Novel Quinic Acid Glycerates from Tussilago farfara Inhibit Polypeptide GalNAc-Transferase.

The discovery of a bioactive inhibitor tool for human polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases (GalNAc-Ts), the initiating enzyme for mucin-type O-glycosylation, remains challenging. In the present study, we identified an array of quinic acid derivatives, including four new glycerates (1-4) from Tussilago farfara, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, as active inhibitors of GalNAc-T2 using a combined screening approach with a cell-based T2-specific sensor and purified enzyme assay. These inhibitors dose-dependently inhibited human GalNAc-T2 but did not affect O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the other type of glycosyltransferase. Importantly, they are not cytotoxic and retain inhibitory activity in cells lacking elongated O-glycans, which are eliminated by the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool. A structure-activity relationship study unveiled a novel quinic acid-caffeic acid conjugate pharmacophore that directs inhibition. Overall, these new natural product inhibitors could serve as a basis for developing an inhibitor tool for GalNAc-T2.

Chemical comparison of the raw and processed Farfarae Flos by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomic approach.

Farfarae Flos (FF) has been used in China for a long time as an anti-tussive and expectorant herbal drugs, and it was usually honey-fried FF (HFF). To clarify the mechanism of honey processing, it is important to know the chemical difference between FF and HFF firstly. In this study, UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS was used to characterize the chemical compounds in FF, honey and HFF. Then the metabolomic approach based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS revealed 68 differential compounds between the FF and HFF, and chemical reactions occurring during processing were also proposed to elucidate the honey processing mechanisms of FF. In order to investigate the chemical difference between FF and HFF comprehensively and accurately, the components derived from the honey and the moisture content in FF and HFF were considered for the first time. In summary, this study investigated the chemical differences between FF and HFF in a holistic way, which laid the basis for the quality control of HFF and further explaining the honey processing mechanisms of FF. In addition, eight native compounds derived from the honey could be used as the index to authenticate the HFF prepared by the genuine honey.

Bioactive sesquiterpenoids from the flower buds of Tussilago farfara.

Eleven new compounds including five bisabolane (1-5) and three oplopane (6-8) sesquiterpenoids, a pair of benzopyran enantiomers (9 & 10) and a benzofuran derivative (11), along with six known sesquiterpenoid co-metabolites (12-17), have been obtained from the flower buds of Tussilago farfara. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with structurally related known analogues. The absolute configurations of all the compounds except 11 were unequivocally assigned by various techniques, including Mosher's method and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) based calculations of 13C NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. The C-8 absolute configuration on the sidechain of this group of bisabolane sesquiterpenoids was assigned for the first time. Our bioassays have established that compounds 3, 4, 13 and 14 showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, while 6, 8 and 14 displayed moderate antiproliferative effects against two human tumor cell lines A549 and MDA-MB-231. Further flow cytometric analysis revealed that 14 effectively induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at the S/G2 phases in A549 cells, in a dose-dependent manner.

Trace metal uptake by native plants growing on a brownfield in France: zinc accumulation by Tussilago farfara L.

Several human activities such as mining, smelting, or transportations lead to trace metal pollution in soil. The presence of these pollutants can represent environmental and organism health risks. Phytoextraction can be used to remediate trace metal-contaminated soils. It uses the plants' ability to remove trace metals from soil and to accumulate them in their shoots, which can then be harvested. We studied the spontaneous vegetation growing on a brownfield located in France. The use of native plants is interesting since spontaneous vegetation is already well adapted to the site's environmental conditions leading to a better survival and growth than non-native plants. Ten native plant species were sampled, and the Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations present in their shoots were measured. In order to determine the plant's capacity to extract trace metals from the soil, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated for each plant and trace metal. Plants with a BCF greater than 1 are able to accumulate trace metals in their shoots and could be a good candidate to be used in phytoextraction. Results underscored one new accumulator plant for Zn, Tussilago farfara L., with a BCF value of 3.069. No hyperaccumulator was found among the other sampled plants. Our preliminary study showed that T. farfara is able to accumulate zinc in its shoots. Moreover, this native plant is a pioneer species able to quickly colonize various habitats by vegetative multiplication. That is why T. farfara  L. could be interesting for zinc phytoextraction and could be worth further studies.

Tussilagone, a major active component in Tussilago farfara, ameliorates inflammatory responses in dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Current IBD treatments are associated with poor tolerability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, prompting the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Recent advances suggest promising interventions based on a number of phytochemicals. Herein, we explored the beneficial effects of tussilagone, a major component of Tussilago farfara, in mice subjected to acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Treatment with tussilagone resulted in a significant protective effect against DSS-induced acute colitis in mice via amelioration of weight loss, and attenuation of colonic inflammatory damage. Additionally, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 and the activity of myeloperoxidase in colonic tissues were significantly reduced in tussilagone-treated mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that tussilagone treatment reduced the numbers of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and increased the numbers of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in nuclei of colonic tissues. Taken together, tussilagone treatment attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mice through inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and inducing Nrf2 pathways, indicating that tussilagone is a potent therapeutic candidate for treatment of intestinal inflammation.

NMR based metabolomic comparison of the antitussive and expectorant effect of Farfarae Flos collected at different stages.

Farfarae Flos (FF) is widely used for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, and asthmatic disorders in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). According to the experience of TCM, only the flower bud can be used as herbal drug, and its medicinal quality becomes lower after blooming. However, the underlying scientific basis for this phenomenon is not fully understood. In this study, the chemical components and the bioactivities of the FF collected at three different development stages were compared systematically. NMR based fingerprint coupled with multivariate analysis showed that the flower buds differed greatly from the fully opened flower both on the secondary and primary metabolites, and the animal experiments showed that the fully opened flower exhibited no antitussive or expectorant effect. In addition, the endogenous metabolites correlated with the antitussive and expectorant effect of FF were also identified. These findings are useful for understanding the rationality of the traditional use of FF, and also suggested the components responsible for the antitussive and expectorant effect of FF.

Glandular trichomes of Tussilago Farfara (Senecioneae, Asteraceae).

MAIN CONCLUSION: The glandular trichomes are developed on the aerial organs of Tussilago farfara ; they produce phenols and terpenoids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and leucoplasts are the main organelles of the trichome secretory cells. The aim of this study was to characterise the morphology, anatomy, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the trichomes in Tussilago farfara as well as to identify composition of the secretory products. Structure of trichomes located on the peduncles, bracts, phyllaries, and leaves were studied by light and electron microscopy. The capitate glandular trichomes consist of a multicellular head and a biseriate long stalk. Histochemical tests and fluorescence microscopy reveal phenols and terpenoids in the head cells. During secretory stage, the head cells contain smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, diversiform leucoplasts with opaque contents in lamellae, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microbodies. In the capitate glandular trichomes of T. farfara subcuticular cavity is absent, unlike glandular trichomes in other Asteraceae species. For the first time, content of metabolites in the different vegetative and reproductive organs as well as in the isolated capitate glandular trichomes was identified by GC-MS. Forty-five compounds, including organic acids, sugars, polyols, phenolics, and terpenoids were identified. It appeared that metabolite content in the methanol extracts from peduncles, bracts and phyllaries is biochemically analogous, and similar to the metabolites from leaves, in which photosynthesis happens. At the same time, the metabolites from trichome extracts essentially differ and refer to the above-mentioned secondary substances. The study has shown that the practical value of the aerial organs of coltsfoot is provided with flavonoids produced in the capitate glandular trichomes.

Quality evaluation and pattern recognition analyses of bioactive marker compounds from Farfarae Flos using HPLC/PDA.

The flower bud of Tussilago farfara L., called Farfarae Flos, has traditionally been used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of bronchitis and asthma. To establish a standard for quality control as well as the reliable identification of Farfarae Flos, the contents of five standards, rutin (1), isoquercetin (2), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), tussilagone (4), and tussilagonone (5), were determined by quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/photodiode array (PDA) analysis. The five standards were separated on a YoungJinBioChrom Aegispak C18-L (250-mm×4.6-mm, 5-µm) column by gradient elution using 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid in water (A), with acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the UV detector wavelength was set at 220 nm. The method was successfully used in the analysis of Farfarae Flos from different geographic origins with relatively simple conditions and procedures, and the results demonstrated satisfactory linearity, recovery, precision, accuracy, stability, and robustness. The HPLC analytical method for pattern recognition analysis was validated by repeated analysis of 62 Farfarae Flos samples. This result indicated that the established HPLC/PDA method is suitable for quantitation and pattern recognition analyses for the quality evaluation of Farfarae Flos.

Metabolomic profiling of the antitussive and expectorant plant Tussilago farfara L. by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.

This study aims to find metabolites responsible for antitussive and expectorant activities of Tussilago farfara L. by metabolomic approach. Different parts (roots, flower buds, and leaves) of the title plant were analyzed systematically. The in vivo study revealed that the leaves and flower buds had strong antitussive and expectorant effects. Then ¹H NMR spectrometry together with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant (PLS-DA) analysis were used to investigate the compounds responsible for the bioactivities. PCA was used to find the differential metabolites, while PLS-DA confirmed a strong correlation between the observed effects and the metabolic profiles of the plant. The result revealed that chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin may be closely related with the antitussive and expectorant activities. The overall results of this study confirm the benefits of using metabolic profiling for screening active principles in medicinal plants.

[Metabolomic study of flower buds of Tussilago farfara in different development stages by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: Plant metabolomics combined with GC-MS was used to investigate metabolic fingerprinting of Tussilago farfara at different growth stages. METHOD: Dried Samples were extracted by two-phase solvent system to obtain polar and nonpolar parts, which were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Metabolites were identified by NIST data base search and comparison with the authentic standards. The data were introduced into SIMCA-P 11.0 software package for multivariate analysis after pretreatment. RESULT: Fifty-four metabolites were identified, including 35 polar metabolites and 19 nonpolar compounds. The score plot for PCA showed clear separation of the different development stages of flower buds of T. farfara, showing a trend of gradual change. Samples of October, November, December were in close proximity on the plot, indicating that the metabolome of these three periods was similar, samples from September (early development) and March (after flowering) were far away, showing big chemical differences. Content comparison results of some representative metabolites reveals that, the content of proline, lysine and linoleic acid increased gradually to the highest in the medium term, but sharply decreased to the lowest after flowering; the content of malic acid and citric acid were the lowest in the medium term; sucrose content decreased gradually, and then reached the lowest level after blooming. CONCLUSION: It is obvious that metabolites of the early development and flowering stage were quite different with those of the traditional harvest time, suggesting that they can not be used as traditional medicine. This study will provide a research basis for harvest time determination and bioactive compounds of T. farfara.

Metabolic fingerprinting of Tussilago farfara L. using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. is widely used for the treatment of coughs, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders in traditional Chinese medicine. In Europe, the plant has been used as herbal remedies for virtually the same applications, but the leaves are preferred over flowers. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the chemical profiles of Tusssilago farfara leaves and flowers along with the identification of the polar and non-polar metabolites. METHODOLOGY: Metabolic profiling carried out by means of ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was applied to crude extracts from flowers and leaves. Metabolites were identified directly from the crude extracts through one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra. RESULTS: A broad range of metabolites were detected without any chromatographic separation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of ¹H-NMR data provided a clear separation between the samples. The corresponding loadings plot indicated that higher levels of phenylpropanoids, amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids, as well as lower levels of sugars, terpenoids and sterols were present in the leaves, as compared with flowers. For the flowers, more phenylpropanoids were present in fully open flowers, while more sugars and fatty acids were present in flower buds. CONCLUSION: NMR spectra (one- and two-dimensional) are useful for identifying metabolites, especially for the overlapped signals. The NMR-based metabolomics approach has great potential for chemical comparison study of the metabolome of herbal drugs.

Metabolomic profiling of the flower bud and rachis of Tussilago farfara with antitussive and expectorant effects on mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. is widely used for the treatment of cough, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders in the Traditional Chinese Medicine. However, due to the increasing demands, adulteration with rachis is frequently encountered in the marketplace. No report demonstrated the chemical and pharmacological differences between flower bud and rachis before. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The water extracts were orally administrated to mice. Ammonia induced mice coughing model was used to evaluate the antitussive activity. The expectorant activity was evaluated by volume of phenol red in mice's tracheas. Metabolites were identified directly from the crude extracts through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. A metabolic profiling carried out by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was applied to crude extracts from flower bud and rachis. RESULTS: Flower bud significantly lengthened the latent period of cough, decreased cough frequency caused by ammonia and enhanced tracheal phenol red output in expectorant evaluation. Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded good separation between flower bud and rachis, and corresponding loading plot showed that the phenolic compounds, organic acid, sugar, amino acid, terpene and sterol contributed to the discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide pharmacological and chemical evidence that only flower bud can be used as the antitussive and expectorant herbal drug. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin in flower buds may be related with the antitussive and expectorant effects of Flos Farfara. To guarantee the clinical effect, rachis should be picked out before use.