Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Anterior Segment Inflammation Related to Cytomegalovirus in Immunocompetent African, Asian, and Caucasian Patients.

Objective: To report the clinical features and treatment outcomes in immunocompetent patients with anterior segment inflammation (ASI) related to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) depending on their ethnic origin.Material and Methods: Multicenter retrospective study of 38 patients with at least one test, either HCMV-positive PCR or GWc.Results: Features of Posner-Schlossman syndrome were observed in 50% of the eyes, Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis in 13% of the eyes, chronic nonspecific anterior uveitis in 21% of the eyes, and corneal endotheliitis in 18% of the eyes. PCR and GWc were positive for HCMV in 50% and 96.2% of the eyes, respectively. Glaucoma was diagnosed in 50% of eyes. Treatment was oral valganciclovir in about half of the patients. Other treatments were intravenous ganciclovir and/or ganciclovir topical ointment and/or intravitreal ganciclovir.Conclusions: No obvious association of specific clinical features with individual ethnicity could be identified. We found a high rate of glaucoma in all ethnic groups. There was a delay in diagnosis and specific treatment of HCMV in most patients.

Postoperative Inflammation After Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation: Racial Distribution and Effect on Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of postoperative anterior chamber reaction or persistent anterior uveitis (PAU) by race and its effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual acuity (VA) after combined phacoemulsification and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) in primary open-angle glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who underwent combined phacoemulsification cataract extraction with ECP from January 1, 2007 to October 31, 2015. VA, IOP, presence of anterior chamber cells, steroid treatment, and number of IOP lowering drops were analyzed preoperatively and up to 3 months postoperatively. Patients were categorized according to self-reported race. PAU was treated according to severity and presence of symptoms. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-three eyes met the inclusion criteria. PAU was present in 22.4% of eyes. PAU was significantly correlated with race, particularly African American race. PAU was also associated with a lack of improvement in inflammation at week 1 compared with day 1 postoperatively. However, there was no significant difference in VA, IOP, or reduction of IOP lowering drops in those with or without PAU. When comparing African Americans to whites, PAU and its treatment were not associated with a difference in IOP reduction at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: PAU is common after combined phacoemulsification and ECP and is significantly correlated with race. Although PAU may require prolonged postoperative treatment, our data does not support poorer VA or IOP outcomes.

CFHR2-rs2986127 as a genetic protective marker for acute anterior uveitis in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: Complement factor H (CFH) related proteins (CFHRs) play important roles in complement activation pathways, whereas previous studies have only shown that CFH can affect the development of uveitis. In the present study, we investigated the potential associations between one of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CFHR2 gene with acute anterior uveitis (AAU). METHODS: A total of 571 subjects, 283 patients diagnosed with AAU and 288 healthy adult controls, were recruited for this case-control study. CFHR2-rs2986127 was detected using Sequenom MassARRAY technology (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA). RESULTS: The stratified analyses for AAU patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) revealed a reduced frequency of the A allele in CFHR2-rs2986127 compared to controls (p = 0.033, odds ratio = 0.563, 95% confidence interval = 330-0.960). Further stratified analyses revealed a similar significantly reduced frequency in male AAU patients with AS compared to male controls (p = 0.036, odds ratio = 0.514, 95% confidence interval = 0.274-0.965) and in AAU patients without posterior segment involvement compared to controls (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals an association between CFHR2-rs2986127 and AAU diagnosis, especially with respect to gender, AS status and other clinical signs, such as posterior segment involvement. Our results may further enrich the growing understanding of uveitis genetics, and raise the clinical diagnostic accuracy of this disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Association of T-Bet, GATA-3, RORC, and FOXP3 Copy Number Variations With Acute Anterior Uveitis With or Without Ankylosing Spondylitis in Chinese Han.

PURPOSE: Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common form of uveitis and is a frequent ocular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Thymocyte CD4+ cells have been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of both AAU and AS. To test whether the copy number variations (CNVs) of CD4+ T cell transcription factor genes including T-bet, GATA binding protein 3 (GATA)-3, related orphan receptor C (RORC) and forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) are associated with acute anterior uveitis either in the presence or absence of ankylosing spondylitis (AAU+AS+; AAU+AS-). METHODS: The study included 676 patients with AAU, including 298 patients with AAU+AS+, 378 patients with AAU+AS-, and 596 unrelated healthy controls in a Chinese Han population. Copy number variations were examined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of a high copy number (CN) of T-bet was increased in AAU+AS+ as well as AAU+AS- patients when compared with controls (P value after Bonferroni correction [P(corr)] = 4.3 × 10(-5); odds ratio [OR] = 2.0 and P(corr) = 1.2 × 10(-8); OR = 2.3, respectively). The frequency of a high CN of GATA-3 was significantly higher in AAU+AS+ patients than in controls (P(corr) = 1.8 × 10(-7); OR = 4.9). A higher frequency of CN of FOXP3 was found in female AAU+AS+ patients and female AAU+AS- patients (P(corr) = 0.005, OR = 5.9 and P(corr) = 0.004, OR = 4.9, respectively ). No association was found between CNVs of RORC and AAU+AS- or AAU+AS+ patients. CONCLUSIONS: A high copy number of T-bet and GATA-3 confers susceptibility to AAU and AS, and a high copy number of FOXP3 confers susceptibility to female patients with AAU either with or without AS.

Association of Genetic Variations in TNFSF15 With Acute Anterior Uveitis in Chinese Han.

PURPOSE: T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Recent studies have indicated that the TNFSF15 gene that encodes the TL1A protein can regulate the differentiation and activation of T cells. TNFSF15 gene polymorphisms have been found to be associated with several autoimmune disorders. A possible association of TNFSF15 with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) has not yet been reported and was therefore the purpose of our study. METHODS: Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were examined using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 983 AAU patients and 1128 healthy controls. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies were compared using χ2 analysis between AAU patients and healthy controls. Stratified analysis was also performed according to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) status. The TNFSF15 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS: A significantly decreased frequency of the TT genotype in TNFSF15-rs3810936 was found in AAU patients (P = 6.36 × 10(-6), corrected P[Pc] = 1.52 × 10(-4), OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5-0.8). Stratification according to AS status did not reveal a difference concerning the association with TNFSF15-rs3810936. None of the other TNFSF15 SNPs tested were associated with AAU. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an association between TNFSF15-rs3810936 and AAU and suggests that the TL1A/DR3 pathway may be implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Incidence and clinical features of recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in Japanese individuals.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to determine the recurrence rate of inflammation in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and to describe its clinical features. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients diagnosed as having VKH disease with exudative retinal detachment at the Osaka University Hospital or the Japanese Community Healthcare Organization, Osaka Hospital, between 1998 and 2012. All patients received high-dose corticosteroid therapy as the initial treatment and were followed for at least 6 months. Demographic data, including age, sex, visual acuity (VA) levels at initial presentation and at 1 year after initial therapy, treatment received, and recurrent episodes were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-five consecutive patients with VKH disease were identified (36 women; mean age 38.6 ± 10.4 years). Fourteen patients (25.5 %) had recurrent inflammation, which manifested as posterior uveitis in eight and as anterior uveitis in six of the patients. Recurrent posterior segment inflammation was more likely to develop in patients whose VA at initial presentation was poor (P = 0.039) and in whom orally administered corticosteroid was tapered rapidly (to 30 mg within 3 weeks or less, to 20 mg within 2 months or less, and to 10 mg within 3 months or less) (P = 0.006, P = 0.066, and P = 0.041, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: About 25 % of patients with VKH disease had recurrent inflammation. Poor initial VA and rapid tapering of the corticosteroid were associated with posterior recurrence.

Clinical features of psoriatic uveitis in Japanese patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical features of psoriatic uveitis in Japanese patients. METHODS: Clinical features of 13 consecutive patients with psoriatic uveitis treated at our facility were retrospectively examined using medical records. In this study, we collected data about psoriasis type, uveitis laterality, onset type, HLA types, visual acuity, ocular inflammation localization, anterior segment findings, funduscopy findings, complications, recurrence, and medical treatments for uveitis and skin diseases. RESULTS: The cohort comprised ten males and three females (43.6 ± 7.1 years old), and types of psoriasis included psoriasis vulgaris (seven cases), psoriatic arthritis (four cases), pustular psoriasis (three cases) and psoriatic erythroderma (one case). Two cases represented complicated cases of pustular psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Seven cases were unilateral, and six cases were bilateral. All cases had acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis, whereas panuveitis occurred in one case. Furthermore, macular edema and vascular leakage on fluorescein angiography occurred in four cases, and hyperemic disc occurred in two cases. Recurrence occurred in nine cases. In addition to topical corticosteroid treatment, eight cases underwent oral immunosuppressive treatment or biologics. All six cases undergoing HLA typing were HLA-A2 positive. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of psoriatic uveitis in Japan appear to present with acute non-granulomatous uveitis; other symptoms may include macular edema, retinal vasculitis, or hyperemic disc.

Association Between Copy Number Variations of TLR7 and Ocular Behçet's Disease in a Chinese Han Population.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test whether gene copy number variations (CNVs) of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with uveitis. METHODS: Copy number variations of TLRs were detected by real-time PCR. The first stage of the study consisted of enrolling 400 Behçet's disease (BD) patients, 400 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome patients, 400 patients with acute anterior uveitis associated with or without ankylosing spondylitis, and 600 healthy subjects. The second stage included another set of 578 BD patients and 1000 healthy controls. The frequencies of TLR gene copy number types (TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR9, TLR10) were compared among patients and controls by using the χ(2) test. Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy controls following stimulation with the TLR7 agonist R848. Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IFN-ß in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: All TLRs tested, except for TLR7, had a gene copy number of two in more than 98% of individuals tested. In the first stage, we found a significantly increased frequency of more than one copy of TLR7 (located on the X chromosome) in male BD patients and more than two copies in female patients (correction of P value [PC] = 0.021; PC = 0.048, respectively). A second stage and combined study confirmed the association (PC = 1.14 × 10(-6); PC = 9.12 × 10(-5), respectively). TLR7 mRNA expression in PBMCs was increased in healthy male carriers having more than one copy of TLR7 or females having more than two copies following stimulation with R848 (P = 0.021, P = 0.006, respectively). No effect of the various TLR7 copies on the release of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IFN-ß could be detected. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that a high copy number of TLR7 confers risk for BD in a Chinese Han population. (http://www.chictr.org number, ChiCTR-CCC-12002184.).

CFI-rs7356506 is a genetic protective factor for acute anterior uveitis in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: Complement Factor I (CFI) and the CD46 complement regulator (CD46) play an important role in the complement activation pathways, which is known to affect the development of uveitis. The present study was performed to investigate the association of the CFI and CD46 genes with acute anterior uveitis (AAU). METHODS: A total of 600 subjects (300 patients with AAU and 300 healthy controls) were recruited for this case-control study. Six CFI single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (rs7356506, rs10029485, rs11726949, rs12512308, rs7438961, rs998538) and four CD46 SNPs (rs12138764, rs2466571, rs2796278, rs7545126) were genotyped using Sequenom MassARRAY technology. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between patients and controls using the χ(2) test. Analyses were stratified for gender, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27, and ankylosing spondylitis status. RESULTS: Rs7356506 in the CFI gene was found to be protective against AAU. There was a significant increase in the frequency of the A allele (p=0.003, pc=0.03, OR=0.684, CI 0.534 to 0.876) and AA homozygosity (p=0.004, pc=0.04, OR=0.624, CI 0.452 to 0.862) in AAU patients as compared to controls. Stratified analysis, according to gender and HLA-B27 status for AAU, also revealed the association with CFI-rs7356506. None of the tested SNPs of CD46 were associated with AAU. CONCLUSIONS: This study has revealed a significant association between AAU and CFI-rs7356506, suggesting that CFI is involved in the pathogenesis of AAU, and that its influence on AAU may differ depending on gender and HLA-B27 status.

[Sarcoidosis: etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation].

Sarcoidosis is a chronic idiopathic multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Prevalence of this condition is approximately 3-5: 100 000 with the highest incidence at the age of 25-40 years old and no gender predomination. Early morbidity, disability and severe prognosis worsen patient's condition and make them socially limited. In some cases ocular involvement and vision loss aggravate general condition of the patients. Ocular involvement in sarcoidosis occurs in 10-75% patients. At the same time some data confirm the fact that in 7% of patients ocular damage is the presenting sign making them come to an ophthalmologist whereas orbital involvement may present in systemic disease only. Unclear etiology and clinical similarity with other conditions cause difficulties in early diagnosis and monitoring of patients with sarcoidosis.

Poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis in South African children.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographics, clinical features and management of the largest case series to date on poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis (PSU), a newly recognised immune-mediated response to group A ß-haemolytic streptococcus infection. METHODS: Case notes of all patients presenting to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, with serologically confirmed PSU between 2004 and 2010, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 22 cases were identified. Ages ranged from 4 to 12 years. 64% were black children and 64% were boys. Presenting visual acuities ranged from 6/6 to hand movements (median 6/24). 68% had bilateral disease. All had anterior uveitis (27% with posterior synechiae and 27% with hypopyon). 36% had vitritis and 23% had panuveitis. None had systemic illness or features of other poststreptococcal syndromes such as rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis or polyarthritis. Anti-streptococcal titres (anti-streptolysin O and/or anti-deoxyribonuclease B) were significantly raised in all cases. Treatment comprised topical steroids and cycloplegic agents. Those with severe posterior segment involvement (41%) were treated with systemic corticosteroids. 55% received a course of oral penicillin. 82% had a single episode of uveitis. Four children had recurrences. Final visual acuities ranged from 6/6 to 6/36 (median 6/6). CONCLUSION: This case series significantly increases the evidence for PSU currently available in the world literature. The condition can manifest with the full spectrum of ocular inflammation, and most cases respond well to standard uveitis regimens. The role of antibiotic therapy remains unclear and requires further investigation.

The role of toll-like receptor variants in acute anterior uveitis.

PURPOSE: Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common form of uveitis; however, while it is presumed to have an immunological basis, the precise underlying etiology remains elusive. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity, thereby forming a molecular bridge between microbial triggers and the development of AAU. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of AAU. METHODS: The study comprised 225 confirmed cases of idiopathic or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 (subtypes B*2701-2759; HLA-B27)-related AAU and 2,534 population-based controls from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. All participants were of Anglo-Celtic descent. Blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and genotyping. A total of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for analysis and either directly genotyped or imputed to cover the common variations within the TLR genes. Data were analyzed at the allelic, genotypic and haplotypic levels. RESULTS: Control subjects were significantly older than case subjects (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in the gender composition between the case and control cohorts (p=0.18). One TLR2 SNP (rs11938228) was found to be associated with AAU at the allelic level (OR=1.28; p=0.017); however this association did not remain following adjustment for age and sex (p=0.067). None of the SNPs at the TLR4 locus were found to differ significantly between cases or controls, irrespective of adjustment for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: This study has confirmed that common TLR variants of moderate effect size do not predispose to AAU, undermining the implication of reported mutations in the selective perturbations of TLR expression and function evident in AAU.

HLA-B27 association with uveitis in an Asian Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Uveitis refers to diseases characterized by intraocular inflammation of the uveal tract. Anterior uveitis is a common ocular disease characterized by inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. OBJECTIVES: To establish the frequency of HLA-B27-positive uveitis in Asian Indian population, study their clinical profile and compare it with other reports in literature. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical data of 89 patients of uveitis referred for HLA B27 typing with predominantly ocular symptoms during the period from April 2006-October 2010. All patients were tested for complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, infectious diseases serology, HLA-B27 typing, and prepared radiographs of the sacroiliac joints and lumbar spine if required. RESULTS: The HLA-B27 positive rate was 56.2% among patients and 3% for control samples. Most of the patients were in the age group of 41-50 years with a male predominance. CONCLUSIONS: HLA-B27 was seen to be associated with acute anterior uveitis in Asian Indian males and the test is important for confirmation of diagnosis, prognostication and also for planning the treatment.

Incidence and pattern of acute anterior uveitis in Central Australia.

AIM: To investigate the incidence and patterns of acute anterior uveitis (AAU) in Central Australia and specifically to study the relative frequency of AAU in Australian Aborigines compared with that in non-Aboriginal patients. METHODS: Prospective, observational study of all patients seen by the Central Australian Ophthalmology service over an 8-month period. RESULTS: The incidence rate of AAU in Central Australia was 35.9 cases/100,000 population per year. Forty-two per cent of the 1955 patients seen during the study period were Australian Aboriginal patients; however, all but one patient with AAU were Caucasian. The difference in the incidence of AAU between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations was statistically significant (p = 0.03, Fisher's exact test). Four of the nine Caucasian patients with AAU were HLA-B27-positive. The single case of AAU in an Australian Aborigine was a recurrent episode of HLA-B27-positive AAU. A family history of this patient revealed that both her grandfathers were Caucasian. CONCLUSION: The incidence and pattern of AAU in Central Australia is comparable with that in other geographical regions. However, AAU occurs very infrequently in Australian Aborigines compared with that in the non-Indigenous population of Central Australia, further implicating the importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of AAU.

Association of acute anterior uveitis with disease activity, functional ability and physical mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study of Chinese patients in Taiwan.

Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most frequently extra-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). To investigate whether AAU has an association with disease activity, functional ability and physical mobility in AS patients, 146 Chinese AS patients in Taiwan were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. These patients fulfilled the 1984 modified New York criteria and visited the Outpatient Department of the Veterans General Hospital-Taipei from April 2004 to July 2005. Patients completed questionnaires assessing disease activity [Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)], functional ability [Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI)] and patient's global assessment [Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G)]. Meanwhile, physical examinations were performed, including Schober test, finger-to-floor, lateral spinal flexion, occiput-to-wall and chest expansion. The history of AAU was accepted only if diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. The prevalence of AAU in this Chinese AS cohort was 15.8% (23/146). Patients with AAU had a significantly higher BASDAI than those without [absolute differences=0.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.35-1.88]. Additionally, patients with AAU had significantly increased BASFI than those without (absolute differences=1.46, 95% CI: 0.33-2.59). Moreover, there was advanced limitation of physical motility in patients with AAU, including finger-to-floor, occiput-to-wall distances and Schober test, (95% CI: 3.89-16.95 and p=0.046, respectively). Disease duration mildly correlated with BASFI (r=0.24, p=0.003) but not with BASDAI (p=0.838). There was no difference of disease duration between patients with and without AAU (p=0.343). These results suggested that the presence of AAU in AS patients may be associated with higher disease activity, poor functional ability and advanced physical impairment.

HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis in the University Referral Centre in North Thailand: clinical presentation and visual prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most frequent type of uveitis encountered in the west. Although human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated ankylosing spondylitis was reported in South East Asia, it is not known whether HLA-B27-associated ocular disease is prevalent in Thailand. METHODS: A prospective study of 100 unrelated blood donors and 121 consecutive patients with AAU was carried out. All people underwent HLA-B27 typing and full ocular examination. Radiological examination of the sacroiliac joints was conducted in patients with low back pain or arthralgias. RESULTS: The prevalence of HLA-B27 was 10% among the blood donors in contrast with 44% in the AAU group (p<0.001). The clinical characteristics of HLA-B27-associated AAU were similar to those published throughout the world (unilaterality in 74%, hypopyon in 31%, recurrent AAU in 64%). However, the increased intraocular pressure (IOP) was more common in the HLA-B-27-negative group (p = 0.03) than in their HLA-B27-positive counterparts. At least 15% of the HLA B27-positive group had radiological signs of ankylosing spondylitis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HLA-B27 in the population without uveitis in Thailand is about 10% and clinical characteristics of HLA-B27-positive AAU are similar to those reported in the west. In contrast with earlier reports, HLA-B27-negative AAU in Thailand was associated with increased IOP and should be further studied.

Primary ankylosing spondylitis: patterns of disease in a Brazilian population of 147 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze patterns of disease in a population of Brazilian patients with primary ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: Retrospective study (1988-98) analyzing 147 patients with a diagnosis of primary AS according to the modified New York criteria. Selected patients had complete clinical (initial symptom, axial and peripheral involvement, heel enthesitis, extraarticular manifestations) and radiological (sacroiliac, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine) investigations, and these data were compared with sex, race, age at onset, and HLA-B27. RESULTS: There was a predominance of men (84.4%), Caucasian race (75.5%), adult onset (> 16 years, 85%), and positive HLA-B27 (78.2%). Family history of AS was noted in 14.3% of the patients. Pure axial AS was observed in 37 patients (25.2%). The predominant initial symptoms were inflammatory low back pain (61.9%) and peripheral arthritis (22.4%). Thoracic and cervical spine involvement was noted in 70.1% of the patients; radiological findings included syndesmophytes in 46.9% and "bamboo spine" in 20.4% of patients. The extraaxial joints most frequently involved were: ankles (39.5%), hips (36.1%), knees (29.3%), shoulders (19%), and sternoclaviculars (14.3%); heel enthesitis was present in 22.4%. Acute anterior uveitis was noted in 14.3% of patients. Male sex was associated with involvement of thoracic spine (p = 0.002), cervical spine (p = 0.002), and hips (p = 0.042), whereas female sex was associated with sternoclavicular (p = 0.024) involvement. Caucasian race presented higher frequency of positive family history (p = 0.023); there was no statistical significance of clinical and radiological variables compared with African-Brazilians. Juvenile onset AS presented higher frequency of ankle (p = 0.012) and knee (p = 0.001) involvement, heel enthesitis (p = 0.001), and total hip replacement (p = 0.038), whereas adult onset was associated with thoracic (p = 0.026) and cervical spine (p = 0.026) involvement and positive family history (p = 0.044). Positive HLA-B27 was associated with ankle involvement (p = 0.007) and heel enthesitis (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: In this population women showed a milder axial involvement, Caucasian race presented axial and peripheral involvement similar to African-Brazilians, juvenile onset AS was associated with articular involvement of the lower limbs, and positive HLA-B27 was associated with ankle involvement.

Uveíte anterior aguda e HLA B27: valor diagnóstico e prognóstico / Acute anterior uveitis and HLA B27 diagnostic and prognostic evaluation

A uveíte anterior aguda não granulomatosa é uma entidade nosológica bastante grave, se não diagnosticada e tratada a tempo. Com tendência a recorrências e frequentemente associada a alterações sistêmicas do aparelho ósteo-músculo-articular, acomete indivíduos em idade produtiva levando à piora do prognóstico visual. Este estudo inclui 83 pacientes sendo que 27 apresentavam uveíte anterior aguda, sem queixa prévia articular, os quais após tipagem do HLA B27 e exame reumato-radiológico se mostraram positivos para a espondilite anquilosante numa taxa significativa de 61 porcento. A probabilidade de se encontrar HLA positivo nos casos da uveíte anterior aguda foi 54 vezes maior do que no grupo controle (com x2=39,41 para p<0,01). As demais diferenças encontradas, relativas a faixa etária, sexo e raça foram analisadas estatisticamente pelo método do qui-quadrado e pela diferença de proporções. A população mais acometida se situou na faixa etária entre 20 e 40 anos, do sexo masculino, com predominância da raça branca. Como conclusão achamos importante a tipagem do HLA e exame reumatológico, de modo rotineiro, nas uveítes anteriores agudas não-granulomatosas, pelo valor diagnóstico e até prognóstico, pois o tratamento precoce minimiza as alterações visuais e físicas que podem levar à incapacitação funcional dos indivíduos acomedidos.

[Anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis. A retrospective study]. / L'uvéite antérieure dans la spondylarthrite ankylosante. Enquête rétrospective.

In ankylosing spondylarthritis (AS), there is sometimes an anterior uveitis (AUV) or a previous history of AUV. The authors have reviewed the medical files of 338 hospitalised AS and 30 AS seen in consultation. They found an AUV in 28 hospitalised AS, or 8.3 p. cent of all cases (7.7 p. cent in men and 14.8 p. cent in women). In 3 cases (0.9 p. cent), the AUV was the first manifestation of the disease, preceding joint involvement. AUV was never found in patients seen in consultation. The findings of this investigation agree, but only partially, with those from the literature which, usually, acknowledge a greater frequency of AUV. Comparison with other previous investigations conducted in Italy enables to confirm that among Italian AS, AUV is less frequent than in other European and out of Europe series. It is possible that in a certain number of cases the AUV is not diagnosed clinically. However, it seems that the reduced incidence of the AUV discovered by a few Italian authors is not fortuitous (genetic factors?).