The use of tunnels and other technologies for disinfection of humans using chemical aspersion or UV-C Light

The use of tunnels or other physical structures (booths, cabinets, gates) with disinfection aspersion, spray devices or UV-C radiation are not recommended for use on humans.

Evidence-based recommendations of postoperative radiotherapy in lung cancer from Oncologic Group for the Study of Lung Cancer (Spanish Radiation Oncology Society)

Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a diversified illness in which postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) for complete resection with positive hiliar (pN1) and/or mediastinal (pN2) lymph nodes is controversial. Although several studies have shown that PORT has beneficial effects, randomized trials are needed to demonstrate its impact on overall survival. In this review, the Spanish Radiation Oncology Group for Lung Cancer describes the most relevant literature on PORT in NSCLC patients stage pN1-2. In addition, we have outlined the current recommendations of different national and international clinical guidelines and have also specified practical issues regarding treatment volume definition, doses and fractionation (AU)

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Controlled drugs: safe use and management

This guideline covers systems and processes for using and managing controlled drugs safely in all NHS settings except care homes. It aims to improve working practices to comply with legislation and have robust governance arrangements. It also aims to reduce the safety risks associated with controlled drugs.

Production, quality control, biodistribution assessment and preliminary dose evaluation of [177Lu]-tetra phenyl porphyrin complex as a possible therapeutic agent / Produção, controle de qualidade, avaliação de biodistribuição e avaliação da dose preliminar de [177Lu] -tetra complexo fenil porfirina como um possível agente terapêutico

Due to interesting therapeutic properties of ¹⁷⁷Lu and tumor avidity of tetraphenyl porphyrins (TPPs), ¹⁷⁷Lu-tetraphenyl porphyrin was developed as a possible therapeutic compound. ¹⁷⁷Lu of 2.6-3 GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation of natural Lu₂O₃sample with thermal neutron flux of 4 × 10¹³ n.cm^-2.s^-1. Tetraphenyl porphyrin was synthetized and labeled with ¹⁷⁷Lu. Radiochemical purity of the complex was studied using Instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) method. Stability of the complex was checked in final formulation and human serum for 48 h. The biodistribution of the labeled compound in vital organs of wild-type rats was studied up to 7 d. The absorbed dose of each human organ was calculated by medical internal radiation dose (MIRD) method. A detailed comparative pharmacokinetic study was performed for ¹⁷⁷Lu cation and [¹⁷⁷Lu]-TPP. The complex was prepared with a radiochemical purity: >97±1% and specific activity: 970-1000 MBq/mmol. Biodistribution data and dosimetric results showed that all tissues receive approximately an insignificant absorbed dose due to rapid excretion of the complex through the urinary tract. [¹⁷⁷Lu]-TPP can be an interesting tumor targeting agent due to low liver uptake and very low absorbed dose of approximately 0.036 to the total body of human...

Devido às propriedades interessantes do ¹⁷⁷Lu e da avidez tumoral das tetrafenil porfirinas (TPP), desenvolveu-se a ¹⁷⁷Lu-tetrafenil porfirina como composto terapêutico potencial. ¹⁷⁷Lu de atividade específica de 2,6-3 GBq/mg foi obtido por irradiação de amostra de Lu₂O₃ com fluxo térmico de nêutrons de 4 × 10¹³ n.cm^-2.s^-1. Sintetizou-se a tetrafenil porfirina e marcou-se com ¹⁷⁷Lu. A pureza radioquímica do complexo foi estudada usando método de Cromatografia Instantânea de Camada Delgada ( ITLC). A estabilidade do complexo foi checada na formulação final e no ser humano por 48 h. A biodistribuição do composto marcado em órgãos vitais de ratos do tipo selvagem foi estudada por mais de 7 dias. A dose absorvida para cada órgão humano foi calculada pelo método da Dose Médica de Radiação Interna (MIRD). Estudo farmacocinético comparativo detalhado foi efetuado para o cátion ¹⁷⁷Lu e para o [¹⁷⁷Lu]-TPP. O complexo foi preparado com pureza radioquímica >97±1% e atividade específica de 970-1000 MBq/mmol. Os dados de biodistribuição e os resultados dosimétricos mostraram que todos os tecidos receberam uma dose absorvida aproximadamente insignificante devido à rápida excreção do complexo pelo trato urinário. O [¹⁷⁷Lu]-TPP pode ser um agente interessante de direcionamento do tumor devido à baixa captação pelo fígado e pela dose bem baixa absorvida, de, aproximadamente, 0,036 do corpo humano total...

Radiação beta para cirurgia de glaucoma / Beta radiation for glaucoma surgery

Introdução: O resultado da cirurgia do glaucoma pode serafetado pela taxa de cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica. A radiaçãobeta tem sido proposta como um tratamento rápido e simplespara abrandar a resposta de cicatrização.Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da radiação durante a cirurgiade glaucoma (trabeculectomia).

Os efeitos da radiação diagnóstica / The effects of diagnostic radiation / Los efectos de la radiación diagnóstica

Após haver a exposição à bomba atômica no Japão, calcula-se que, em aproximadamente 100 mSv, a radiação produz danos no organismo, entre os quais estão os cânceres radioinduzidos. A radiação de diagnóstico tem uma categoria de dose abaixo de 100 mSv. Os efeitos da radiação a essas doses são baseados em estimativas; contudo, deve-se levar em consideração que as doses são acumulativas. Neste artigo, comenta-se sobre os riscos da radiação de diagnóstico e chama-se a atenção à racionalização do uso das pesquisas radiológicas e à aplicação dos critérios ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable).

After the exposition to the atomic bomb in Japan, it is calculated that over 100 mSv are the quantity of damage produced by radiation in the organism, among which it can be found radio induced cancers. The diagnostic radiation has a doses average that is below 100 mSv. The radiation effects to these doses are based on estimations; however, one should know that the doses are accumulative. In this article, diagnostic radiation risks are commented and it calls the attention to rationalizing the use of radiological explorations and to applying ALARA criteria.

Tras la exposición a la bomba atómica en Japón, se ha calculado que, por encima de 100 mSv, la radiación produce daños en el organismo, entre los que se encuentran los cánceres radioinducidos. La radiación diagnóstica tiene un rango de dosis que está por debajo de 100 mSv. Los efectos de la radiación a esta dosis se basan en estimaciones; sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que las dosis son acumulativas. En este artículo, se comentan los riesgos de la radiación diagnóstica y se hace una llamada de atención a la racionalización del uso de las exploraciones radiológicas y a la aplicación de los criterios ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable).

Aplicações da fototerapia na dermatologia / Applications of the phototherapy in the dermatology

A fototerapia é uma importante modalidade terapêutica utilizada na dermatologia, que se baseia no controle ou regressão de diversas dermatoses através da interação entre a radiação ultravioleta e a pele. Este artigo versará sobre o conceito de fototerapia, as fontes de radiação ultravioleta, a fotobiologia, os tipos, as indicações, os efeitos adversos e as contra-indicações desse tratamento.

Dependência energética e angular de materiais termoluminescentes para monitoração beta / Energy and angular dependence of thermoluminescent materials to beta monitoring

As dependências energética e angular de diferentes materiais termoluminescentes foram estudadas com o objetivo de verificar que tipo de detector seria o mais adequado para a monitoração de trabalhadores envolvidos com a radiação beta. Três tipos de pastilhas de CaSO4:Dy + teflon foram estudados. A dependência energética foi verificada usando-se fontes padrões de radiação beta (147Pm, 204Tl e 90Sr+90Y). A dependência angular foi verificada irradiando-se as amostras com feixes de radiação beta, variando-se o ângulo de incidência entre 0º e 90º. Os dosímetros de CaSO4:Dy + teflon + 10 por cento C mostram-se os mais adequados para uso na monitoração de trabalhadores expostos à radiação beta, em relação às características estudadas.

Energy and angular dependences of different thermoluminescent materials were studied with the objective to verify which type of detector would be the most appropriate for beta monitoring of workers. Three types of CaSO4:Dy + teflon pellets were studied. The energy dependence was evaluated using standard beta radiation sources (147Pm, 204Tl and 90Sr+90Y). For the angular dependence study, the pellets were exposed to beta radiation of the 90Sr+90Y source, varying the incidence angle between 0º and 90º. In relation to the studied characteristics, the CaSO4:Dy + 10 percent C dosimeters were the most adequate for use in beta monitoring of workers.

Photoaging: mechanisms and repair / Photoaging: mechanisms and repair

Aging is a complex, multifactorial process resulting in several functional and esthetic changes in the skin. These changes result from intrinsic as well as extrinsic processes, such as ultraviolet radiation. Recent advances in skin biology have increased our understanding of skin homeostasis and the aging process, as well as the mechanisms by which ultraviolet radiation contributes to photoaging and cutaneous disease. These advances in skin biology have led to the development of a diversity of treatments aimed at preventing aging and rejuvenating the skin. The focus of this review is the mechanism of photoaging and the pathophysiology underlying the treatments specifically designed for its prevention and treatment. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the mechanism of photoaging, the treatments for photoaging, and the data that supports the use of these treatments...

Comparação dos lasers diodo 904 nm e 670 nm na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico isquêmico em ratos / Comparison of the 904 nm and 670 nm diode lasers in the viability of random skin flap

O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficácia do laser diodo (904 nm) e do laser diodo (670 nm) na viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos. Este se constituiu de 36 ratos da linhagem Wistar, distribuídos ao acaso em 3 grupos de 12 animais cada. O retalho cutâneo randômico foi realizado com as medidas de 10 x 4 cm, com uma barreira plástica interposta entre o mesmo e o leito doador. O Grupo 1 (controle) foi submetido a uma simulação de tratamento de radiação. O Grupo 2 submeteu-se a radiação do laser diodo (904 nm). O Grupo 3 recebeu a radiação laser diodo (670 nm). Foi utilizada a técnica pontual com contato, em um ponto localizado a 2,5 cm da base cranial do retalho com densidade de energia de 16 J/cm2 imediatamente após a operação e nos 4 dias subseqüentes. As porcentagens da área de necrose de todos os grupos foram avaliadas no 7º dia pós-operatório com o método de Gabarito de papel. Obtivemos como resultado no Grupo 1 média de área de necrose de 48 %; o Grupo 2 - 37 % e o Grupo 3 - 27 %. Após a análise estatística, os resultados mostraram que os grupos experimentais obtiveram valores estatisticamente significativas em comparação ao grupo controle e que, o Grupo 3 apresentou uma menor área de necrose (p < 0,001). Concluímos que a radiação laser diodo foi eficaz no aumento da viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos sendo que a radiação laser diodo 670 nm (G3) foi a mais eficaz no aumento da viabilidade do retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos comparado ao grupo 1 e grupo 2.

The aim of this study was to compare the role of AsGa (904 nm) diode laser irradiation and GaAlAs (670 nm) diode laser irradiation in the viability of random skin flap in rats. Were used 36 Wistar rats, weighed and randomly divided in 3 groups with 12 rats in each group. The random skin flap was performed measuring of 10 x 4 cm, with a plastic sheet interposed between the flap and the donor site. The Group 1 (control) underwent sham irradiation. Group 2 was submitted to diode laser (AsGa) irradiation and Group 3 was submitted to diode laser (GaAlAs) irradiation. The laser irradiation was used with the punctual contact technique with target tissue on a point at 2,5 cm cranial from the fl ap base immediately after the surgery and for the four subsequent days, and the energy density was 16 J/cm2. The percentage of necrotic area of the three groups was calculated at the seventh postoperative day through a paper template method. Results: The Group 1 obtained the average necrotic area of 48%, the Group 2 - 37 % and the Group 3 - 27 %. After the ANOVA test, the results showed that all experimental groups obtained values statistically significant compared to the control group, and the group 3 was the best group compared all groups of this study (p < 0,001). Conclusion: The laser irradiation was efficient in increasing random skin fl ap viability in rats and the diode laser irradiation GaAlAs (group 3) was the most efficient in increasing random skin flap viability in rats compared to the group 1 and the group 2.

Inhibition of metabolism and growth of mycobacterium leprae by Gamma irradiation

Mycobacterium leprae is uncultivable on artificial medium, but viability can be maintained without multiplication for a limited time in vitro. In this study, we evaluated gamma-irradiation (gamma-irr) as a means to kill this slowly growing organism. Freshly harvested, viable, athymic, nu/nu mouse-derived M. leprae were exposed to varying doses of gamma-irr from a 60Co source. Two indicators of bacterial viability were determined: metabolism, measured by oxidation of 14C-palmitic acid to 14CO2 in the BACTEC 460 system, and multiplication, measured by titration in the mouse foot pad. gamma-Irr of both M. leprae and M. lufu, a cultivable control mycobacterium, resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of viability. gamma-Irr of up to 10(3) rad had little effect on the metabolic activity of either organism. For M. leprae, 10(4)-10(5) rad caused an intermediate inhibitory effect; whereas 10(6) rad yielded almost total inhibition. In the mouse foot pad assay, up to 10(4) rad had little effect on M. leprae growth; however, 10(5) rad resulted in at least a 2-log reduction in the number of bacilli recovered and no M. leprae growth was measurable after exposure to 10(6) rad. With M. lufu, 10(5) rad inhibited metabolic activity by 99% and caused > or = 2-log reduction in the number of colony forming units (CFU). No CFU of M. lufu were recovered after exposure to 10(6) rad. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of some aberrant protrusions on the cell surface of lethally irradiated M. leprae; whereas boiling and autoclaving caused obvious morphological denaturation. These data suggest that gamma-irr is an effective way to kill M. leprae without causing extensive damage to the cell architecture. Killing M. leprae by gamma-irr may be preferable when comparing cellular responses to live versus dead bacilli in vitro and in vivo.