Morphomolecular identification of heavy parasitic typhlitis in layer flocks: tissue response and cell-mediated reaction.

BACKGROUND: Heterakis gallinarum (H. gallinarum) is a common poultry parasite that can be found in the ceca of many gallinaceous bird species, causing minor pathology and reduced weight gain. Most infections go unnoticed in commercial flocks due to the dependence on fecal egg counts, which are prone to false-negative diagnoses. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on gastrointestinal nematodes that use molecular identification methods, which could be essential for rapid diagnosis and developing efficient control approaches. As a result, the study aimed to look at the cause of mortality in layer chickens induced by H. gallinarum in Egyptian poultry farms using morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular characterization. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and cell-mediated immune responses from damaged cecal tissues were also examined. RESULTS: Seventy bird samples from ten-layer flocks of different breeds (Native, white, and brown layers) suffering from diarrhea, decreased egg output, and emaciation were collected. Cecal samples were collected from affected and non-affected birds and were examined for parasitic diseases using light and a scanning electron microscope. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX1) gene was used to characterize H. gallinarum. Our results showed that the collected nematodal worms were identified as H. gallinarum (male and female), further confirmed by COX1 gene amplification and sequence alignment. Gene expression analysis of the inflammatory markers in infected tissues showed a significant up-regulation of IL-2, IFN-γ, TLR-4, and IL-1ß and a significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. The mRNA level of the apoptotic cas-3 revealed apoptotic activity among the H. gallinarum samples compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results implemented the use of molecular methods for the diagnosis of Heterakis, and this is the first report showing the tissue immune response following infection in layers: upregulation of IL-1ß, IFN-γ, Il-2, and TLR-4, while down-regulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in cecal tissue, Cas-3 apoptotic activity and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)activity with immunophenotyping of T-cells in Heterakis infected tissue.

Torsion of the caudate lobe of the liver and concurrent necrohemorrhagic typhlocolitis in a zoo-housed Patagonian mara.

Liver lobe torsion has been reported in many species, with frequent reports in rabbits. Here we describe caudate liver lobe torsion and concurrent necrohemorrhagic typhlocolitis in a Patagonian mara (syn: Patagonian cavy, Patagonian hare, Dolichotis patagonum). Following acute death, postmortem examination findings included torsion of the hepatic caudate process, which had fibrous adhesions to the pancreas indicating chronicity. The cecal apex and proximal 30 cm of colon had regionally reddened serosa and diffusely roughened and reddened mucosa with brown-red and granular luminal contents. Key histologic findings included massive necrosis of the torsed hepatic caudate lobe, consistent with infarction, necrotizing hepatitis in remaining areas of liver, necrohemorrhagic typhlocolitis, adrenocortical necrosis and hemorrhage, and renal tubular degeneration and necrosis with tubular casts. Bacterial culture of cecal contents yielded pure growth of Salmonella spp. Death was attributed to toxemia or bacteremia resulting from Salmonella spp. infection, as the hepatic lobe torsion appeared chronic. It was undetermined if the liver lobe torsion predisposed to gastrointestinal compromise and infection. Patagonian maras have some anatomical similarities to rabbits and are highly cursorial, not dissimilar to hares, Lepus spp. We speculate that these characteristics may increase the likelihood of hepatic caudate lobe torsion in this species.

Mycobacterium genavense granulomatous typhlocolitis in a horse.

A 23-y-old gelding was presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with a history of chronic, refractory diarrhea. Clinically, the horse was in poor body condition, with a thickened and corrugated large intestine identified by transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography. At postmortem examination following euthanasia, the large colon and cecum had segmental thickening of the intestinal wall with innumerable mucosal ulcers and prominent polypoid mucosal masses. Many mesenteric and hepatic lymph nodes were enlarged. Histology revealed granulomatous and ulcerative typhlocolitis and granulomatous lymphadenitis with myriad acid-fast, variably gram-positive, intrahistiocytic bacilli that stained by immunohistochemistry for mycobacteria. Molecular testing by PCR and sequencing identified the causative agent as Mycobacterium genavense, which is an unusual presentation of infection in a horse.

A case report of typhlitis during novel use of ropidoxuridine-capecitabine-radiotherapy for treatment-naïve rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Rectal carcinomas are tumors that arise from the last 12 cm of the large intestine closest to the anus. They generally have a modest prognosis exacerbated by a high local recurrence rate if radiosensitizing chemotherapy is not given during radiotherapy. This case report discusses the clinical trial treatment of a patient with rectal adenocarcinoma by a new ropidoxuridine-capecitabine-radiotherapy combination. This case report is novel due to the patient's participation in an accelerated titration phase I clinical trial and the resultant rare adverse event of treatment-related sigmoid typhlitis. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was an 82-year-old female who noticed hematochezia and change in stool caliber over a period of 3 months. A rectal mass was identified by biopsy as a microsatellite stable adenocarcinoma. A planned total neoadjuvant treatment involved eight cycles of leucovorin calcium (folinic acid)-fluorouracil-oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) chemotherapy, followed by a clinical trial combination of ropidoxuridine-capecitabine-radiotherapy, prior to definitive surgery. The patient began daily intensity modulated pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent twice-daily oral ropidoxuridine and twice-daily oral capecitabine to be given over 6 weeks. After 14 days of ropidoxuridine-capecitabine-radiotherapy, the patient developed sigmoid typhlitis requiring a 10-day hospitalization and 14-day disruption of treatment. The patient died 27 days after the start of ropidoxuridine-capecitabine-radiotherapy. This adverse event was listed as a definite attribution to the ropidoxuridine-capecitabine treatment; pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data showed low ropidoxuridine metabolite DNA incorporation and high capecitabine metabolite concentration. The accelerated titration phase I clinical trial has been subsequently closed to accrual (NCT04406857). CONCLUSIONS: We believe this case report demonstrates the decision-making process for terminating a phase I accelerated titration designed clinical trial. The report also presents the rare complication of sigmoid typhlitis as a treatment-attributed adverse event. In this case, a ropidoxuridine-capecitabine combination was used as an investigational radiosensitizing treatment now with a narrower future clinical development pathway.

Russell Body Typhlitis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Russell bodies are accumulation of immunoglobulin in plasma cells forming intracytoplasmic inclusions. Russell body colitis is rare with only 3 cases described in the English literature up to date. We report a 78-year-old male with cirrhosis showing prominent cecal infiltration of Russell body containing plasma cells. Plasma cells showed no nuclear atypia or mitoses, and no evidence of light chain restriction. In this article, we report a fourth case of Russell body colitis, that is unique in being localized to the cecum in contrast to the other 3, 1 of which was in an inflammatory polyp in the sigmoid colon, 1 in a rectal tubulovillous adenoma and 1 as part of diffuse gastrointestinal disease. This is therefore the first report of localized Russell body typhlitis, occurring in a cirrhotic patient in whom an adjacent erosion was likely nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated, a combination that may have facilitated the formation of Russell bodies.

Typhlitis Associated With Natural Trichuris sp. Infection in Cats.

Trichuris spp. infections can cause typhlitis or typhlocolitis in many species, but there are no published studies about its pathology in cats. Trichuris sp. infection in cats appears to be rare in most parts of the world but is frequent in some tropical and subtropical regions. The purpose of this study was to describe intestinal lesions associated with natural Trichuris sp. infections in cats of St. Kitts, West Indies. Comprehensive autopsies, histopathological assessment of small and large intestine, and total worm counts were performed in a cross-sectional study of 30 consecutive feline mortalities. Trichuris were found in 17 of 30 (57%; 95% confidence interval, 39%-74%) of the study cats with a median worm count of 11 (range, 1-170), indicating most cats had a low-intensity infection. Trichuris infection was associated with typhlitis but not consistency of feces or body condition score. In most cats examined, the typhlitis was categorized as mild (10/15, 67%) and, less frequently, moderate (2/15, 13%) or marked (3/15, 20%). The inflammatory infiltrate varied from predominantly eosinophilic (5/15, 33%) to neutrophilic (4/15, 27%), a mixture of eosinophilic and neutrophilic (2/15, 13%), a mixture of neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic (1/15, 7%), or a mixture of eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and lymphoplasmacytic (3/15, 20%). In some cats, surface erosions and catarrhal exudate were adjacent to adult worms. These findings are similar to those reported with low-intensity Trichuris infections in other species.

Diverticulitis cecal: un complejo desafío médico / Cecal diverticulitis: a complex medical challenge

Antecedentes: la diverticulitis cecal es una patología poco común en los países occidentales. Clínicamente es indistinguible de una apendicitis aguda. Objetivos: exhibir los resultados de acuerdo con diferentes abordajes terapéuticos. Material y métodos: se presentan cinco casos de diverticulitis cecal tratados en nuestra institución entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2015. Revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas e imágenes. Revisión de la literatura. Resultados: fueron incluidos cinco pacientes. En cuatro hubo resolución quirúrgica y uno tuvo buena evolución con tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: si bien es poco frecuente, la diverticulitis cecal debe considerarse dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales frente a un cuadro de dolor abdominal localizado en fosa ilíaca derecha acompañado de estudios por imágenes no categóricos de apendicitis aguda.

Background: cecal diverticulitis is a rare disease in western countries. It is clinically indistinguishable from acute appendicitis. Objetive: to show outcome with different therapeutic approaches. Material and methods: we present five cases of cecal diverticulitis treated at our institution between January 2013 and December 2015. Retrospective review of medical records and images. Review of the literature. Results: five patients were included. Four cases required surgical treatment while one patient resolved with medical treatment. Conclusions: Although it is rare, cecal diverticulitis must be considered within the differential diagnoses in the face of abdominal pain located in the right iliac fossa and non-categorical imaging of acute appendicitis.

Clinical Presentation, Prognostic Factors, and Outcome in Neutropenic Enteropathy of Childhood Leukemia.

Leukemia patients are at risk for neutropenic enteropathy (NEP) because of the effects of intensified chemotherapy. Medical records of 18 patients having 20 episodes of NEP were reviewed retrospectively. Primary diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 12 and myeloblastic leukemia in 6 cases. According to prognosis, 3 patients were in the standard-risk group, 6 in the moderate-risk group, and 9 in the high-risk group. Ultrasonography detected increased bowel wall thickness in 6 patients. Abdominal x-ray revealed air-fluid levels (n=8), pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumoperitoneum (n=1), and portal venous gas (n=1). All patients received medical treatment, and 1 with unrelieved hematochezia required resection of the cecum. Two cases with appendicitis and another 1 with pneumoperitoneum responded to antibiotics and recovered without surgery. The mortality rate was 30% and related to sepsis-induced complications. The presence of hypokalemia, hypoalbuminemia, metabolic acidosis, and admission to the intensive care unit were more common in patients with mortality (P=0.01). In conclusion, NEP should be kept in mind as a treatable but potentially lethal complication of childhood leukemia. Radiologic findings should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical picture. A conservative approach should be used in all cases but surgery can be considered in some situations.

NADPH oxidase-1 deficiency offers little protection in Salmonella typhimurium-induced typhlitis in mice.

AIM: To test whether Nox1 plays a role in typhlitis induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) in a mouse model. METHODS: Eight-week-old male wild-type (WT) and Nox1 knockout (KO) C57BL6/J (B6) mice were administered metronidazole water for 4 d to make them susceptible to S. Tm infection by the oral route. The mice were given plain water and administered with 4 different doses of S. Tm by oral gavage. The mice were followed for another 4 d. From the time of the metronidazole application, the mice were observed twice daily and weighed daily. The ileum, cecum and colon were removed for sampling at the fourth day post-inoculation. Portions of all three tissues were fixed for histology and placed in RNAlater for mRNA/cDNA preparation and quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of the cecum were recovered for estimation of S. Tm CFU. RESULTS: We found Nox1-knockout (Nox1-KO) mice were not more sensitive to S. Tm colonization and infection than WT B6 mice. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (1) S. Tm-infection induced similar weight loss in Nox1-KO mice compared to WT mice; (2) the same S. Tm CFU was recovered from the cecal content of Nox1-KO and WT mice regardless of the inoculation dose, except the lowest inoculation dose (2 × 106 CFU) for which the Nox1-KO had one-log lower CFU than WT mice; (3) there is no difference in cecal pathology between WT and Nox1-KO groups; and (4) there are no S. Tm infection-induced changes in gene expression levels (IL-1b, TNF-α, and Duox2) between WT and Nox1-KO groups. The Alpi gene expression was more suppressed by S. Tm treatment in WT than the Nox1-KO cecum. CONCLUSION: Nox1 does not protect mice from S. Tm colonization. Nox1-KO provides a very minor protective effect against S. Tm infection. Using NOX1-specific inhibitors for colitis therapy should not increase risks in bacterial infection.

Novel Helicobacter species H.japonicum isolated from laboratory mice from Japan induces typhlocolitis and lower bowel carcinoma in C57BL/129 IL10-/- mice.

A novel Helicobacter species Helicobacter japonicum was isolated from the stomach and intestines of clinically normal mice received from three institutes from Japan. The novel Helicobacter sp. was microaerobic, grew at 37°C and 42°C, was catalase and oxidase positive, but urease negative. It is most closely related to the 16S rRNA gene of H.muridarum (98.6%); to the 23S rRNA gene of H.hepaticus (97.9%); to the hsp60 gene of H.typhlonius (87%). The novel Helicobacter sp. has in vitro cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) activity; its cdtB gene sequence has 83.8% identity with that of H.hepaticus The whole genome sequence of H.japonicum MIT 01-6451 has a 2.06-Mb genome length with a 37.5% G + C content. When the organism was inoculated into C57BL/129 IL10-/- mice, it was cultured from the stomach, colon and cecum of infected mice at 6 and 10 weeks post-infection. The cecum had the highest H.japonicum colonization levels by quantitative PCR. The histopathology of the lower bowel was characterized by moderate to severe inflammation, mild edema, epithelial defects, mild to severe hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. Inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, TNFα and IL17a, as well as iNOS were significantly upregulated in the cecal tissue of infected mice. These results demonstrate that the novel H.japonicum can induce inflammatory bowel disease and carcinoma in IL10-/- mice and highlights the importance of identifying novel Helicobacter spp. especially when they are introduced from outside mouse colonies from different geographic locations.

[PECULIARITIES OF DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS, SUFFERING ATYPICAL FORMS OF AN ACUTE APPENDICITIS].

Results of diagnosis and surgical treatment of 852 patients, suffering an acute appendicitis (AA) with atypical course, were analyzed. Retrocecal localization of appendix was noted in 61.2% of observations, a pelvic one ­ in 24.3%, medial ­ in 11.2%, and subhepatic ­ in 3.4%. Destructive forms of atypical AA were diagnosed in 92.5% patients, and various kinds of peritonitis ­ in 77.7%. Some diagnostic (rectal thermometry, test with ethanol) and operative methods (including laparoscopic) in destructive forms of AA, complicated by typhlitis, were improved and tested. Diagnostic­treatment algorithm, permitting to optimize tactic of treatment and to reduce the early postoperative complications rate from 9.9 tо 3.5% (р<0.001), was proposed.

Helicobacter cinaedi induced typhlocolitis in Rag-2-deficient mice.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter cinaedi, an enterohepatic helicobacter species (EHS), is an important human pathogen and is associated with a wide range of diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. It has been convincingly demonstrated that innate immune response to certain pathogenic enteric bacteria is sufficient to initiate colitis and colon carcinogenesis in recombinase-activating gene (Rag)-2-deficient mice model. To better understand the mechanisms of human IBD and its association with development of colon cancer, we investigated whether H. cinaedi could induce pathological changes noted with murine enterohepatic helicobacter infections in the Rag2(-/-) mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty 129SvEv Rag2(-/-) mice mouse were experimentally or sham infected orally with H. cinaedi strain CCUG 18818. Gastrointestinal pathology and immune responses in infected and control mice were analyzed at 3, 6 and 9 months postinfection (MPI). H. cinaedi colonized the cecum, colon, and stomach in infected mice. RESULTS: H. cinaedi induced typhlocolitis in Rag2(-/-) mice by 3 MPI and intestinal lesions became more severe by 9 MPI. H. cinaedi was also associated with the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ, tumor-necrosis factor-α, IL-1ß, IL-10; iNOS mRNA levels were also upregulated in the cecum of infected mice. However, changes in IL-4, IL-6, Cox-2, and c-myc mRNA expressions were not detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that the Rag2(-/-) mouse model will be useful to continue investigating the pathogenicity of H. cinaedi, and to study the association of host immune responses in IBD caused by EHS.

Isolation of Helicobacter spp. from mice with rectal prolapses.

Enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) often are associated with typhlocolitis and rectal prolapse in mice. We sought to describe rectal prolapses histologically, relate lesions to mouse genotype and EHS infection status, and characterize EHS pathogens on our campus. Our mouse population was housed among 6 facilities on our main campus and a seventh, nearby facility. We investigated cases of rectal prolapse over 1 y and included 76 mice, which were broadly categorized according to genotype. Microscopically, lesions ranged from mild to severe typhlocolitis, often with hyperplastic and dysplastic foci. Neoplastic foci tended to occur at the ileocecal-colic junction. Lesions were most severe in strains that had lower-bowel inflammatory disease, notably IL10, Rag1, and Rag2 knockout strains; prolapses occurred in these strains when housed both in areas with endemic EHS and in our Helicobacter-free barrier facility. Most mice with rectal prolapses were immunocompromised genetically modified mice; however, the most frequently sampled strain, the lamellipodin knockout, was noteworthy for its high incidence of rectal prolapse, localized distal colonic and rectal lesions, and lack of known immunodeficiency. This strain is being explored as a model of rectal carcinoma. Most of the colons examined tested PCR-positive for EHS, often with coinfections. Although H. bilis is prevalent on our campus, we did not find this organism in any mice exhibiting clinical signs of rectal prolapse. Identification of H. apodemus in 22% of cases has fueled increased surveillance on our campus to characterize this organism and differentiate it from the closely related H. rodentium.

Comparison of the effects of Mg-6Zn and titanium on intestinal tract in vivo.

To evaluate the ability of Mg-6Zn to replace titanium nails in the reconstruction of the intestinal tract in general surgery, we compared the Mg-6Zn and titanium implants with respect to their effects on rat's intestinal tract by biochemical, radiological, pathological and immunohistochemical methods. The results indicated that Mg-6Zn implants started to degrade at the third week and disintegrate at the fourth week. No bubbles appeared, which may be associated with intestinal absorption of the Mg-6Zn implants. Pathological analyses (containing liver, kidney and cecum tissues) and biochemical measurements, including serum magnesium, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase proved that degradation of Mg-6Zn did not harm the important organs, which is an improvement over titanium implants. Immunohistochemical results showed that Mg-6Zn could enhance the expression of transforming growth factor-ß1. Mg-6Zn reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor at different stages. In general, our study demonstrates that the Mg-6Zn alloy had good biocompatibility in vivo and performed better than titanium at promoting healing and reducing inflammation. It may be a promising candidate for stapler pins in intestinal reconstruction.

Granulomatous typhlocolitis, lymphangitis, and lymphadenitis in a horse infected with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and cyathostomes.

A 15-year-old American Quarter horse mare was euthanized because of poor response to therapy for severe diarrhea. Significant gross findings were limited to the large intestines. The walls of the cecum and colon were thickened with widely scattered nodules in the mucosa and submucosa that extended into the enlarged colic lymph nodes. Microscopically, there was severe granulomatous typhlocolitis, lymphangitis, and lymphadenitis, with many intralesional Gram-positive, non-acid-fast coccobacilli and few cyathostomes. Intralesional bacteria were immunohistochemically and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay positive for Listeria monocytogenes. Concurrent infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected by PCR and culture. Infection with L. monocytogenes in horses is rare, and coinfection with Salmonella and small strongyles probably contributed to the development of granulomatous typhlocolitis.

Effects of adenosine A2A receptor activation and alanyl-glutamine in Clostridium difficile toxin-induced ileitis in rabbits and cecitis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Severe Clostridium difficile toxin-induced enteritis is characterized by exuberant intestinal tissue inflammation, epithelial disruption and diarrhea. Adenosine, through its action on the adenosine A2A receptor, prevents neutrophillic adhesion and oxidative burst and inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. Alanyl-glutamine enhances intestinal mucosal repair and decreases apoptosis of enterocytes. This study investigates the protection from enteritis by combination therapy with ATL 370, an adenosine A2A receptor agonist, and alanyl-glutamine in a rabbit and murine intestinal loop models of C. difficile toxin A-induced epithelial injury. METHODS: Toxin A with or without alanyl-glutamine was administered intraluminally to rabbit ileal or murine cecal loops. Animals were also given either PBS or ATL 370 parenterally. Ileal tissues were examined for secretion, histopathology, apoptosis, Cxcl1/KC and IL-10. RESULTS: ATL 370 decreased ileal secretion and histopathologic changes in loops treated with Toxin A. These effects were reversed by the A2A receptor antagonist, SCH 58261, in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of ATL 370 and alanyl-glutamine significantly further decreased ileal secretion, mucosal injury and apoptosis more than loops treated with either drug alone. ATL 370 and alanyl-glutamine also decreased intestinal tissue KC and IL-10. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with an adenosine A2A receptor agonist and alanyl-glutamine is effective in reversing C. difficile toxin A-induced epithelial injury, inflammation, secretion and apoptosis in animals and has therapeutic potential for the management of C. difficile infection.