Course constructions: A case-base of forensic toxicology.

Forensic toxicology education in China is limited by insufficient teaching methods and resources, resulting in students with adequate theoretical principles but lacking practice experience. Typical cases used as teaching materials vividly represent intoxication and provide students with an opportunity to practice and hone resolving skills. In 2013, the Department of Forensic Pathology at Zhongshan School of Medicine began to construct top-quality courses in forensic toxicology, with its first step, creating a base containing typical cases of intoxication. This essay reviews the construction process of said cases-base, which is intended to set an example of forensic toxicology education.

The United Kingdom and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists; establishing best practice for professional training & development in forensic toxicology.

The current status of forensic toxicology in the United Kingdom is discussed with an emphasis on professional training and development. Best practice is proposed using a blend of modular foundation knowledge training, continuing professional development, academic study, research & development and ongoing analytical practice. The need for establishing a professional career structure is also discussed along with a suggested example of a suitable model. The issues discussed in this paper are intended to provoke discussion within the forensic toxicology community, industry regulators and other government bodies responsible for the administration of justice.

Clinical Pharmacology in Denmark in 2016 - 40 Years with the Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology and 20 Years as a Medical Speciality.

The Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology was founded in 1976, and mainly thanks to the persistent efforts of the society, clinical pharmacology became an independent medical speciality in Denmark in 1996. Since then, clinical pharmacology has gone from strength to strength. In the Danish healthcare system, clinical pharmacology has established itself as an indispensible part of the efforts to promote the rational, safe and economic use of drugs. Clinical pharmacologists are active in drug committees both in hospitals and in the primary sector. All clinical pharmacology centres offer a local medicines information service. Some centres have established an adverse drug effect manager function. Only one centre offers a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Clinical pharmacologists are responsible for the toxicological advice at the Danish Poison Information Centre at Bispebjerg University Hospital in the Capital Region. The Department of Clinical Pharmacology at Aarhus University Hospital works closely together with forensic toxicologists and pathologists, covering issues regarding illicit substances, forensic pharmacology, post-mortem toxicology, expert testimony and research. Therapeutic geriatric and psychiatric teach-inns for specialist and junior doctors are among the newest initiatives organized by clinical pharmacologists. Clinical pharmacologists work also in the Danish Medicines Agency and in the Danish pharmaceutical industry, and the latter has in particular a great growth potential for creating new jobs and career opportunities for clinical pharmacologists. As of July 2016, the Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology has 175 members, and 70 of these are specialists in clinical pharmacology corresponding to approximately 2.5 specialists per 1000 doctors (Denmark has in total 28,000 doctors) or approximately 12 specialists per one million inhabitants.

The study of forensic toxicology should not be neglected in Japanese universities.

Forensic toxicology is aimed at identifying the relationship between drugs or poison and the cause of death or crime. In the authors' toxicology laboratory at Chiba University, the authors analyze almost every body for drugs and poisons. A simple inspection kit was used in an attempt to ascertain drug abuse. A mass spectrometer is used to perform highly accurate screening. When a poison is detected, quantitative analyses are required. A recent topic of interest is new psychoactive substances (NPS). Although NPS-related deaths may be decreasing, use of NPS as a cause of death is difficult to ascertain. Forensic institutes have recently begun to perform drug and poison tests on corpses. However, this approach presents several problems, as are discussed here. The hope is that highly accurate analyses of drugs and poisons will be performed throughout the country.

[Forensic medicine as the cradle of toxicology in Russia].

Modern toxicology as a science and educational subject originated from forensic medicine in the middle of the XIXth century. In the beginning, selected toxicological problems were taught in the Emperor's Medical Surgical Academy (presently S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Sankt-Peterburg) and at the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University (presently I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow). The greatest contribution to the development of toxicology was made by such outstanding scientists as professors S.A. Gromov, P.P. Pelekhin, P.P. Zablotsky-Desyatovsky, E.V. Pelikan, Ya.A. Chistovich, G.I. Blosfel'd, I.M. Sorokin, D.P. Kosorotov, A.V. Grigoriev, V.V. Andreev, A.A. Glebovich, A.N. Grigoriev, B.I. Predtechensky, V.M. Rozhkov, S.S. Vail, M.N. Lubotsky, etc. The works of these researchers predetermined the further development of toxicology in this country, its main purpose being provision of medical aid in case of poisoning and diseases of chemical etiology. Another line of toxicological research became industrial and environmental toxicology having the purpose of hygienic rating and prevention of poisoning. Nevertheless, all aspects of the multifaceted science of toxicology are related to forensic medicine as the cradle in which it originated, evolved, and turned into a self-consistent science.

Resultados de la aplicación de nuevas metodologías activas para la enseñanza de la asignatura toxicología / Results from the application of new active methodologies for the toxicology subject learning

Con el fin de adaptar la asignatura de Toxicología (tercer curso) a los nuevos planes de estudioeuropeos del Grado de Farmacia, se han introducido nuevas metodologías activas basadasprincipalmente en el trabajo personal y en la participación del alumno en el proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje.La introducción de las nuevas metodologías activas tiene como objetivos un aumento de la capacidadde síntesis, análisis y esquematización por parte del alumnado, un aumento de la participación y deltrabajo en grupo y la formación en competencias como el manejo de fuentes bibliográficas y labúsqueda de información. El fin último es mejorar la calidad de la docencia aumentando el interés delos alumnos por los conocimientos adquiridos mediante una forma de enseñanza más participativa,dinámica y práctica que además relacione los contenidos teóricos con la práctica en un futuroprofesional aportando al alumno una visión más cercana a la realidad.Para incentivar la participación de forma voluntaria por parte del alumno se ha propuesto larealización de una de dos posibles actividades independientes, pero complementarias: 1) preparaciónde tres temas inéditos en pregrado y 2) resolución de dos problemas (ABP) para lo que tuvieron queaplicar conocimientos adquiridos en clases teóricas. Éstas se realizaron de forma tutorizada ysupervisada por los profesores del Área. Además se contó positivamente la asistencia a clases teóricasy a dos conferencias impartidas por expertos en las áreas de Toxicología Forense y de ToxicologíaAlimentaria.La valoración de la experiencia ha sido positiva ya que se consiguió un aumento de la asistencia aclase y de la participación por parte de los alumnos, todo ello además se vio reflejado en una mejorade las calificaciones obtenidas(AU)

In order to adapt the subject of Toxicology to the new curricula in Europe, new active methodologieshave introduced. They are mainly based in personal work and student participation in the process ofteaching-learning.The introduction of new active methodologies aims to increase the capacity for synthesis, analysis andschematize in our students, as well as to increase its participation and group work and training in skillssuch as handling and searching bibliographical sources information. The ultimate goal is to improvethe quality of teaching by increasing students' interest for knowledge gained through a moreparticipatory form of education, dynamic and practical. In addition, students would be asked tointerrelating theory contents with future professional practice by providing students a closer vision torealityTo encourage voluntary participation by the student, it was proposed to perform one of twoindependent but complementary activities: a) preparation of three new lessons in undergraduateclasses; and 2) resolution of two problems (ABP) for what they had to apply theoretical knowledgeacquired. These were carried out tutored and supervised by teachers of the area. In addition,attendance to theory classes and to lectures given by experts in the fields of Forensic Toxicology andFood was positively marked.The assessment of the experience was positive because an increase in class attendance andparticipation by students was achieved, which was also reflected in an improvement in grades(AU)

Panorama educativo Europeo para la formación de los toxicólogos forenses / European educational overview for the training for forensics toxicologists

La singularidad de los Laboratorios Forenses así como la trascendencia de los resultados que emiten, requiere una labor especializada para la que es indispensable que los recursos humanos e instrumentales sean los adecuados y garanticen su continuidad y adecuación en el tiempo. La formación básica en Toxicología, que comparten diferentes licenciaturas, han adaptado los planes docentes a la nueva concepción de la docencia en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior con el objetivo en el pregrado de introducir al universitario en los aspectos más importantes de la Toxicología siguiendo en el postgrado las ramas especificas entre las que se encuentra la Toxicología forense (AU)

Educational overview for the training for forensics toxicologists. The uniqueness of Forensic Laboratories and the significance of their results require a specialized task for which it is essential that human and material resources are adequate and also capable of ensuring their continuity and adaptation over time. Basic training in Toxicology, it is shared by different degrees, have adapted teaching plans to the new concept of teaching in the European Higher Education Area with the objective of introducing the under graduate degree in toxicology ́s most important aspects. Postgraduate studies are focused on more specific issues such as forensic Toxicology (AU)

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