correlaciones prácticamente nulas enre le cociente intelectual y los diferentes factores de la inteligenica emocional evaluados en este estudio. Además el análisis de regresión jerárquica ostró relaciones signficativas d elas medidas de inteligencia emocional conalgunos indicadores de rendimiento académico, incluso cuando se controló el efecto del CI. Estos resultados indican la contribución independiente de la inteligenci emocional a la predicción y /o explicación del rendimietno académcio en estudiantes universitarios(AU)

The present work hs as its main objective the analysis of the specific contribution of emotionl intelligence to the prediction of academic achievement. The participants were 250 universiy students of technical and humanistic studies. Two test of emotional intelligence were used, the TMMS-24, and the Scutte et al (1998) test, along with the g factor test of Cattell y Cattell, and different global academic results showed that practically null correlations were obseved between the intellectual quotient and the different factors of emotinal intellience evaluated in this stdy. In addiction, the hiearchic regression technique showed significant relations of emotional intelligence measures and some indictors of academic performance, even when the effect of the IQ was controlled. Thses results indicate the independent contribution of emotional intelligente to the explanation or prediciton of academic achievement, herarchic regression(AU)

Views of chartered physiotherapists on the psychological content of their practice: a preliminary study in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Although research into the psychological aspects of sports injury is increasing and psychological interventions have been identified as important in the rehabilitation process, few studies have focused on how sports medicine practitioners deal with psychological problems. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perceptions of English chartered physiotherapists on the psychological content of their practice. METHODS: The Physiotherapist and Sport Psychology Questionnaire (PSPQ) was adapted slightly from the Athletic Trainer and Sport Psychology Questionnaire and used in this study. A survey package comprising a PSPQ, introductory letter, and self addressed envelope was mailed to 179 chartered physiotherapists registered in the England Eastern Region Sports Medicine Directory. RESULTS: In total, 90 (50% response rate) questionnaires were returned. The sample consisted of 67 women and 23 men with a mean (SD) age of 40.1 (5.4) years and 9.2 (3.1) years of experience as chartered physiotherapists. Descriptive statistical and qualitative analysis showed that physiotherapists believed athletes were often psychologically affected by injury. The physiotherapists also reported often using psychological techniques when treating injured athletes, but few reported having access to a sport psychologist for referral. CONCLUSIONS: This research indicates that future physiotherapy education may need more emphasis on the psychological aspect of injury, and seek to increase knowledge on the potential of using psychological interventions within a physiotherapy rehabilitation programme. Furthermore, some form of referral network should be established between chartered physiotherapists and sport psychologists.

A randomized controlled trial of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) for mild to moderate alcohol dependence.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to conduct a randomized controlled trial of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) with two control conditions: nondirective reflective listening (NDRL) and no further counseling (NFC); and to conduct this study in a sample of patients with a primary diagnosis of mild to moderate alcohol dependence, in a "real-life" clinical setting. METHOD: Patients with mild to moderate alcohol dependence were recruited, assessed and treated at the Community Alcohol and Drug Service of Christchurch, New Zealand. All patients received a feedback/education session before randomization to either four sessions of MET, four sessions of NDRL, or NFC. Outcome data on 122 subjects (57.4% men) were obtained 6 months following the end of treatment, by an interviewer who was blind to the treatment condition. The primary drinking outcome was unequivocal heavy drinking, defined as drinking 10 or more standard drinks six or more times in the follow-up period. Global assessment scale (GAS) measured general personal/social functioning. RESULTS: Of patients treated with MET, 42.9% showed unequivocal heavy drinking compared with 62.5% of the NDRL and 65.0% of the NFC groups (p = .04). No significant differences were found for GAS score according to treatment condition. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild to moderate alcohol dependence, MET is more effective for reducing unequivocal heavy drinking than either a feedback/education session alone or four sessions of NDRL. MET can be considered an effective "value added" counseling intervention in a real-life clinical setting. In patients with mild to moderate alcohol dependence, nondirective reflective listening provides no additional advantage over a feedback/education session alone.

Investigación y docencia en salud mental (11): ¿Queda algún futuro para la "Asistencia Centrada en el Consultante" y el pensamiento clínico? / No disponible

El trabajo parte de una reflexión epistemológica sobre la investigación en psicoterapia y una descripción de las áreas, métodos y condicionantes para el futuro de la misma. Se describen asimismo algunas consecuencias ilustrativas de los sesgos que han venido mostrándose anteriormente, tanto de la "perspectiva Bambi" como de la "perspectiva Godzilla". Se plantean como ejemplos ilustrativos los siguientes: la santificación del "managed care"; el efecto Utah en el lanzamiento de nuevos neurolépticos y antidepresivos; los resultados negativos de los metaanálisis de una técnica que sigue practicándose y defendiéndose, como es la TEC; los resultados positivos pero poco conocidos de algunas técnicas psicológicas elementales en el cuidado de los pacientes graves y sus familiares así como de la depresión puerperal; los resultados negativos o inciertos de determinadas técnicas "contraculturales" etc. Para terminar, se realizan una serie de propuestas integradoras, tanto para la investigación como para la docencia en salud mental, orientadas por un intento de soslayar los dogmatismos y sectarismos habituales(AU)

Paper begins with an epistemological reflection on psychotherapy research and a description of areas, methods and condition ants for its future. Sorne shunts of Bambi's perspective and Godzilla's perspective are described. Some illustrative examples are considered: the sanctification of"managed care", the Utah effect on marketing of new neuroleptics and antidepressants, the meta-analysis negative results about ECT, the positive but almost unknown effects of some elementary psychological techniques on severe disorders care and on puerperal depression, the negative results of some "contra cultural" techniques... To end, a series of integrative proposals for research and teaching in mental health are developed -with the common objective to avoid the sectarian and dogmatic trends almost habitual in that field(AU)

Physiotherapists' and male professional athletes' views on psychological skills for rehabilitation.

In the literature on the psychological aspects of rehabilitation from athletic injury, several studies in North America have focused on athletic trainers' roles as physical and psychological caregivers for injured athletes. Wiese, Weiss, and Yukelson (1991) examined the views of athletic trainers on the psychological characteristics that distinguished athletes who coped well, versus those who coped poorly with rehabilitation, and also sought athletic trainers opinions on the role of psychological skills in injury rehabilitation. This study replicated the Wiese et al. (1991) study with Australian physiotherapists and extended it to include the viewpoints of professional basketball players. The results indicated the importance attached to communication and motivation by both physiotherapists and athletes in the rehabilitation process. Both athletes and physiotherapists did not, however, think psychological skills such as relaxation or imagery techniques to be particularly useful tools in the recovery process.

Estudio de la potencia de los contrastes de medias con dos y tres grupos con tamaño de efecto pequeño y en condiciones de no normalidad y homo-heterocedasticidad / The power of mean tests with two and three groups, with small effect size and under non-normality and homo-heteroscedaticity

Se estudia el problema de la potencia analizando tamaños de efecto pequeño en dos y tres muestras, utilizando diversos contrastes paramétricos y no paramétricos (t de Student, prueba de Welch y U de Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon en el caso de dos grupos, y ANOVA, prueba de James de segundo orden (James, 1951, 1954) y Kruskal-Wallis, en el caso de tres grupos), ello tanto en condiciones de cumplimiento de los supuestos subyacentes a las pruebas como bajo violación de los supuestos de normalidad y homocedasticidad. La principal conclusión es que, cuando no sea posible trabajar con muestras numerosas, (caso común en la investigación en Psicología aplicada) se deben plantear otras formas de investigación que permitan resultados más esclarecedores (AU)

The power of mean contrasts is studied in conditions of small effect size, with two and three samples, and using several parametric and non-parametric statistical tests (Student’s test, Welch test and Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon’s U with two groups; ANOVA, James second order test and Kruskal-Wallis with three groups), both complying with the parametric assumptions of normality and homocedasticity and violating those assumptions. The main result is that, when it is not possible to have big samples (which is very common when investigating in applied Psychology) these tests are not useful and different ways of investigating must be accomplished (AU)