RESUMO
Today, when monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of therapeutic drugs, it is easy to forget how much they have transformed our healthcare in other ways. One of the first clinical areas, as this paper shows, where mAbs made their mark was in the field of blood typing. The adoption of mAbs for this purpose was done with little public fanfare or funding. Nonetheless, it radically transformed the accuracy and cost of blood typing and shifted the procedure away from a dependence on reagents made from human blood donated by volunteers. This paper argues that the development of mAbs as reagents for blood typing laid the foundation for the first large-scale production of mAbs thereby paving the way to the advent of mAb diagnostics and therapeutics.
Assuntos
Testes de Aglutinação/métodos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/biossíntese , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Tipagem e Reações Cruzadas Sanguíneas/métodos , Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos , Testes de Aglutinação/instrumentação , Testes de Aglutinação/tendências , Tipagem e Reações Cruzadas Sanguíneas/economia , Tipagem e Reações Cruzadas Sanguíneas/tendências , Humanos , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo MNSs , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-HrAssuntos
Testes de Aglutinação/métodos , Testes de Aglutinação/normas , Testes de Aglutinação , Bacilos Gram-Positivos , Bacilos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , beta-Lactamas/uso terapêutico , Testes de Aglutinação/tendências , Cocos Gram-Positivos , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Cocos Gram-Positivos/metabolismo , Cocos Gram-Positivos/patogenicidade , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/patogenicidadeAssuntos
Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Testes de Aglutinação/tendências , Antígenos de Protozoários/análise , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/tendências , Humanos , Índia , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/tendências , Proteínas de Protozoários/análise , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Early works leading to the detection of the pneumococcus and eventually to the appreciation that isolates differed in agglutination and that antisera differed in their capacity to protect against pneumococcal infection in the mouse protection test are reviewed. Studies by researchers from Europe, South Africa, and the United States over nearly five decades led to the introduction of serum therapy. Rapid typing methods thus became very important, and type-specific serum therapy generated a dramatic decrease in the number of deaths from pneumococcal pneumonia. Just before the introduction of sulfonamides and, shortly thereafter, penicillin, the use of horse sera was replaced by the use of rabbit sera for a number of reasons. The present methods of typing comprise the capsular reaction test, latex- and coagglutination, and capillary precipitation, to name the most important; these use a large variety of antisera. Newer methods include the use of DNA probes and DNA sequence-based subtyping.
Assuntos
Testes de Aglutinação/história , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Aglutinação/tendências , Animais , Sondas de DNA , Testes de Hemaglutinação , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Soros Imunes , Testes de Fixação do Látex , Infecções Pneumocócicas/história , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
The methodological analysis of the main problems of serological diagnosis has made it possible to pick out the tests of the agglutination type, especially those made with the use of sensitized erythrocytes, as most suitable for mass use. The comparison made between different agglutination tests has confirmed the fact that the use of sensitized erythrocytes in such tests is highly effective. The comparison of the diagnostic possibilities of agglutination tests involving the use of erythrocytic reagents with those offered by enzyme immunoassays has demonstrated that tests based on the phenomenon of passive hemagglutination have great possibilities and hold considerable promise not only for mass immunological surveys, but also for research work.
