Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Following a Minor Head Injury: A Rare Cause of Medico-Legal Death.

Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (SCST) is an uncommon consequence of head and face infection, but a rare complication after craniofacial fracture. In this case, SCST developed in a 13-year-old girl following a minor fall during volleyball, with impact and resulting abrasive contusion of the left forehead. She developed watery rhinorrhea, progressive headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and left proptosis with blurred vision, and was admitted to hospital 3 days after injury. Drowsiness, high-grade fever, severe headache, left ocular pain with marked periorbital swelling, and paralysis of extraocular eye movements developed. Computed tomography scan identified left sphenoid and ethmoid sinusitis, a posterior clinoid fracture, and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. She died after 10 days of in-hospital antibiotic therapy. Death was due to Staphylococcus aureus sepsis with septic pulmonary thromboemboli due to suppurative meningitis and cerebral infarction, due to SCST following apparently minor blunt head injury from an accidental fall.

Trombosis parcial segmentaria de cuerpo cavernoso: reporte de un caso, imágenes y factores de riesgo / Partial segmental thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum: a case report, imaging and risk factors

La trombosis parcial segmentaria del cuerpo cavernoso (TPSCC) es una patología extremadamente infrecuente, que afecta principalmente a hombres jóvenes, cuya etiología aún no está clara. Se caracteriza por una trombosis del cuerpo cavernoso en su porción proximal, prácticamente siempre unilateral, generando dolor perineal. El caso presentando cuenta con una acabada descripción de los factores de riesgo que se cree asociados a la patología, así como un completo registro imagenológico (AU)

Partial segmental thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum (PSTCC) is an extremely rare disease, mainly affecting younger men, and with an aetiology that is not completely understood. It is characterised by thrombosis of the proximal portion of the corpus cavernosum, almost always unilateral, generating perineal pain. In the current case report, a complete description of the risk factors and imaging associated with this pathology is presented (AU)

Pediatric cavernous sinus thrombosis: A case series and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical characteristics, imaging findings, morbidity, and mortality in a single-center cohort of 12 pediatric cavernous sinus thrombosis cases and to review all cases available in recent English literature. METHODS: Clinical data and radiographic studies on 12 cases from our institution were analyzed retrospectively. A literature search and review was conducted, with additional cases pooled with the new cohort for an aggregate analysis. RESULTS: Twelve cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis in children from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013, were reviewed. All patients survived to discharge; 3 of 12 (25%) experienced neurologic morbidity. Contrast-enhanced MRI and contrast-enhanced head CT were 100% sensitive for detecting cavernous sinus thrombosis, while noncontrast time-of-flight magnetic resonance venography (TOF MRV) and noncontrast head CT were 0% sensitive. Literature review produced an additional 40 cases, and the aggregate mortality rate was 4 of 52 (8%) and morbidity rate was 10 of 40 (25%). Outcomes did not vary by treatment or with unilateral vs bilateral cavernous sinus involvement. There was a trend toward worse outcomes with fungal infections. CONCLUSION: Our case series demonstrates low morbidity and mortality with early, aggressive surgical, antimicrobial, and anticoagulation therapies. Although anticoagulation and surgery were not associated with significantly different outcomes, more study is needed.

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis in Children: Imaging Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare life-threatening cerebrovascular disease known to cause carotid artery narrowing (CAN) and arterial ischemic stroke. The imaging features of CST and related complications have been reported in adults, but rarely in children. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of children with imaging confirmed CST from 2003 to 2014, describing presenting symptoms, imaging findings, and treatment. RESULTS: Ten patients with CST were identified. All had CAN and 6 of 10 developed infarcts. Of 8 patients treated with anticoagulation therapy, 3 developed new infarcts. None required discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy because of bleeding. Visual impairment secondary to infectious neuritis was common. Imaging characteristics include cavernous sinus expansion, filling defects, restricted diffusion, arterial wall enhancement, empyema, superior ophthalmic vein enlargement and thrombosis, orbital cellulitis, and pituitary inflammation. CAN resolved in 60% of cases. Outcomes were mostly good, with a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤1 for 7 of 10 patients at discharge and 1 death. CONCLUSIONS: CAN and infarcts were common in this modest cohort of children with CST. Despite the high incidence of CAN and infarction, outcomes were often favorable. Although this is the largest cohort of childhood CST reported to date, large multicenter cohorts are needed to confirm our findings and determine the preferred therapeutic strategies for childhood CST.

Restricted diffusion of the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins in cavernous sinus thrombosis.

Two previous reports have described restricted diffusion in thrombosed superior ophthalmic veins (SOVs) in patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST). We report a patient who displayed restricted diffusion in both the SOV and inferior ophthalmic vein in CST consequent to a masticator space abscess. The orbital vascular imaging findings added support to the cavernous sinus findings in making the diagnosis of CST. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the orbit is a valuable asset in this setting.

Acute sphenoid sinusitis leading to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this article was to report a case of isolated, acute, right-sided sphenoid sinusitis that progressed to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis in an 18-year-old male patient. We describe the atypical presentation of this case and discuss the relevant anatomy, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment. CASE REPORT: A case report of sphenoid sinusitis leading to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis was reviewed and presented along with a comprehensive literature review of the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, microbiology, diagnostic work-up and treatment options. CONCLUSION: Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare clinical entity in the antibiotic era. However, limited sphenoid sinusitis may progress to cavernous sinus thrombosis in spite of maximal medical treatment, as highlighted in this case report. The mainstay of treatment includes early diagnosis allowing aggressive intravenous antibiotics and appropriate surgical management.

Fatal rhinocerebral mucormycosis with intracavernous carotid aneurysm and thrombosis: a late complication of transsphenoidal surgery?

Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection. Rhinocerebral form of the disease mainly affects diabetic or immunocompromised patients. Mucormycosis have specific tropism for blood vessels leading to mucorthrombosis and less often to mycotic aneurysms. We report on a patient initially presenting with a severe sphenoid sinusopathy, who progressively evolved to cavernous sinus syndrome, internal carotid aneurysm followed by spontaneous thrombosis, chronic meningitis and ultimately fatal hypertensive hydrocephalus. Necropsy revealed a purulent infiltrate containing thin-walled, aseptate, right-angle branching, hyphae consistent with mucormycosis. His only relevant previous medical history was a transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma 21 years before. We hypothesize that post-surgical mucosal changes in the sphenoid sinus have been a favoring factor for delayed and invasive mucor infection.

Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis complicated by occlusion of the internal carotid artery and multiple embolic strokes after surgery of an anorectal abscess: a clinical chameleon.

BACKGROUND: Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus (CST) is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition mostly caused by facial or ear, nose, and throat infections. Anatomic structures in vicinity of the cavernous sinus are thereby susceptible to inflammatory damage. In particular nervous system structures are almost regularly affected; however, only few authors reported severe involvement of the internal carotid artery (ICA). CASE PRESENTATION: We present an atypical clinical course of CST in a 61-year-old male diabetic patient caused by a distant focus of inflammation. Septic CST after surgical treatment of an anorectal abscess was complicated by occlusion of the ICA and multiple embolic strokes. The diagnosis was established by magnetic resonance imaging scan, symptoms resolved after antibiotic therapy and heparin anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: The presented case and review of literature emphasizes the variability of signs and clinical course of CST, a frequent cause of delayed diagnosis. Especially in immunocompromised patients, the primary source of CST may be a distant inflammatory focus with nonspecific and subacute symptoms. Septic CST can be a rare cause of ischemic stroke when complicated by ICA occlusion because of septic arteritis. Expedited diagnostic workup is necessary and rests upon radiologic investigations.

Staphylococcus aureus cavernous sinus thrombosis mimicking complicated fungal sinusitis.

Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication of infections involving the paranasal sinuses or the middle one-third of the face. We report a challenging case of cavernous sinus thrombosis to familiarize otolaryngologists with its clinical features, diagnosis, and management. The patient was a 45-year-old diabetic woman whose signs and symptoms mimicked those of complicated fungal sinusitis. She presented with fever, nausea without vomiting, frontal headache, bilateral ptosis and swelling, double vision, a partial loss of visual acuity in the left eye, and restricted lateral ocular movements. Her Snellen visual acuity had been reduced to 8/10 on the right and 6/10 on the left. Radiologic investigation revealed cavernous sinus extension of sphenoid sinusitis and a fungus-ball appearance in the sphenoid sinus. On the second day of her admission, the patient's vision was further reduced to 6/10 on the right and 2/10 on the left. She then underwent urgent bilateral anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy and sphenoidectomy. At postoperative follow-up, her vision had stabilized at 10/10 bilaterally. At 2 months after discharge, she exhibited no evidence of abducens nerve palsy, and her ocular function had returned to normal. The diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis requires a high index of suspicion and confirmation by imaging. The favorable outcome in our case was attributable to early diagnosis, prompt initiation of appropriate intravenous antibiotic therapy, and surgical drainage by the skillful surgical team.

A comparative ultrastructural study of a new type of autoschizis versus a survival cellular mechanism that involves cell membranes of cerebral arteries in humans.

The authors analyzed by transmission electron microscopy the modifications of plasmalemma and nuclear envelope in the cerebral arterial wall in humans. Their ultrastructural observations are performed on the tunica media and endothelium. During autoschizis, some smooth muscle cells showed deep invaginations of the nuclear envelope with multiple craters that disintegrate the nucleus, whereas in the endothelium repetitive invaginations of plasmalemma lead to cell demise by cytoplasmic self-excisions. During survival mechanism, a perinuclear constriction of plasmalemma occurs, which conserves nucleus and cytoskeleton, and only a segregated cytoplasmic area, without organelles, is removed in lumen.

Direct arteriovenous fistula at the inferolateral trunk mimicking carotid cavernous fistula without involving the cavernous sinus: a case report.

The authors present the case of a 66-year-old female who developed progressive pulsating exophthalmos, a bruit, and conjunctival chemosis 7 months after a head injury. These symptoms, though highly suspicious of carotid cavernous fistula, were caused by an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the inferolateral trunk (ILT) and the ophthalmic veins. A direct AVF at the branch of the ILT without involvement of the cavernous sinus is extremely rare, but could occur in the case of acquired AVF since the ILT has some branches around venous structures outside the cavernous sinus. The clinical implications of this case are discussed in terms of the anatomical aspects.

Transcortical venous approach for direct embolization of a cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: technical case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) represent 10% to 15% of all intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Most often, embolization is accomplished with transfemoral catheter techniques. We present a case in which embolization of a cavernous sinus dAVF was made possible through transcranial cannulation of a cortical draining vein. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 82-year-old woman presented with diplopia, left sixth cranial nerve palsy, intraocular hypertension, and bilateral chemosis. Angiography revealed a complex cavernous dAVF with cortical venous reflux, supplied by both external carotid arteries and the left meningohypophyseal trunk. Percutaneous transvenous access failed, and only partial occlusion was achieved by transarterial embolization. A frontotemporal craniotomy was performed to access the superficial middle cerebral vein in the left sylvian fissure. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a microcatheter was advanced through this vein to the floor of the middle cranial fossa and into the dAVF, permitting coil occlusion. CONCLUSION: This transcranial vein technique may be a useful adjunct in dAVF therapy when percutaneous transarterial or transvenous approaches fail or are not possible.

Sellar and parasellar intravascular lymphoma mimicking pituitary apoplexy.

BACKGROUND: Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare subtype of large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by proliferation of lymphoma cells within the lumina of small vessels. There are no previously reported cases of IVL involving the pituitary gland presenting with neuro-ophthalmic findings. METHODS: A 68-year-old female presented with headache, right third nerve palsy, and Horner syndrome. MRI showed a 1.4-cm sellar mass consistent with a pituitary macroadenoma. Two weeks later, despite treatment with dexamethasone, the patient developed complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. Repeat MRI showed invasion of the clivus and cavernous sinuses, and a transsphenoidal pituitary biopsy was undertaken. RESULTS: The preliminary histopathology was consistent with bland pituitary apoplexy, but subsequent examination of an incidentally biopsied nasal polyp revealed endovascular malignant lymphoid cells that, on further scrutiny, were also present in the pituitary tissue. The diagnosis of IVL was confirmed, and the patient had an excellent clinical and radiological response to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab (CHOP-R) chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: IVL may involve the pituitary gland, causing sellar mass effect, cavernous sinus infiltration, and pituitary ischemia, mimicking pituitary apoplexy with neuro-ophthalmic features. It can be effectively treated with CHOP-R chemotherapy.

Tumoral presentation of primary central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

PURPOSE: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is an angiocentric Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related B-cell proliferation associated with a reactive T-cell component with an uncertain malignant potential. LYG present at diagnosis as a mass lesion in the central nervous system (CNS) is rare, and only a few cases have been reported. In this article we present four cases of tumoral CNS-LYG and propose some guidelines for its management. METHODS: Clinical, pathological, imaging and laboratory information of four immunocompetent patients, all of them treated surgically, with a final diagnosis of LYG and presenting with an isolated intracranial tumoral mass is reviewed. RESULTS: Two parenchymal lesions were located in the cerebellum and temporal lobe, and the other two involved the cavernous sinus. At surgery they were avascular, hard, lard-like, necrotic and plastic well-defined lesions, with invasion of the leptomeninges and thrombosis of the small leptomeningeal arteries and veins. Intraoperative pathology excluded any tumor. Pathological studies showed a polymorphic and polyclonal infiltration around, in the wall and into the lumen of medium-sized cortical and leptomeningeal vessels causing their obstruction and tissular necrosis. EBV-infected cells were present. CONCLUSIONS: Making a preoperative diagnosis of CNS-LYG appearing initially as a tumoral mass is difficult because of the lack of pathognomonic clinical symptoms or imaging signs. Surgical management with radical resection of the mass is almost always followed by the long-term local control of the lesion, although the disease may have a disseminated, systemic or malignant evolution.