Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.

Following acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a significant proportion of individuals develop prolonged symptoms, a serious condition termed post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome (PACS) or long COVID. Predictors of PACS are needed. In a prospective multicentric cohort study of 215 individuals, we study COVID-19 patients during primary infection and up to one year later, compared to healthy subjects. We discover an immunoglobulin (Ig) signature, based on total IgM and IgG3 levels, which - combined with age, history of asthma bronchiale, and five symptoms during primary infection - is able to predict the risk of PACS independently of timepoint of blood sampling. We validate the score in an independent cohort of 395 individuals with COVID-19. Our results highlight the benefit of measuring Igs for the early identification of patients at high risk for PACS, which facilitates the study of targeted treatment and pathomechanisms of PACS.

The Relationship between Aeroallergen Sensitization and Chronic Cough in School-Aged Children from General Population.

OBJECTIVE: Determining sensitivity to allergens is an essential step in diagnosing children with allergic diseases. Chronic cough has remained poorly understood with causative triggers. The purpose of our study was to shed light on the relationship between sensitization to aeroallergens and chronic cough. METHODS: This population-based study examined children (aged 7 years to 13 years) between June and July 2016. The 1,259 children, 72 of whom (5.7%) had a chronic cough, and 1,187 of whom (94.3%) did not (controls), completed the questionnaire, but 1,051 children completed skin prick tests (SPTs) with eight aeroallergens. RESULTS: There were positive SPT results to at least 1 allergen in 549 children (52.2%). Sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) was most common (chronic cough = 46.9%; controls = 47.2%), followed by pollen (chronic cough = 21.9%; controls = 16.5%) in both groups, but there was no difference in allergic profile and sensitization to aeroallergen (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Multivariable analysis with adjustment for confounding indicated that children who were in sensitization to pollen had an increased risk of chronic cough (aOR = 2.387; 95% CI: 1.115 to 5.111; P = 0.025). Multivariable analysis with adjustment for confounding indicated that children who were exposed to current smoking (aOR = 4.442; 95% CI: 1.831 to 10.776; P = 0.001) and mold (aOR = 1.988; 95% CI: 1.168 to 3.383; P = 0.011) were associated with chronic cough. CONCLUSION: Sensitization to pollen should be considered as a potential contributing factor to the development of chronic cough in school-aged children.

Evaluation of efficiency and safety of combined montelukast sodium and budesonide in children with cough variant asthma: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is classified as a distinct form of asthma. As the primary or only symptom, cough is the leading cause for the most prevalent chronic cough among kids. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy, British Thoracic Society, and Chinese guidelines established for diagnosing and treating chronic cough in kids recommend inhaled corticosteroids, combined with leukotriene receptor antagonists when necessary. METHODS: We will conduct a comprehensive search in major databases using keywords to find studies related to the analysis of montelukast sodium and budesonide for treating CVA in kids. Two reviewers will independently assess the quality of the selected research articles and perform data extraction. Next, we will use the RevMan software (version: 5.3) to conduct the statistical analysis of the present study. RESULTS: This study will assess the efficacy and safeness of using montelukast sodium and budesonide to treat kids with CVA by pooling the results of individual studies. CONCLUSION: Our findings will provide vigorous evidence to judge whether montelukast sodium and budesonide therapy is an efficient form of therapy for CVA patients. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval is not needed for the present meta-analysis. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER: May 17, 2021.osf.io/cuvjz (https://osf.io/cuvjz/).

Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 217 Cases of COVID-19 in Jiangsu Province, China.

BACKGROUND COVID-19 has become a worldwide epidemic disease and is a public health crisis. We aim to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and assessment of severity by analyzing patients' clinical data and early laboratory results and exploring the correlation between laboratory results and clinical classification. MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 283 cases of suspected and diagnosed COVID-19 from 16 hospitals in Jiangsu Province from January to April 2020. The routine laboratory blood examinations, T lymphocyte subsets, and biochemical and coagulation function among different populations were contrasted by t test and chi-square (χ²) test. RESULTS Cough, fever, and dyspnea could be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 infection (P<0.05). Patients who were older or had comorbidities tended to become severe and critical cases. Among all the patients, the most obvious abnormal laboratory results were higher neutrophil count, CRP, total bilirubin, BUN, CRE, APTT, PT, and D-dimer, and lower blood platelet and lymphocyte count. CD3⁺ T cell, CD4⁺ T cell, and CD8⁺ T cell counts gradually decreased with exacerbation of the disease (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cough and fever were the most common symptom. Patients with comorbidities were in more serious condition. The detection of inflammatory indexes, coagulation function, lymphocyte subsets, and renal function can help diagnose and assess the severity of COVID-19.

Pharmacodynamic evaluation of dihydroxyflavone derivate chrysin in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma.

OBJECTIVE: This experimental study evaluated the anti-asthmatic capacity of the dihydroxyflavone chrysin in the settings of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic inflammation. METHODS: The parameters that were used to assess the anti-asthmatic activity of chrysin included the specific airway resistance to histamine, the sensitivity to a chemically induced cough and the activity of chrysin on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of the respiratory epithelium. The anti-inflammatory potential was confirmed by the measurement of cytokine concentrations Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), Th1 (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], INF-γ and IL-12), leucocyte count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and growth factor TBF-ß1 in lung homogenate. KEY FINDINGS: Chronic administration of chrysin (30 mg/kg/day for 21 days) to OVA-sensitised guinea pigs showed bronchodilatory activity comparable to that of long-acting ß 2 receptors agonist (LABA) salmeterol. Chrysin revealed antitussive efficiency but was not able to abolish the negative effect of OVA on CBF. Chrysin managed to ameliorate the progression of chronic airway inflammation by decreasing the count of eosinophils, lymphocytes and basophils, IL-5, L-13, GM-CSF, INF-γ in BALF, and TGF-ß1 in lung homogenate. CONCLUSIONS: The acquired results support the complex anti-asthmatic profile of chrysin. The flavone may represent an attractive compound for further studies concerning the prevention or treatment of asthma.

Effect of congenital heart disease on the recurrence of cough variant asthma in children.

BACKGROUND: The research into the recurrence of cough variant asthma (CVA) in congenital heart disease (CHD) are few in number. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CHD on the risk of the recurrence of CVA. METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort study of 489 children with CVA aged between one and 14 years, of whom 67 had CHD complicated with CVA and 134 had CVA without CHD at a ratio of 1:2 according to age, sex and index year. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of CVA recurrence in both the CHD cohort and the non-CHD cohort was determined by multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: Adjusting for CHD classification, Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) infection and immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization, the recurrence hazard of CVA in the complex congenital heart disease (CCHD) group (aHR = 3.281; 95% CI 1.648-6.530; P < 0.01) was significantly higher than that in the simple congenital heart disease group (aHR = 2.555; 95% CI 1.739-3.752; P < 0.01). Further, children with IgE sensitization (aHR = 2.172; 95% CI 1.482-3.184; P < 0.01) had a higher recurrence hazard of CVA than those without IgE sensitization, and children with MP infection (aHR = 1.777; 95% CI 1.188-2.657; P < 0.01) had a higher recurrence hazard of CVA than those without the MP infection. CONCLUSION: The hazard of recurrent CVA is higher in children with CHD, especially in the CCHD children. In addition, those children with IgE sensitization or a MP infection had an increased hazard of recurrent CVA.

Chronic cough in childhood: A systematic review for practical guidance by the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

The current systematic review presented and discussed the most recent studies on pediatric chronic cough. In addition, the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology elaborated a comprehensive algorithm to guide the primary care approach to a pediatric patient with chronic cough.Several algorithms on chronic cough management have been adopted and validated in clinical practice; however, unlike the latter, we developed an algorithm focused on pediatric age, from birth until adulthood. Based on our findings, children and adolescents with chronic cough without cough pointers can be safely managed, initially using the watchful waiting approach and, successively, starting empirical treatment based on cough characteristics. Unlike other algorithms that suggest laboratory and instrumental investigations as a first step, this review highlighted the importance of a "wait and see" approach, consisting of parental reassurance and close clinical observation, also due to inter-professional collaboration and communication between general practitioners and specialists that guarantee better patient management, appropriate prescription behavior, and improved patient outcome. Moreover, the neonatal screening program provided by the Italian National Health System, which intercepts several diseases precociously, allowing to treat them in a very early stage, helps and supports a "wait and see" approach.Conversely, in the presence of cough pointers or persistence of cough, the patient should be tested and treated by the specialist. Further investigations and treatments will be based on cough etiology, aiming to intercept the underlying disease, prevent potentially irreversible tissue damage, and improve the general health of patients affected by chronic cough, as well as the quality of life of patients and their family.

Acute cough in children and adolescents: A systematic review and a practical algorithm by the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

The current systematic review presented and discussed the most recent studies on acute cough in pediatric age. After that, the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology elaborated a comprehensive algorithm to guide the primary care approach to pediatric patients, such as infants, children, and adolescents, with acute cough. An acute cough is usually consequent to upper respiratory tract infections and is self-resolving within a few weeks. However, an acute cough may be bothersome, and therefore remedies are requested, mainly by the parents. An acute cough may significantly affect the quality of life of patients and their family.Several algorithms for the management of acute cough have been adopted and validated in clinical practice; however, unlike the latter, we developed an algorithm focused on pediatric age, and, also, in accordance to the Italian National Health System, which regularly follows the child from birth to all lifelong. Based on our findings, infants from 6 months, children, and adolescents with acute cough without cough pointers can be safely managed using well-known medications, preferably non-sedative agents, such as levodropropizine and/or natural compounds, including honey, glycerol, and herb-derived components.

Childhood chronic cough made easy: a simplified approach for the primary care setting.

Cough is a defense mechanism, but when it becomes persistent and troublesome, it must be carefully assessed. Chronic cough, that is, cough persisting for more than 4 weeks, has a proven negative impact on a child's quality of life; it interferes with daily activities, sleep, and schooling and may involve frequent health care visits and long-lasting treatments. Currently, there is a plethora of algorithms in the literature aiming to assist in the assessment of chronic cough in children; however, referring to complex flowcharts may be impractical for the usually busy primary care physician. Herein, we provide a simplified tool for the assessment of children with chronic cough in the primary care setting, presenting a basic approach to the most common causes along with hints to avoid common pitfalls in everyday practice. Finally, the most common clinical scenarios are analyzed, aiming to assist primary care physicians in providing the appropriate care to these patients.

Small airway dysfunction in patients with cough variant asthma: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is one of the special populations of asthma. The aim of the study was to compare small airways, the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airway inflammatory subtypes between CVA and classic asthma (CA), and investigate the relationship between these markers to determine the accuracy as indicators of CVA. METHODS: A total of 825 asthmatic patients participated in the study and 614 were included. 614 patients underwent spirometry and a bronchial challenge with methacholine and 459 patients performed induction sputum cell test. RESULTS: The number of CVA patients showed less small airway dysfunction than those of CA patients (p < 0.005). The degree of small airways dysfunction was higher in the CA group compared with the CVA group (p < 0.001). Small airways dysfunction was severer in the eosinophilic airway inflammatory subtype compared with other subtypes (p < 0.05).The area under curve of MMEF, FEF50 and FEF75 (% predicted) was 0.615, 0.621, 0.606, respectively. 0.17mcg of PD20 and 4.7% of sputum eosinophils was the best diagnostic value for CVA with an AUC of 0.582 and 0.575 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The eosinophilic airway inflammatory subtype may be increased small airway dysfunction. The value of small airways, BHR and induction sputum cells in CVA prediction, which reflected significant, but not enough to be clinically useful.

The anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory effects and sub-chronic toxicological evaluation of perilla seed oil.

BACKGROUND: Perilla seed oil (PSO) is the main constituent of perilla seeds currently being used in the food industry, however it also has great clinical potential in the regulation of lung function as a nutrition supplement because of the high content of α-linolenic acid (ALA). In this study, the pharmacological activities including anti-tussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory effect of PSO were performed. Furthermore, the 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity with a 30 day recovery period was evaluated in Wistar rats. RESULTS: The pharmacological studies demonstrated that PSO inhibited cough frequency induced by capsaicine in mice. PSO also inhibited the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release from the calcium ionophore A23187-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to some extent. In this sub-chronic toxicity study, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, necropsy, and histopathology were used to evaluate the toxicity of PSO. Lower body weight and various negative impacts on liver related parameters without histopathological lesion were observed in the 16 g kg-1 groups. No clinically significant changes were discovered in the 4 g kg-1 group during the test period. CONCLUSION: In summary, PSO exhibited anti-tussive and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and in vitro. These sub-chronic toxicity studies inferred that the 'no-observed adverse effect level' (NOAEL) of PSO in Wistar rats was determined to be 4 g kg-1 . These results may provide a safety profile and a valuable reference for the use of PSO. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Rituximab therapy in a patient with steroid-refractory bird fancier's lung.

A 62-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of shortness of breath on exertion and dry cough. On examination, she was noted to have fine end-inspiratory crepitations over the upper zone of the lungs. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) showed a restrictive defect. Initial chest radiography revealed diffuse reticular interstitial shadowing while high-resolution CT scan of the thorax showed fibrotic changes. Avian precipitins were also highly positive for pigeons, parrots and budgerigars. Taking into account these results, the patient was diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Antigen avoidance, oral glucocorticoids and azathioprine achieved an initial improvement in PFTs and symptoms; however, the patient still deteriorated, requiring long-term oxygen therapy. While working the patient up for lung transplantation, rituximab was given to good effect (acting as a bridging therapy) as it achieved symptomatic relief and stabilisation of her PFTs.

Serum Protein Profiling Reveals a Landscape of Inflammation and Immune Signaling in Early-stage COVID-19 Infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infection and threating the human lives in the world. The elevation of cytokines in blood is crucial to induce cytokine storm and immunosuppression in the transition of severity in COVID-19 patients. However, the comprehensive changes of serum proteins in COVID-19 patients throughout the SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. In this work, we developed a high-density antibody microarray and performed an in-depth proteomics analysis of serum samples collected from early COVID-19 (n = 15) and influenza (n = 13) patients. We identified a large set of differentially expressed proteins (n = 132) that participate in a landscape of inflammation and immune signaling related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the significant correlations of neutrophil and lymphocyte with the CCL2 and CXCL10 mediated cytokine signaling pathways was identified. These information are valuable for the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, identification of biomarkers and development of the optimal anti-inflammation therapy.

Case Report: Coronavirus Disease and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Report of Two Cases.

Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in patients with HIV/AIDS has not been previously reported. Here, we present two cases of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and MTB in patients with HIV. The first case is a 39-year-old patient who was admitted with a 7-day history of fever, myalgia, headache, and cough. The second patient is a 43-year-old man who had a 1-month history of cough with hemoptoic sputum, evolving to mild respiratory distress in the last 7 days. Both patients already had pulmonary tuberculosis and subsequently developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 2020 pandemic. Nonadherence to antiretroviral treatment may have been a factor in the clinical worsening of the patients.

Micronutrients as immunomodulatory tools for COVID-19 management.

COVID-19 rapidly turned to a global pandemic posing lethal threats to overwhelming health care capabilities, despite its relatively low mortality rate. The clinical respiratory symptoms include dry cough, fever, anosmia, breathing difficulties, and subsequent respiratory failure. No known cure is available for COVID-19. Apart from the anti-viral strategy, the supports of immune effectors and modulation of immunosuppressive mechanisms is the rationale immunomodulation approach in COVID-19 management. Diet and nutrition are essential for healthy immunity. However, a group of micronutrients plays a dominant role in immunomodulation. The deficiency of most nutrients increases the individual susceptibility to virus infection with a tendency for severe clinical presentation. Despite a shred of evidence, the supplementation of a single nutrient is not promising in the general population. Individuals at high-risk for specific nutrient deficiencies likely benefit from supplementation. The individual dietary and nutritional status assessments are critical for determining the comprehensive actions in COVID-19.

Clinical characteristics of acute respiratory syndrome with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in South China.

BACKGROUND: A retrospective study was conducted to summarize the clinical information of childhood infections during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. METHODS: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection in 11 hospitals from three provinces of South China were included in the study. Clinical information was collected and compared with children and adults infected by SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. RESULTS: In total, 52 children were enrolled, including 28 boys. The median age was 9 years (interquartile range [IQR], 4-12); 44.2% cases were of clustered occurrences, 40.4% patients had fever, 48.1% had cough, and 46.2% had a high lymphocyte count. No abnormalities were found in the liver and kidney function. Also, 82.7% of patients received antiviral therapy, but such therapy did not shorten the time to virus negativity or hospital stay (P = .082). The time to virus negativity was 12.0 days (IQR, 8.0-16.8) and hospital stay was 14.5 days (IQR, 10.3-17.9). Compared with reports in Wuhan, there were more acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURTI) and fewer pneumonia cases (P = .000). Compared with the non-ICU adult COVID-19 in Wuhan, these children's diseases were relatively mild, with fewer complications. CONCLUSIONS: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild fever, lymphocyte elevation was more common than reduction, and antiviral treatment had no obvious effect. The overall clinical manifestations were mild, and the prognosis was good.

Development and validation of a bronchoscopically defined bronchitis scoring tool in children.

INTRODUCTION/AIM: A validated tool for scoring bronchitis during flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is potentially useful for clinical practice and research. We aimed to develop a bronchoscopically defined bronchitis scoring system in children (BScore) based on our pilot study. METHODS: Children undergoing FB were prospectively enrolled. Their FB was digitally recorded and assessed (two clinicians blinded to each other and clinical history) for six features: secretion amount (six-point scale), secretion color (BronkoTest, 0-8), mucosal oedema (0-3), ridging (0-3), erythema (0-3), and pallor (0-3) based on pre-determined criteria. We correlated (Spearman's rho) each feature with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil percentage (neutrophil%). BScore was then derived using models with combinations of the six features that best related to airway BAL neutrophil%. The various models of BScore were plotted against BAL neutrophil% using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: We analyzed 142 out of 150 children enrolled. Eight children were excluded for unavailability of BAL cytology or FB recordings. Chronic/recurrent cough was the commonest indication for FB (75%). The median age was 3 years (IQR, 1.5-5.3 years). Secretion amount (r = 0.42) and color (r = 0.46), mucosal oedema (r = 0.42), and erythema (r = 0.30) significantly correlated with BAL neutrophil%, P < .0001. The highest area under ROC (aROC) was obtained by the addition of the scores of all features excluding pallor (aROC = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.90) with airway neutrophilia (defined as BAL neutrophil% of >10%). CONCLUSION: This prospective study has developed the first validated bronchitis scoring tool in children based on bronchoscopic visual inspection of airways. Further validation in other cohorts is however required.

Clinical characteristics of rehospitalized patients with COVID-19 in China.

This study aims to observe the clinical characteristics of recovered patients from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with positive in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or serum antibody. The profile, clinical symptoms, laboratory outcomes, and radiologic assessments were extracted on 11 patients, who tested positive for COVID-19 with RT-PCR or serum antibody after discharged and was admitted to Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University for a second treatment in March 2020. The average interval time between the first discharge and the second admission measured 16.00 ± 7.14 days, ranging from 6 to 27 days. In the second hospitalization, one patient was positive for RT-PCR and serum antibody immunoglobulin M (IgM)-immunoglobulin G (IgG), five patients were positive for both IgM and IgG but negative for RT-PCR. Three patients were positive for both RT-PCR and IgG but negative for IgM. The main symptoms were cough (54.55%), fever (27.27%), and feeble (27.27%) in the second hospitalization. Compared with the first hospitalization, there were significant decreases in gastrointestinal symptoms (5 vs 0, P = .035), elevated levels of both white blood cell count (P = .036) and lymphocyte count (P = .002), remarkedly decreases in C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A (P < .05) in the second hospitalization. Additionally, six patients' chest computed tomography (CT) exhibited notable improvements in acute exudative lesions. There could be positive results for RT-PCR analysis or serum IgM-IgG in discharged patients, even with mild clinical symptoms, however, their laboratory outcomes and chest CT images would not indicate the on-going development in those patients.