Virtual surgical planning in craniomaxillofacial surgery: a structured review.

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is a challenging and very demanding field that involves the treatment of congenital and acquired conditions of the face and head. Due to the complexity of the head and facial region, various tools and techniques were developed and utilized to aid surgical procedures and optimize results. Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) has revolutionized the way craniomaxillofacial surgeries are planned and executed. It uses 3D imaging computer software to visualize and simulate a surgical procedure. Numerous studies were published on the usage of VSP in craniomaxillofacial surgery. However, the researchers found inconsistency in the previous literature which prompted the development of this review. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the findings of the studies by conducting an integrated approach to synthesize the literature related to the use of VSP in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Twenty-nine related articles were selected as a sample and synthesized thoroughly. These papers were grouped assigning to the four subdisciplines of craniomaxillofacial surgery: orthognathic surgery, reconstructive surgery, trauma surgery and implant surgery. The following variables - treatment time, the accuracy of VSP, clinical outcome, cost, and cost-effectiveness - were also examined. Results revealed that VSP offers advantages in craniomaxillofacial surgery over the traditional method in terms of duration, predictability and clinical outcomes. However, the cost aspect was not discussed in most papers. This structured literature review will thus provide current findings and trends and recommendations for future research on the usage of VSP in craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Evaluation of total alloplastic temporo-mandibular joint replacement with two different types of prostheses: A three-year prospective study

BACKGROUND: Temporo-Mandibular Joint (TMJ) replacement has been used clinically for years. The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes achieved in patients with two different categories of TMJ prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients who had a TMJ replacement (TMJR) implanted during the study period from 2006 through 2012 were included in this 3-year prospective study. All procedures were performed using the Biomet Microfixation TMJ Replacement System, and all involved replacing both the skull base component (glenoid fossa) and the mandibular condyle. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients (38 females and 19 males), involving 75 TMJs with severe disease requiring reconstruction (39 unilateral, 18 bilateral) were operated on consecutively, and 68 stock prostheses and 7 custom-made prostheses were implanted. The mean age at surgery was 52.6 ± 11.5 years in the stock group and 51.8 ± 11.7 years in the custom-made group. In the stock group, after three years of TMJR, results showed a reduction in pain intensity from 6.4 ±1.4 to 1.6 ± 1.2 (p < 0.001), and an improvement in jaw opening from 2.7±0.9 cm to 4.2 ± 0.7 cm (p < 0.001). In the custom-made group, after three years of TMJR, results showed a reduction in pain intensity from 6.0 ± 1.6 to 2.2 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001), and an improvement in jaw opening from 1.5 ± 0.5 cm to 4.3 ± 0.6 cm (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences between two groups were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this three-year prospective study support the surgical placement of TMJ prostheses (stock prosthetic, and custom-made systems), and show that the approach is efficacious and safe, reduces pain, and improves maximum mouth opening movement, with few complications. As such, TMJR represents a viable technique and a stable long-term solution for cranio-mandibular reconstruction in patients with irreversible end-stage TMJ disease. Comparing stock and custom-made groups, no statistically significant differences were detected with respect to pain intensity reduction and maximum mouth opening improvement

[A pediatric case of hydatid cyst in the infratemporal fossa]. / Kyste hydatique de la fosse infratemporale chez un enfant.

INTRODUCTION: Hydatid cyst or disease is an anthropozoonosis due to the development of the larval form of the taenia Echinococcus granulosus in humans. It is endemic in Morocco. The location of a hydatid cyst in the infratemporal fossa (ITF) is extremely rare. The authors report a pediatric case. OBSERVATION: An 11 year old child was admitted to hospital with a history of left latero-facial swelling gradually increasing in volume for 2 months, CT scan of the face revealed a cystic formation of 7 cm diameter sitting at the left ITF, hydatid serology was negative. A transzygomatic approach allowed the excision of the cyst. The histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. DISCUSSION: The location at the infratemporal fossa of an expansive process such as hydatid cyst in children may have a particular impact on adjacent structures and a more meaningful clinical expression. The rate of growth of hydatid cysts is highly variable and ranges from 1 to 5 cm a year. Hydatid serology is often negative. CT examination is the gold-standard radiological examination. Surgical removal of the hydatid cyst is the most effective treatment. The transzygomatic approach allowed a sufficient access to the cyst and a good quality of excision.

Craniofacial approaches and reconstruction in skull base surgery: techniques for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon.

Skull base surgery (SBS) is considered the standard of care in treating benign and malignant lesions of the cranial base. SBS is a multidisciplinary team approach used to treat these complex lesions that may have intracranial extension. SBS can be broken down into 3 steps. Transfacial access is performed, followed by resection with sound oncologic principles, and then reconstruction of the cranial base and facial structures. Functional and esthetic concerns must be addressed by the surgeons. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons frequently perform elective facial osteotomies and treat victims of cranial base trauma. These same principles can be applied to SBS as a part of the skull base team.

Equipo cubano interdisciplinario de cirugía craneofacial en pediatría: Resultados de un quinquenio / Interdisciplinary Cuban staff of craniofacial surgery in Pediatrics: Results from a five-year period

Las deformidades craneofaciales se deben en su mayoría a alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo, traumatismos y neoplasias. Con el objetivo de describir el tratamiento quirúrgico integral de estas, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 46 pacientes tratados por el Equipo Intertidisciplinario de Cirugía Craneofacial del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M. Márquez en el periodo comprendido entre mayo de 2003 a marzo de 2007. La deformidad más frecuente fue la craneosinostosis (57 por ciento), específicamente la plagiocefalia (17 por ciento). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron de piel blanca (70 por ciento) y se intervinieron entre el 1ro.y 7mo.años de vida (57 por ciento), con una media de 6,3 años. En general no hubo predilección por sexo. Se emplearon 18 diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas. Se presentaron cinco complicaciones durante el posoperatorio (11 por ciento), una defunción (2,2 por ciento), una oftalmoplejía (2,2 por ciento), dos salidas de líquido cefalorraquídeo (4,4 por ciento) y una desaturación por depresión del centro respiratorio (2,2 por ciento). Excepto la oftalmoplejía hubo resolución de las complicaciones en un intervalo de 15 días. Los resultados reportados por este equipo, único de su tipo en el país, son relevantes al compararlos con la literatura internacional(AU)

Most of the craniofacial deformities are due to alterations of growth, development, traumata and neoplasms. To describe the integral surgical treatment of above deformities, a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 46 patients treated by the interdisciplinary staff of craniofacial surgery from the Juan Manuel Márquez University Children Hospital from May, 2003 to March, 2007. The more frequent deformity was the craniosynostosis (57 percent), specifically the plagiocephaly (17 percent). Most of patients were of white race (70 percent) and were operated don between the first and the seventh year of life (57 percent) for a mean of 6,3 years. Generally there wasn't sex predominance. A total of 18 different surgical techniques were used. There were 5 complications during the postoperative period (11 percent), a decease (2.2 percent), a ophthalmoplegia (2.2 percent), two cerebrospinal fluid leakage (4.4 percent) and a desaturation by depression of respiratory center (2.2 percent). With the exception of ophthalmoplegia there was a resolution of complications in a 15 days interval. Results reported by this unique Cuban staff are outstanding compared with international literature(AU)

Equipo cubano interdisciplinario de cirugía craneofacial en pediatría: Resultados de un quinquenio / Interdisciplinary Cuban staff of craniofacial surgery in Pediatrics: Results from a five-year period

Las deformidades craneofaciales se deben en su mayoría a alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo, traumatismos y neoplasias. Con el objetivo de describir el tratamiento quirúrgico integral de estas, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 46 pacientes tratados por el Equipo Intertidisciplinario de Cirugía Craneofacial del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M. Márquez en el periodo comprendido entre mayo de 2003 a marzo de 2007. La deformidad más frecuente fue la craneosinostosis (57 por ciento), específicamente la plagiocefalia (17 por ciento). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron de piel blanca (70 por ciento) y se intervinieron entre el 1ro.y 7mo.años de vida (57 por ciento), con una media de 6,3 años. En general no hubo predilección por sexo. Se emplearon 18 diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas. Se presentaron cinco complicaciones durante el posoperatorio (11 por ciento), una defunción (2,2 por ciento), una oftalmoplejía (2,2 por ciento), dos salidas de líquido cefalorraquídeo (4,4 por ciento) y una desaturación por depresión del centro respiratorio (2,2 por ciento). Excepto la oftalmoplejía hubo resolución de las complicaciones en un intervalo de 15 días. Los resultados reportados por este equipo, único de su tipo en el país, son relevantes al compararlos con la literatura internacional

Most of the craniofacial deformities are due to alterations of growth, development, traumata and neoplasms. To describe the integral surgical treatment of above deformities, a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 46 patients treated by the interdisciplinary staff of craniofacial surgery from the Juan Manuel Márquez University Children Hospital from May, 2003 to March, 2007. The more frequent deformity was the craniosynostosis (57 percent), specifically the plagiocephaly (17 percent). Most of patients were of white race (70 percent) and were operated don between the first and the seventh year of life (57 percent) for a mean of 6,3 years. Generally there wasn't sex predominance. A total of 18 different surgical techniques were used. There were 5 complications during the postoperative period (11 percent), a decease (2.2 percent), a ophthalmoplegia (2.2 percent), two cerebrospinal fluid leakage (4.4 percent) and a desaturation by depression of respiratory center (2.2 percent). With the exception of ophthalmoplegia there was a resolution of complications in a 15 days interval. Results reported by this unique Cuban staff are outstanding compared with international literature

Applications of ultrasonography in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a review of the literature.

Ultrasonography is a diagnostic medical procedure that employs high frequency sound waves to produce dynamic visual images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. Until recently it found little application in oral and maxillofacial surgery despite the fact that it is readily available, non-invasive, relatively inexpensive, painless and can be repeated as often as possible without risk to the patient. This article reviews the available literature on the ultrasonographic examination of the head and neck with particular reference to oral and maxillofacial surgery and evaluates the applications of this imaging modality in modem clinical practice. It further highlights the need for clinicians to explore and fully appreciate the diagnostic value of this highly under-utilised imaging modality.

Revisión sobre la posición condilar estudiadacon técnicas radiográficas / Review on the condyle position studied with radiographics technical

Existe un gran desacuerdo en el ámbito científico actual en conceptos tan básicos como la posición condilar ideal en relación céntrica (RCM) y si su localización fuera de la misma cuando los dientes contactan en máxima intercuspidación (IOP) se puede relacionar o no con los desórdenes temporomandibulares (DTM). Existen básicamente dos técnicas para determinar la posición condilar en su fosa: una, a través de técnicas radiográficas (destacando la tomografía entre ellas) y la otra, mediante articuladores con algún aditamento que registre las diferencias entre las diversas localizaciones condilares. En este artículo hemos realizado una revisión de las investigaciones que utilizan la primera. (AU)

[Treatment protocol for craniomandibular dysfunction 2. Treatment]. / Behandelingsprotocol voor craniomandibulaire dysfunctie 2. Behandeling.

In two essays the treatment strategy of the department of Oral Function of the Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam for treating craniomandibular disorder (CMD) patients is described. In this second essay a description is given of several dental, physiotherapeutical and psychological treatment modalities for CMD. Then treatment strategies for the different categories of CMD are described. It is also indicated which aspects of the treatment strategy are based upon 'evidence based care' and which aspects are more based upon principles of 'common sense' and 'clinical prudence'.

Short-term functional alterations in the stomatognathic system after orthodontic-surgical management of skeletal vertical excess problems.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the functional alterations in the stomatognathic system following orthodontic-surgical management of skeletal vertical excess problems. The sample comprised 43 patients who received combined orthodontic-surgical treatment including bilateral vertical ramus osteotomy for posterior repositioning and counterclockwise rotation of the mandible (n = 26) or Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary impaction (n = 17). All subjects were examined within 1 week before operation and 6 months postsurgery. Methods of examination included: (a) evaluation of dysfunction by means of a clinical index, (b) measurement of mandibular range of motion, (c) assessment of the number and intensity of occlusal contacts, and (d) tomographic evaluation of condyle-fossa relationships. The results of the study indicated that postoperatively (a) there was an increase of patients with dysfunction in the mandibular osteotomy group and a decrease of patients with dysfunction in the maxillary osteotomy group; (b) the maximum interincisal opening decreased significantly in the mandibular osteotomy group; (c) there was a significant increase in the number and intensity of occlusal contacts in both groups; and (d) the shortest posterior and anterior interarticular distances increased significantly in the mandibular osteotomy group.

Surgical management of refractory craniomandibular pain using radiofrequency thermolysis: a report of thirty patients.

Radiofrequency thermolysis has traditionally been used to treat pain disorders of differing etiologies primarily in the low back and cervical areas. This paper describes the use and results of a different and simplified approach to surgical management of extracapsular disorders, namely, temporal tendinitis, Ernest Syndrome, and occipital myalgia-neuralgia where conservative attempts have failed. A brief discussion of the pain disorders are addressed along with the methods of differential diagnosis, conservative therapy, and traditional surgical treatment. Finally, surgical management using radiofrequency thermolysis is described with results of treatment in 30 patients showing a 96% success rate.

Function of masticatory system after surgical-orthodontic correction of maxillomandibular discrepancies.

Thirty-two subjects were interviewed about their pre- and post-treatment symptoms of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) and examined for signs of CMD at follow up 2-5 years after surgical-orthodontic treatment for maxillomandibular discrepancies. Symptoms of CMD were among the main reasons for seeking treatment in 31% of the patients. Patients with retrognathic mandibles had significantly more severe symptoms than patients with mandibular prognathism before treatment. After treatment, the severity of subjective symptoms had decreased for the patients as a whole, and significantly in the subjects with originally severe symptoms. Ten subjects out of 12 reported a decrease in the occurrence of headache. The clinical findings of CMD after surgery were usually mild. The importance of occlusal adjustment and rehabilitation as final steps after surgical-orthodontic treatment is stressed.