[Urology in Munich celebrating its 80th anniversary : Memories of the establishment and development from an eyewitness]. / Die Münchner Urologie wird 80 Jahre alt : Erinnerungen eines Zeitzeugen zur Entstehungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte.

The Department of Urology, Municipal Hospital, Thalkirchnerstr. 48, Munich (1938-1984) is justly reputed as one of the germ-cells of German Urology, not only by Prof. May's protagonism for an independent urology, but also by the multiple, especially technical innovations under the successors, which are fundamentals for the modern urology.

[Scientific activity of the University Urological Department in Budapest after WWII (1946-1956)]. / Wissenschaftliche Aktivität der Urologischen Klinik in Budapest in der Nachkriegszeit (1946-1956).

The authors studied the publications written by the staff of the University Department of Urology in Budapest, Hungary between 1946 and 1956. The collection was contributed on the occasion of Professor Babics's 10-year-long chairmanship. Over a period of 10 years, 214 papers were published by 15 urologists, including 3 books and 3 PhD theses; 16 papers were published in German, 22 in English, 2 in French, and 1 in Italian. The most frequent topic of the papers (26) was basic science (e.g., ureter motility, lymph circulation, intrarenal pressure condition). Other papers dealt with nephrology, artificial kidneys, TURP, and nephron-sparing renal surgery. Some articles examined various types of malignant tumors and benign prostatic hyperplasia, while 17 publications focused on the topic of andrology. Tuberculosis was also discussed by the authors. Despite political isolation, the communist dictatorship, poverty, the lack of health equipment, physicians educated before WWII with their work morality and hard work managed to perform contemporary clinical and basic scientific research.

El Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza / Pediatric Surgery department of the Hospital Infantil Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza

Objetivo. Prescntar la actividad asistencial, docente y científica, realizada por el Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet en los 5 últimos años. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo analizando los datos de Direccién de Gestión y del propio Servicio. Resultados. - Actividad asistencial: en consultas externas se realiza una media anual de 1.925 primeras visitas y 4.467 revisiones. La media de intervenciones quirúrgicas anuales es de 1.500, 21% de las cuales son ambulatorias. 59% con ingreso y un 20% de caracter urgente. Actividad docente: la actividad docente del Servicio es cada vez mayor, con 4 médicos residentes en el momento actual por haber solicitado un MIR a años alternos desde 2014. Se realiza docencia de pregrado y postgrado. Actividad científica: el Servicio presenta una media de 12 comunicaciones y hace 8,4 publicaciones al año, ademas, asiste a numerosos cursos y congresos anualmente, e imparte cursos para enfermería y otras especialidades. Conclusiones. El Servicio de Cirugia Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet es centro de referencia de Aragón y recoge a pacientes también de la Rioja y Soria. Atiende la patologia general, digestiva, urológica, cervicotorácica, oncologica y neonatal. La actividad asistencial, docente e investigadora, que realiza se ha incrementado en los últimos años (AU)

Objective. To present the healthcare, academic and scientific activity carried out in the pediatric surgery service of the Miguel Servet University Hospital over the last 5 years. Material and methods. A retrospective study analyzing the data from the hospital management and pediatric surgery services’ files. Results. Healthcare activity: there has been an annual average of 1,925 outpatient first consults and 4,467 follow-ups. There was an average of 1,500 surgeries performed every year out of which 21% were outpatient procedures, 59% were inpatient surgeries and 21% were emergency procedures. Academic activity: there is a growing academic role of the service. Currently there are 4 pediatric surgery residents. Since 2014 there is a resident position in alternate years. Academic activity is carried out for undergraduate as well as graduate students. Scientific activity: the pediatric surgery service has an average of 12 presentations at meetings and publishes an average of 8.4 papers every year. Members attend numerous courses yearly and offer courses for nurses and for staff from other medical specialties. Conclusions. The pediatric surgery service of the Miguel Servet University Hospital is the reference center for the autonomous community of Aragon, as Well as for patients from La Rioja and Soria. The service offers care for patients in need for general pediatric, urologic, oncologic, cervicothoracic and neonatal surgery. The healthcare, academic and scientific activities have been on the rise over the past 5 years (AU)

[Urological Clinic of the University Hospital of Lübeck: Founding and history of the urology department in the second half of the 20th century]. / Die Klinik für Urologie am Universitätscampus Lübeck: Entstehung und Geschichte einer urologischen Abteilung in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.

The history of the Urological Clinic of the University Hospital of Lübeck reaches back to the 1970s when the clinic was part of the Department of Surgery. In many German university hospitals, the urological departments became an independent clinic in the 1960s and 1970s. There was no Chair for Urology in Lübeck until 1983 when Alfred Hofstetter was inaugurated as first Professor of Urology in Lübeck. Under his guidance, the scientific focus was on laser research and its clinical use. From 1989-1990, Wolfgang Knipper was provisional director of the clinic until Dieter Jocham became successor of Hofstetter. The effect of BCG in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and cystoscopy with photodynamic diagnostics were two large fields of research during the Jocham era. The increased development of laparoscopic techniques for the urological surgeon was also part of this time. After Jocham's retirement, the clinic was temporarily led by the Department of Surgery. Currently, the clinic is again under urological reign: Karl-Dietrich Sievert was head of department until May 2015, when Axel Merseburger accepted the position as the Director of the Clinic.

[Establishment of university departments of urology in North Rhine-Westphalia: the Aachen model]. / Etablierung von Urologischen Universitätskliniken in NRW : Das Aachener Modell.

The foundation of university departments of urology in postwar East and West Germany faced some opposition by some university professors of surgery who wanted to preserve the unity of their discipline. In North Rhine-Westphalia, heads of municipal hospitals or senior members of university hospitals' staff often received the first chaired professorships of urology.

[The clinic Heilanstalt Weidenplan in Halle (Saale), origin of the German urology. Otto Kneise's founding of the first independent urology department in Germany]. / Die Klinik "Heilanstalt Weidenplan" in Halle (Saale), eine Pionierstätte der Deutschen Urologie. Otto Kneises Weg zur ersten selbständigen Urologie in Deutschland.

The routine use of cystoscope initiated the development of the modern urology. Otto Kneise (1875-1953) extended the targets of cystoscopy by including examinations of the male bladder and prostate. He achieved the goal that "cystoscopy is part of general work in urology and not a pure gynecological act". He, thus, founded the specialty gynecological urology in the field urology, which prevented it from becoming an independent field. Under the leadership of Otto Kneise, the first independent urology department in Germany was created in the hospital Heilanstalt Weidenplan.

Urología Clínica, boletín del servicio de Urología del Dr. Sánchez Covisa del Hospital Provincial de Madrid, editado entre 1928 y 1936 / Urología Clínica, bulletin of the Urology Service of Dr. Sánchez Covisa of the Hospital Provincial of Madrid, edited between 1928 and 1936

Objetivo: Dar a conocer la gran labor urológica realizada por Sánchez Covisa, tercer jefe del Servicio de Urología del Hospital Provincial de Madrid, que a partir de 1928 consiguió trasformarlo y convertirlo en posiblemente el más destacado de España en ese momento, equiparable al de los mejores hospitales del extranjero. Material y métodos: Analizamos el contenido de la publicación Urología Clínica, que recoge los cambios introducidos y el trabajo llevado a cabo en dicho Servicio entre 1928 y 1936, reflejados en una cuidadosa estadística anual de la asistencia, de las operaciones y de la mortalidad, además de los artículos publicados por los miembros del Servicio junto con una breve reseña biográfica de cada uno. Resultados: En 1914 accedió a la jefatura del Servicio y, tras 14 años, consiguió vencer todos los obstáculos y lograr la ampliación y modernización de sus quirófanos, salas de hospitalización y medios de exploración. En 1931, una vez ultimados los cambios, inició una gran actividad clínica y científica y constituyó una de las principales escuelas urológicas de la primera mitad del siglo XX en nuestro país. Conclusiones: El prestigio que alcanzó la Unidad de Urología del Hospital Provincial de Madrid atrajo pacientes de toda España, muchos de ellos ya tratados u operados en su lugar de origen, lo que ocasionaba que la patología fuera complicada, obteniendo unos aceptables resultados; la calidad y honestidad de su exposición lo hacen merecedor del calificativo asignado. Los trabajos en general son meras revisiones y, en la exposición de casos clínicos, destacan los relativos a la cirugía derivatriz ureterointestinal (AU)

Objective: Make known the important urological work of Sanchez Covisa, third chief of the Urology Service of the Hospital Provincial de Madrid, who beginning in 1928 was able to transform and convert it into possibly the more outstanding one of its time in Spain, comparable to the best hospitals in foreign countries. Material and methods: We have analyzed the contents of the publication Urología Clínica, that collect the changes introduced and the work carried out in said service between 1928 and 1936, reflected in a careful yearly statistics on the care, operations and mortality in addition to the articles published by the members of the Service together with a short bibliographic review of each one. Results: In 1914, he became chief of the Service, and after 14 years, was able to overcome all the obstacles and to extend and modernize the surgery rooms, hospitalization wards and examination resources. In 1931, once the changes were made, he began important clinical and scientific activity, and constituted one of the principal urological schools of the first half of the XXth century in our country. Conclusions: The prestige reached by the Urology Unit of the Hospital Provincial of Madrid attracted patients from all over Spain, many of them treated or operated on in their place of origin. This explains why the condition was complicated with some acceptable results. The quality and honesty of the Urology unit justify its qualification. The works in general are mere reviews and those regarding surgery of the uretero-intestinal shunt stand out (AU)

Urology in Stettin (Szczecin). The impact of political changes on progress in urology and medicine.

The history of modern hospitals in Stettin is about 280 years long. The history of urology in Stettin (Szczecin), like in Europe, is closely associated with the construction of the useful cystoscope, discovery of X-rays, and progress in radiology and endoscopy. In Stettin, like in many other cities, patients with urological diseases were treated at departments of surgery or departments of internal medicine. On March 1It, 1919, a specialized urology ward with 27 beds was opened in the Municipal Hospital in Stettin. Dr. Felix Hagen from Berlin was the first head of this ward. The main duty of the urology ward at that time was to conduct differential diagnosis and to offer conservative treatment to patients not needing surgery. Cystoscopy, chromocystoscopy, and radiographs were done in the beginning. Later on, retroperitoneal pneumography, pneumopyelography, and retrograde pyelography were added. Urography in the final period enabled a more precise assessment of the kidney prior to surgery. The preparation of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia for surgery was an important element. Therapeutic activities of the urology ward included transurethral procedures such as lithotripsy of bladder stones and treatment of bladder cancer. Urological surgery was done at the surgery ward. Patients with tuberculosis were usually referred to the Tuberculosis Hospital in Hohenkrug (Zdunowo). In 1935, the urology ward in Stettin was closed and incorporated into the surgery ward. During the World War II, just as during the World War I, the Municipal Hospital in Stettin was transformed into a field hospital. The end of the World War II created a new political situation in Europe. Stettin (Szczecin) and West Pomerania became part of Poland. In 1948, the Polish government established the Pomeranian Medical Academy (PAM) in Stettin. During the first 10 years of its existence all urological operations were performed at surgery wards. In August 1955, a 30-bed urology ward affiliated with the Second Department of Surgery was opened in the district of Pomorzany. The head of the new ward was Dr. Alfons Wojewski (1912-1992), surgeon and urologist from Gdansk (Danzig). In 1962, the ward was transformed into a separate Department of Urology with 62 beds. Prof. Wojewski organized the Department from its foundations, leading it quickly to the level of modern departments in the area of research, teaching, and therapy. After the retirement of Prof. Wojewski, the acting head of the department was Dr. Stanislaw Krason until his death in 1986. He was followed for almost one year by Dr. Stanislawa Spoz. Since May 1987, the head of the Department is Prof. Andrzej Sikorski from Lódz.

["My first encounter with German urology (1937)". Stefan Wesolowski (1908-2009) - a source in the archives of the German Society for Urology from the oldest corresponding member and promoter of Polish-German relationships]. / "Meine erste Begegnung mit der deutschen Urologie (1937)". Stefan Wesolowski (1908-2009) - Eine Quelle im Archiv der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie vom ältesten korrespondierenden Mitglied und Förderer polnisch-deutscher Beziehungen.

A source in the archives of the German Society of Urology gives us a vivid insight into the situation in Berlin during the 1930s from the perspective of a young Polish doctor, and presents the situation at one of the leading urology institutions of the time in Germany. Furthermore, we learn about the social situation in hospitals as well as the discourse and networking taking place in the scientific community at that time.

Anécdotas y "coincidencias" de la Urologia Americana: Hugh Hampton Young / Anecdotes and "serendipities" in American Urology: Hugh Hampton Young

Breve revisión sobre la vida y logros de Hugh Hampton Young, inventor, defensor de las artes, gran cirujano y profesor además de gran innovador. Urólogo por accidente, se convirtió en el padre de la Urología Americana e influyó en el crecimiento de esta profesión por todo el mundo(AU)

Short review of the life and achievements of Hugh Hampton Young, inventor, supporter of the arts, great surgeon and teacher and innovator. A urologist by accident, he became the father of Ame-rican Urology and influenced the growth of his chosen profession across the globe(AU)

[The 20th anniversary of Urological Center of Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N. N. Burdenko].

In 1988, for the first time according to Directive of Central Command of Armed Forces of USSR in Main Military Clinical Hospital by Burdenko N.N. was founded a interhospital unit - Urological center. The article presents the analyze of work of the Center during 20 years. The most frequent diseases--adenoma of prostate, malignant swelling and benign tumour of urological organs, urolithiasis, traumatic damages of urological organs. During a year 4500-4700 persons are treated, 1450-1500 are operated. Every year 44-77 military medical men are studying, 20-26 clinical attending physicians study for 2 or 3 years. During last 8 years 422 military medical men and 68 clinical attending physicians have studied.

XXV Aniversario del Grupo de Trabajo de Endoscopia-Litiasis-Laparoscopia (LEL) / XXV anniversary of the endoscopy-lithiasis-laparoscopy (LEL) working group

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo es relatar los avatares estructurales y cambios de contenido, vividos por nuestro Grupo de Trabajo, LEL durante veinticinco años. Material y métodos: El material recopilado proviene de tres fuentes: las vivencias y experiencias del autor, la iconografía proporcionada por los coordinadores y, los datos obtenidos de programas, cartas, etc. Este material ha sido cribado y ordenado en seis etapas y se ha procedido a señalar en cada una de ellas los datos específicos de cada jornada, los datos claves estructurales y los hechos más relevantes durante el periodo. Resultados: Como consecuencia de la actividad del Grupo se han conseguido varios propósitos: protocolizarlas técnicas endoscópicas del Aparato Urinario Inferior y prolongarlas al Aparato Urinario Superior: URS y cirugía percutánea, el tratamiento integral de la Litiasis, la defensa de técnicas propias (como la RTU frente alternativas)así como peritar las nuevas tecnologías (láser en Urología) y sustituir técnicas de cirugía abierta por otras pertenecientes al Grupo: NLP y Laparoscopia. Conclusiones: Durante 25 años el Grupo de Trabajo LEL, se ha mantenido cohesionado y activo, participando en cambios internos estructurales y externos, motivados por la aparición durante este periodo, de espectaculares novedades: acceso endoscópico al Aparato Urinario Superior, tratamiento Integral de la Litiasis y alternativas a cirugías clásicas (Cirugía Percutánea, Cirugía Laparoscópica) (AU)

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to describe the structural vicissitudes and content changes experienced by our Work Group, LEL over the last twenty-five years. Materials and methods: The compiled material comes from three sources: the author’s experiences; the iconography provided by the coordinators; and the data obtained from programmes, letters, etc. This material has been analyzed and organized into six stages and the following has been highlighted in each of these: specific data from each day; key structural data; and the most relevant facts during the period. Results: Various proposals have been made as a result of the Group’s activity: to formally record the endoscopy techniques for the lower urinary tract and extend them to the upper urinary tract: URS and percutaneous surgery, the comprehensive treatment of lithiasis, the defence of our own techniques (such as UTR versus alternatives),as well as to provide an expert opinion on new technologies (laser in urology), and to replace open surgery techniques with others belonging to the Group: PNL and laparoscopy. Conclusions: For 25 years, the LEL Work Group has stayed active and closely united. It has participated in both internal and external structural changes prompted by the appearance of spectacular new developments that have emerged over this period of time: endoscopic access to the upper urinary tract; comprehensive treatment of lithiasis; and alternatives to traditional surgeries (percutaneous surgery, laparoscopic surgery) (AU)

Semblanza del Dr Enrique Pérez Castro en el centenario de su nacimiento (1908-1980) / Biography of Dr Enrique Pérez Castro (1908-1980)

Objetivo: Con ocasión de cumplirse el centenario del nacimiento del Dr. D. Enrique Pérez Castro, figura relevante en nuestra especialidad en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, realizamos un estudio del contexto urológico en el que se desarrolló su existencia y recogemos los principales datos sobre su vida y obra con la finalidad de rendir un reconocimiento a su memoria como gran personalidad de la Urología. Métodos: Revisamos los libros de Historia de la Urología, sus escritos y la publicación Archivos Españoles de Urología durante el periodo de su dirección y cuantas referencias hemos encontrado en relación con él. Resultado/conclusión: Persona de brillante currículo académico, se preparó en la especialidad de Urología en los mejores centros. Residió en Madrid, su ciudad natal, en la que transcurrió toda su carrera profesional, en el Hospital Provincial, del que fue jefe del servicio de Urología, y en la Universidad Central donde fue profesor agregado de la asignatura. Estudioso, con espíritu investigador, sus trabajos, de gran calidad y por los que recibió varios premios, están expuestos con claridad y con un depurado estilo y siempre acompañados de una extensa bibliografía. Resaltamos su mérito principal, la fundación de la publicación Archivos Españoles de Urología, fruto de su temperamento, de su capacidad organizadora e inquietud científica, revista que editó y dirigió a lo largo de 36 años con ilusión y dedicación y, gracias a su tesón, logró que se consolidara como el referente de la Urología española (AU)

Objectives: With the occasion of the Centenary of Dr. Enrique Perez Castro's birth, being a relevant figure in our speciality in the second half of the 20th century, we performed a study of the urological environment in which his life was developed and collect the main data about his life and works with the aim of paying tribute to his memory as a great personality in urology. Methods: We review the books of History of Urology, his writings and the journal Archivos Españoles de Urología during the period of his directorship and as many references related to him as we found. Results/conclusions: He had a brilliant academic curriculum; he trained urology in the best centres. He lived in Madrid, his birth place, were his entire professional career developed, in the Hospital Provincial, where he was the chairman of urology, and the Central University where he was associated professor. He liked to study, and had researcher spirit; his works, which had great quality -he received several prizes-, are clearly exposed, with a fine style, always with an extensive bibliography. We emphasize his main merit, the foundation of the journal Archivos Españoles de Urología, a fruit of his personality, his organizing capacity and scientific restlessness, of which he was editor and directed with eagerness and dedication during 36 years and, thanks to his tenacity, he consolidated it as the reference of the Spanish urology (AU)

The guestbook of the urology department of Semmelweis University in Budapest: a mirror of international contacts.

PURPOSE: The Department of Urology at Semmelweis University, Budapest was established in 1920 as one of the first independent urological clinics in Europe. The history of the guestbook begins in 1922 with Professor Illyés, the first appointed head of the department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information was collected on the most famous urologists from those times, who were mostly working in the United States. In addition, guests from around the world were grouped according to the countries from which they came, highlighting the political situation of those times in Hungary. RESULTS: Before World War II guests mostly came from the United States and a few other countries. However, after World War II almost no Western European or American guests visited, but there were still many urologist visitors from the Soviet Union and Eastern block countries. With a slight political improvement in 1961 Western European and American urologists increased visits to the department. Since 1997 Professor Imre Romics has been the department chair, and has seen the greatest number of visitors from around the world. CONCLUSIONS: The guestbook of the Semmelweis University Department of Urology is a real mirror of international contacts, and represents the last few decades of history of a country in the heart of middle Europe.