Evaluation of postoperative satisfaction with rhinoseptoplasty in patients with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among candidates for plastic surgery may vary from 6% to 54%. Some studies report discrete benefits with the surgical results, while others show symptomatic exacerbation. Some authors even affirm that body dysmorphic disorder would be a surgical contraindication, against others who suggest satisfactory results. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in rhinoseptoplasty candidates and to compare outcomes among patients with and without body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. METHODS: Cohort study. Individuals ≥ 16 years, candidates for aesthetic and/or functional rhinoseptoplasty were recruited at a university hospital in Brazil. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder was assessed through the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) and the patients divided into groups: no symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, mild-moderate and severe symptoms. The specific quality of life outcomes, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) and Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) were evaluated before and after 90 and 180 days of the procedure. RESULTS: 131 individuals were included, 59.5% female. The prevalence of preoperative symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder was 38%. There was a reduction in the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder in the preoperative body dysmorphic disorder examination versus 3 and 6 months in all groups (78.94 ±â€¯2.46 vs. 33.63 ±â€¯6.41 and 35.51 ±â€¯5.92, respectively, p < 0.002). Among patients with severe body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, rhinoplasty outcome evaluation ranged from 21.24 ±â€¯3.88 to 58.59 ±â€¯5.83 at 3 months and 52.02 ±â€¯5.41 at 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.001); while NOSE from 71 ±â€¯8.47 to 36.11 ±â€¯12.10 at 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in our sample was high. Rhinoseptoplasty was associated with an improvement in quality of life outcomes related to nasal function and aesthetic outcome in all groups, irrespective of the presence and intensity of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Rhinoseptoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder symptomatic patients was also associated with a reduction in postoperative body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, even in severe cases.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Rhinoplasty Candidates: Prevalence and Functional Correlations.

BACKGROUND: Rhinoplasty is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic/functional procedures worldwide. Among those who seek rhinoplasty are those whose aesthetic defect is interpreted by themselves disproportionately, leading to significant suffering. These are given the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). They commonly have high expectations regarding the surgical outcome and are often not satisfied postoperatively. The present study aimed to correlate BDD with the patient's self-assessment of nasal function, analysing whether BDD would have any influence on it. In addition, we verified the prevalence of the disorder in our population. METHODS: Cross-sectional, comparative and analytical study. Eighty-eight patients participated in the trial, 57 of them being candidates for rhinoplasty, rhinoplasty group (RG), and 31 from a random population, control group (CG). Through self-assessment, the BDSS, The Utrecht, SNOT-22 and NOSE questionnaires were applied. Patients with BDSS score ≥ 6 were considered as positive for BDD. Comparisons were made between the groups and among the candidates for rhinoplasty with positive or negative BDD. RESULTS: The prevalence of the disorder was 35.1% in the RG and 3.2% in the CG. Significantly, higher NOSE and SNOT-22 scores, reflecting worse nasal function, were obtained by the RG, especially in those with positive screening for BDD, when compared to those with negative screening (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BDD affects about one-third of the rhinoplasty candidate population. Their presence seems to exert a negative influence on the patients' self-assessment regarding their nasal function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Invited Response on: Body Dysmorphic Disorder: There is an "Ideal" Strategy?

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has been considered the most relevant neuropsychiatric condition to cosmetic treatments. Patients' ideal expectations often exceed what is expected to be achieved in reality by plastic surgery, signaling the presence of BDD. It is fundamental to detect BDD symptoms during screening for cosmetic surgery. A secondary concern with physical appearance may be one of the most important parameters to be detected during patient assessment, as it may interfere with overall patient satisfaction following treatment. A good doctor-patient relationship is essential for detecting this psychopathology. Mild-to-moderate BDD is not an exclusion criterion for cosmetic surgery, but specific treatment planning and a multidisciplinary approach are required. Recent studies have presented preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of cosmetic procedures in reducing BDD symptoms and providing patient satisfaction with treatment results. The use of validated instruments at pre- and postoperative assessments to systematically evaluate the patient's level of distress with the physical appearance and patient satisfaction with treatment results will provide important information for the development of more sensitive validated tools for detection of severe levels of BDD symptoms to help plastic surgeons in the selection of patients in a more effective and practical manner.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Transtorno dismórfico corporal sob a perspectiva do cirurgião plástico / Body dysmorphic disorder from the perspective of the plastic surgeon

O transtorno dismórfico corporal é encontrado com uma certa frequência nos atendimentos relacionados à estética. Entretanto, permanece subdiagnosticado devido à dificuldade de diferenciar uma insatisfação pessoal natural com a imagem corporal de uma queixa patológica. Para os pacientes com TDC, o incômodo gerado pelo seu "defeito" costuma ser desproporcional ao que observamos no exame físico. Além disso, na tentativa de corrigir aquilo que não lhe agrada, ele se submete a diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos que, em grande parte das vezes, considerará insuficiente para a resolução do seu problema. Nesse sentido, buscamos, com este trabalho, ampliar as discussões já existentes na literatura especializada. Assim, assumindo a escassa bibliografia, tencionamos, além de construir discussões acerca dessa afecção, o que pode contribuir para a identificação dos traços desse transtorno, evitando, por conseguinte, a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos desnecessários e nortear as ações do especialista no que diz respeito à possibilidade de uma disputa judicial.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is found with a certain frequency in aesthetic-related care. However, it is underdiagnosed due to the difficulty in differentiating a personal dissatisfaction with body image of a pathological complaint. For BDD patients, the discomfort generated by their "defect" is often disproportionate to that observed on physical examination. In addition, in an attempt to correct their "defect", the patients undergoes various surgical procedures, which are often considered insufficient by the patients to solve their problem. Hence, this study aimed to expand the already existing discussions in the specialized literature. Since there are only a few studies on the topic, we plan to discuss this condition so as to contribute towards identification of the characteristics of this disorder, thus, avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures and guiding the specialist's actions in case of a legal dispute.

Cirurgia plástica estética e (in) satisfação corporal: uma visão atual / Esthetic plastic surgery and (in) satisfaction index: a current view

O objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar uma revisão de literatura de estudos relacionados à Cirurgia Plástica Estética. Dessa forma, foram analisadas as pesquisas desenvolvidas com a amostra em questão. As buscas foram feitas nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e Medline. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: "cosmetic surgery", "body dysmorphic disorder" e "eating disorders". Os dados foram sintetizados em três tópicos: "Perfil do paciente e aspectos motivacionais", "Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal e Cirurgia Plástica" e "Transtornos Alimentares e Cirurgia Plástica". Conclui-se que o motivo principal para realização da cirurgia plástica estética é a insatisfação com o corpo. Além disso, o Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal possui alta prevalência nesses indivíduos. Ademais, mesmo após a realização do procedimento, esses sujeitos encontram-se insatisfeitos com seus corpos. As cirurgias plásticas mais comuns entre os pacientes com Transtornos Alimentares são o implante de silicone nas mamas e lipoaspiração de abdômen. Pela revisão de literatura pode-se perceber a necessidade dos profissionais da área de saúde terem acesso às informações referentes a esse grupo de indivíduos.

The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of studies related to esthetic plastic surgery. Thus, studies conducted on this topic were searched. The searches were performed on the Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. The following keywords were used: "cosmetic surgery," "body dysmorphic disorder," and "eating disorders." The data were summarized in three topics: "profile of patients and motivational aspects," "plastic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder," and "plastic surgery and eating disorders." We conclude that the main reason for undergoing esthetic plastic surgery is dissatisfaction with the body . In addition, body dysmorphic disorder has a high prevalence in these individuals. Moreover, even after the completion of the surgery, these individuals are still dissatisfied with their bodies . The most common plastic surgeries among patients with eating disorders are silicone breast implantation and liposuction of the abdomen. From the literature review, we can perceive the need for health care professionals to have access to information regarding this group of individuals.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty, Rhinoplasty, and Rhytidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Body dysmorphic disorder may negatively affect self-perception of body shape and lead patients to seek cosmetic surgery. This study estimates the level of body dissatisfaction and prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in candidates for three plastic surgical procedures. METHODS: Three hundred patients of both sexes divided into three groups (abdominoplasty, n = 90; rhinoplasty, n =151; and rhytidectomy, n =59) were classified as having (n =51, n =79, and n =25, respectively) or not having (n =39, n =72, and n =34, respectively) body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, based on the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, which was administered preoperatively. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in the abdominoplasty, rhinoplasty, and rhytidectomy groups were 57, 52, and 42 percent, respectively. Significant between-group differences were observed regarding age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.001), and onset of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms (p < 0.001). Within-group differences in body dysmorphic disorder severity were observed in the abdominoplasty (p < 0.001), rhinoplasty (p < 0.001), and rhytidectomy (p = 0.005) groups. Body dysmorphic disorder severity was significantly associated with degree of body dissatisfaction (mean Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination total scores; p < 0.001), avoidance behaviors (p< 0.001), sexual abuse (p = 0.026), suicidal ideation (p < 0.001), and suicide attempt (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Abdominoplasty candidates showed the highest prevalence; rhytidectomy candidates exhibited the highest percentage of severe cases, and rhinoplasty candidates had the lowest percentage of severe cases.

Dismorfofobia: o olhar do outro / Dysmorphophobia: to be seen through someone else's eyes

O modus vivendi moderno tem produzido cada vez mais um crescente descontentamento em relação à anatomia corporal e a imaginação a respeito do corpo perfeito desperta um desejo no indivíduo nem sempre condizente com sua realidade. Sem limitação para as transfigurações, o corpo é modelado com base no sonho de uma estrutura corporal perfeita, na maioria das vezes, inalcançável, com os inúmeros procedimentos cirúrgicos propostos. Assim, é fundamental que os cirurgiões plásticos conheçam o Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC) ou dismorfofobia, desordem esta prevalente em ambos os sexos, em que a visão da aparência é deturpada, caracterizada pela inquietação excessiva de uma imperfeição física minúscula ou por imperfeições corporais ilusórias. O diagnóstico pode passar despercebido pelo não conhecimento, pelo subdiagnóstico ou pela preocupação apenas com a alteração corporal, o que pode trazer prejuízos pessoais, demandas jurídicas e até ajudar a manter o distúrbio.

The modern modus vivendi has promoted a growing discontentment in regard to self body image, and imagining a perfect body leads to a desire in an individual that is not always compatible with reality. With no limits in transfiguration, the body is modeled based on the dream of a perfect body structure, which is most times unattainable and requires numerous proposed surgical procedures. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for plastic surgeons to become aware of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), or dysmorphophobia. This is a disorder that is prevalent in both sexes, in which self visual appearance is distorted. It is also characterized by an excessive concern over a tiny physical imperfection or delusive physical imperfections. The diagnosis can remain unnoticed due to lack of knowledge, misdiagnosis, or concern only over body alterations, which may lead to personal damage, legal claims, and also risk of prolonging the disorder.

Compreendendo a psicopatologia do transtorno dismórfico corporal de pacientes de cirurgia plástica: resumo da literatura / Understanding the psychopathology of body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients: a literature review

INTRODUÇÃO: Indivíduos com Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC) buscam a cirurgia estética para corrigir um defeito percebido. A prevalência de TDC entre pacientes de cirurgia plástica varia de 6% a 24%, podendo chegar a 53%. Recentemente, estudos foram realizados para identificar a fisiopatologia dos sintomas de TDC através de neuroimagem, assim como a relação entre TDC e outros transtornos (por exemplo, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, anorexia nervosa, ansiedade social, e transtorno de somatização), e para distinguir convicções delirantes de não-delirantes como uma expressão de um único transtorno mental com diferentes níveis de gravidade. Entretanto, estudos retrospectivos sugerem que pacientes com TDC não se beneficiam com cirurgia plástica. O objetivo deste artigo foi fornecer uma visão geral da pesquisa atual sobre TDC e identificar características psicopatológicas do TDC em pacientes de cirurgia plástica. MÉTODO: Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed e Embase cruzando as palavas-chave "cirurgia plástica" "cirurgia estética" e "transtorno dismórfico corporal". RESULTADOS: A prevalência de TDC é alta entre pacientes de cirurgia plástica. Não há estudos prospectivos sobre o impacto da cirurgia plástica em pacientes com TDC. CONCLUSÃO: TDC precisa ser adequadamente identificado na seleção de pacientes para cirurgia plástica a fim de otimizar a gestão de atendimento e a qualidade de vida de pacientes com TDC.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) may seek cosmetic surgery to correct a perceived defect. BDD prevalences ranging from 6% to 24% and up to 53% have been reported among cosmetic surgery patients. Recent studies have been conducted to identify the pathophysiology of BDD symptoms using neuroimaging, as well as the relationship of BDD to other disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, social anxiety, and somatization disorder), and means to distinguish delusional from non-delusional beliefs as an expression of a single mental disorder at different severity levels. Retrospective studies have however suggested that BDD patients do not benefit from cosmetic surgery. This paper aimed at providing an overview of the current research on BDD and identifying psychopathological characteristics of BDD in cosmetic surgery patients. METHODS: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched by crossing the keywords "plastic surgery", "aesthetic surgery" and "body dysmorphic disorder". RESULTS: The prevalence of BDD was high among cosmetic surgery patients. No prospective studies were found on the impact of cosmetic surgery on BDD patients. CONCLUSION: BDD needs to be adequately assessed during patient selection for cosmetic surgery to optimize the quality of care provided and the quality of life of patients with BDD.

Liposuction in body-shaping treatment for Kobberling-Dunnigan syndrome / Lipoaspiração no tratamento do contorno corporal na síndrome de Kobberling-Dunnigan

INTRODUCTION: Kobberling-Dunnigan syndrome is characterized by a series of alterations in metabolism and body fat distribution. Body dysmorphism and the Cushingoid appearance may have negative social and psychological impacts on the patient, including difficulty with social adaptation. In such cases, liposuction is used with the aim of improving body contour, with consequent improvements in self-esteem. The results are long lasting when body weight is maintained. CASE REPORT: Liposuction of the back, abdomen, and cervical regions in a woman with Kobberling-Dunnigan syndrome led to significant improvement in her body shape, and the results were maintained nine months postoperatively.

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome de Kobberling-Dunnigan caracteriza-se por um conjunto de alterações metabólicas e de distribuição da gordura corporal. O dismorfismo corporal e o aspecto cushingoide trazem repercussões psicológicas e sociais, com dificuldade de ajuste social. Nesses casos, a lipoaspiração é empregada com o objetivo de melhorar o contorno corporal e, consecutivamente, as alterações de autoestima. Os resultados apresentam-se duradouros quando há manutenção do peso. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, portadora de síndrome de Kobberling-Dunnigan, submetida a lipoaspiração de dorso, abdome e região cervical, com melhora significativa do contorno corporal e manutenção dos resultados nove meses após a operação.