RESUMO
Leningrad-Zagreb strain of mumps vaccine virus was grown on two different cell substrates viz. MRC-5 cells and Vero cells besides its original cell substrate i.e. Chicken Embryo Cells. Homogeneous virus pools prepared from each set of experiments were then lyophilized as per standard in-house protocol. Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) such as the titer of the bulk vaccine and potency and stability of the lyophilized vaccine were then estimated using the CCID50 method to understand the lyophilization losses and thermal losses respectively in the vaccine. Another CQA viz. the genetic homogeneity of the vaccine was also tested using the single base extension method for identifying the nucleotides present at the three known locations of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Comparison of CQA results across different cell substrates indicated encouraging results for Vero cell grown L-Zagreb virus compared to the MRC-5 cells grown L-Zagreb mumps virus. Significant improvement in productivity was also observed in the dynamic culture conditions compared to the static culture conditions. Progressive work in this research area can lead to development of a cGMP manufacturing process for mumps vaccine with easy scale up potential in future.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Vacina contra Caxumba/imunologia , Vírus da Caxumba/imunologia , Caxumba/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Liofilização/métodos , Humanos , Caxumba/prevenção & controle , Caxumba/virologia , Vacina contra Caxumba/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vírus da Caxumba/genética , Vírus da Caxumba/fisiologia , Controle de Qualidade , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/normas , Células Vero , Cultura de Vírus/instrumentação , Cultura de Vírus/métodosRESUMO
In addition to the vaccines due in the first year of life, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that children continue to receive vaccines regularly against a variety of infectious diseases. Starting at 12 to 15 months of life, these include the two-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine series and the two-dose varicella vaccine series. Also in the second year of life, infants should begin the two-dose hepatitis A vaccine series and complete the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine series as well as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine series. Before 19 months of life, infants should receive the third dose of the poliovirus vaccine and the fourth dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. The final doses of poliovirus and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines are both due at 4 to 6 years of life. Before each influenza season, every child should receive the influenza vaccine. Those less than 9 years of age who previously received less than two doses need two doses a month apart. At 11 to 12 years of life, all should get two doses of the human papillomavirus vaccine, the adolescent/adult version of the tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine, and begin a two-dose series of meningococcal ACWY vaccine. Each of these vaccines is due when the vaccine works to protect against both an immediate risk as well as to provide long-term protection. Each vaccine-preventable disease varies in terms of the nature of exposure, the form of the morbidity, the risk of mortality, and potential to prevent or ameliorate its harm.
Assuntos
Vacinas/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Vacina contra Varicela/normas , Vacina contra Varicela/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/normas , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/normas , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Lactente , Vacinas contra Influenza/normas , Vacinas contra Influenza/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Vacina contra Sarampo/uso terapêutico , Vacinas Meningocócicas/normas , Vacinas Meningocócicas/uso terapêutico , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacina contra Caxumba/uso terapêutico , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/normas , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapêutico , Vacina contra Rubéola/normas , Vacina contra Rubéola/uso terapêutico , Fatores Sexuais , Vacinas/normasRESUMO
Recent mumps outbreaks in older vaccinated populations were caused primarily by genotype G viruses, which are phylogenetically distinct from the genotype A vaccine strains used in the countries affected by the outbreaks. This finding suggests that genotype A vaccine strains could have reduced efficacy against heterologous mumps viruses. The remote history of vaccination also suggests that waning immunity could have contributed to susceptibility. To examine these issues, we obtained consecutive serum samples from children at different intervals after vaccination and assayed the ability of these samples to neutralize the genotype A Jeryl Lynn mumps virus vaccine strain and a genotype G wild-type virus obtained during the mumps outbreak that occurred in the United States in 2006. Although the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers against the genotype G virus were approximately one-half the titers measured against the vaccine strain, and although titers to both viruses decreased with time after vaccination, antibody induced by immunization with the Jeryl Lynn mumps vaccine strain effectively neutralized the outbreak-associated virus at all time points tested.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Vacina contra Caxumba/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Caxumba/imunologia , Vírus da Caxumba/imunologia , Caxumba/virologia , Formação de Anticorpos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Imunização , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/imunologia , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/normas , Caxumba/epidemiologia , Caxumba/imunologia , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vírus da Caxumba/classificação , Testes de Neutralização , Resultado do Tratamento , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologia , Vacinas Combinadas/normasAssuntos
Vacinas/normas , Vacina BCG/normas , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/etiologia , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza/normas , Vacinas Meningocócicas/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/normas , Vacinas contra Rotavirus/normas , Vacinas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Conjugadas/efeitos adversos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeAssuntos
Vacinas/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Vacina BCG/efeitos adversos , Vacina BCG/normas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Saúde Global , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/etiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Índia , Lactente , Vacinas contra Influenza/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Influenza/normas , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/normas , Vacinas Meningocócicas/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/normas , Vacinas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Conjugadas/efeitos adversos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The comparative efficacy of the three mumps vaccine strains (Jeryl-Lynn, Urabe and Rubini) was conducted in an Asian population from data arising from an epidemiological investigation of seven institutional outbreaks of mumps in Singapore. METHODS: Demographic information (gender, age, ethnic group), clinical presentation and vaccination history (date and place of mumps vaccination, type of mumps vaccine received) of all children who attended the six childcare centres and one primary school where outbreaks of 20 or more cases of mumps occurred in 1999 were collected. The attack rate of the unvaccinated group and the attack rates of the vaccine groups (for each vaccine strain) were determined and the vaccine efficacy of the three vaccines calculated. RESULTS: The vaccine efficacy of the Jeryl-Lynn strain, Urabe strain and Rubini strain mumps vaccine were 80.7, 54.4 and -55.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Rubini strain mumps vaccine conferred no protection and has since been deregistered in Singapore.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vírus da Caxumba/classificação , Caxumba/epidemiologia , Caxumba/prevenção & controle , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/imunologia , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/normas , Caxumba/virologia , Vacina contra Caxumba/imunologia , Vírus da Caxumba/imunologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Sorotipagem , Singapura/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologia , Vacinas Combinadas/normasRESUMO
In two recent nation-wide outbreaks of mumps in Switzerland two-thirds of young children with clinical mumps had a history of primary vaccination. On average, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage is 80%. Two types of vaccine are commonly used: Jeryl-Lynn and Rubini. The effectiveness of the latter has been questioned in several publications. The authors therefore compared Rubini to Jeryl-Lynn in a case-cohort study. The study included 111 young children with clinical mumps who had been reported to the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH) by primary care physicians of the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network (SSSN) between January 1999 and May 2000. Sentinel physicians also sampled 661 children from the same birth cohort as the cases. While we found no evidence for the effectiveness of the Rubini strain, vaccination with the Jeryl-Lynn strain was 70% effective against clinical mumps. Furthermore, children vaccinated with the Rubini strain attended primary health care more frequently with clinical mumps than those who had received Jeryl-Lynn (odds ratio: 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 4.7). Restricting the analysis to laboratory confirmed cases increased the odds ratio to 18.4 (95% CI: 2.5, 811.2). Our study confirms the low effectiveness of the Rubini strain vaccine in the field. This vaccine should therefore be considered inappropriate for the control and elimination of mumps and its use should be discontinued. As other vaccines with comparable quality and safety standards and a substantially higher effectiveness are available the MMR vaccination program in Switzerland will not be compromised if the use of Rubini is no longer recommended.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Caxumba/epidemiologia , Caxumba/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Vacina contra Caxumba/classificação , Vacina contra Caxumba/uso terapêutico , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Suíça/epidemiologiaRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Parotidite/epidemiologia , Parotidite/sangue , Parotidite/imunologia , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinação/normas , Imunoensaio/métodos , Vacina contra Caxumba/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacina contra Caxumba/provisão & distribuição , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
The Jeryl Lynn strain of mumps vaccine live (MVL) was developed in 1966 by Merck Co. and has been widely used in the U.S. and other countries since the early 1970s. Partial sequencing has recently shown that the vaccine contains a mixture of two substrains with substantially different nucleotide sequences. We have determined the complete genomic sequences of both substrains and identified 414 nucleotide differences (2.69%), leading to 87 amino acid substitutions (1.67%). We used this information to develop methods for quantification of the substrain components in vaccine samples based on PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage and oligonucleotide microarray hybridization and monitored their dynamics in viral populations propagated in different conditions. Passaging Jeryl Lynn strain in Vero or CEF cell cultures resulted in rapid selection of the major component JL1, while growth in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) favored accumulation of the minor component JL2. Based on the findings presented here, it is proposed that the substrain composition of Jeryl Lynn vaccine can be monitored as a part of its quality control to ensure consistency of the vaccine.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vírus da Caxumba/classificação , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Chlorocebus aethiops , DNA Viral/análise , Vírus da Caxumba/genética , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Controle de Qualidade , Células VeroRESUMO
La autora describe las vacunas pediátricas de uso obligatorio en nuestro país en la actualidad. Se menciona su acción, vía de administración, efectos adversos y contraindicaciones (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Vacinas/classificação , Vacinação , Argentina , Vacinas/uso terapêutico , Vacinação/normas , Vacina BCG , Vacina BCG/normas , Vacina BCG/uso terapêutico , Vacina BCG/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/normas , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/uso terapêutico , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/normas , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/uso terapêutico , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/efeitos adversos , Vacina Antipólio Oral , Vacina Antipólio Oral/normas , Vacina Antipólio Oral/uso terapêutico , Vacina Antipólio Oral/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Hepatite B , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/normas , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/uso terapêutico , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Sarampo , Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Vacina contra Sarampo/uso terapêutico , Vacina contra Sarampo/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacina contra Caxumba/uso terapêutico , Vacina contra Caxumba/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Rubéola , Vacina contra Rubéola/normas , Vacina contra Rubéola/uso terapêutico , Vacina contra Rubéola/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Esquemas de Imunização , Transplante de Medula Óssea/imunologia , Vacina contra Varicela/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Varicela/normas , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Influenza/normas , Vacina contra Caxumba/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Toxoide Tetânico/administração & dosagem , Toxoide Tetânico/normas , VacinaçãoRESUMO
The clinical safety of measles and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines has been questioned in recent reports that propose a possible link between measles virus or measles vaccines and the occurrence of juvenile Crohn disease and autism. This article reviews the outcomes of several laboratory investigations which were carried out independently to identify the presence or absence of measles virus in the intestinal tissues derived from cases of inflammatory bowel disease. One research group reported the presence of measles virus particles and genomic RNA in inflammatory bowel disease tissues, but this could not be confirmed by other groups, despite use of techniques that are highly specific and sensitive for the detection of measles virus nucleic acid in clinical specimens down to the molecular level. Based on the published data reviewed here, it can be concluded that there is no direct association between measles virus or measles vaccines and the development of Crohn disease, a conclusion which is supported by most epidemiological findings.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Sarampo/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Rubéola/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacina contra Rubéola/normas , Vacinas Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Atenuadas/normas , Vacinas Combinadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Combinadas/normasAssuntos
Proteção da Criança , Promoção da Saúde/normas , Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Vacina contra Rubéola/normas , Vacinação/normas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Alemanha , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Lactente , Masculino , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , Vacinas Combinadas/normas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Neurovirulence tests in Macaca fascicularis using commercial preparations of different vaccine bulks and a wild-type strain revealed that the test was unable to distinguish mixed from pure populations or a suitable vaccine from a related strain which has been shown to be associated with clinical meningitis. However, the test was able to distinguish a wild-type strain from the vaccine strains successfully. The ability of the test to discriminate between acceptable and unacceptable seeds requires further examination.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/patologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/virologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Vacina contra Caxumba/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Caxumba/patogenicidade , Testes Sorológicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Células Vero , VirulênciaRESUMO
Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity has been detected recently in all chicken cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines. A study of a vaccine manufactured in Europe indicated that the RT is associated with particles containing endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV-0) RNA and originates from the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) used as a substrate for propagation of the vaccine. We investigated the origin of RT in measles and mumps vaccines from a U.S. manufacturer and confirm the presence of RT and EAV RNA. Additionally, we provide new evidence for the presence of avian leukosis virus (ALV) in both CEF supernatants and vaccines. ALV pol sequences were first identified in particle-associated RNA by amplification with degenerate retroviral pol primers. ALV RNA sequences from both the gag and env regions were also detected. Analysis of hypervariable region 2 of env revealed a subgroup E sequence, an endogenous-type ALV. Both CEF- and vaccine-derived RT activity could be blocked by antibodies to ALV RT. Release of ALV-like virus particles from uninoculated CEF was also documented by electron microscopy. Nonetheless, infectivity studies on susceptible 15B1 chicken cells gave no evidence of infectious ALV, which is consistent with the phenotypes of the ev loci identified in the CEF. PCR analysis of ALV and EAV proviral sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 33 children after measles and mumps vaccination yielded negative results. Our data indicate that the sources of RT activity in all RT-positive measles and mumps vaccines may not be similar and depend on the particular endogenous retroviral loci present in the chicken cell substrate used. The present data do not support transmission of either ALV or EAV to recipients of the U.S.-made vaccine and provide reassurance for current immunization policies.
Assuntos
Vírus da Leucose Aviária/isolamento & purificação , Retrovirus Endógenos/isolamento & purificação , Vacina contra Sarampo , Vacina contra Caxumba , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/genética , Animais , Vírus da Leucose Aviária/enzimologia , Vírus da Leucose Aviária/genética , Sequência de Bases , Embrião de Galinha , Galinhas , DNA Viral , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Genes pol , Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , RNA Viral , Vírion/ultraestruturaAssuntos
Vacina contra Sarampo/análise , Vacina contra Caxumba/análise , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/análise , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Retroviridae/enzimologia , Retroviridae/genética , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Virulência , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
These revised recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on measles, mumps, and rubella prevention supersede recommendations published in 1989 and 1990. This statement summarizes the goals and current strategies for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) elimination and for mumps reduction in the United States. Changes from previous recommendations include: Emphasis on the use of combined MMR vaccine for most indications; A change in the recommended age for routine vaccination to 12-15 months for the first dose of MMR, and to 4-6 years for the second dose of MMR; A recommendation that all states take immediate steps to implement a two dose MMR requirement for school entry and any additional measures needed to ensure that all school-aged children are vaccinated with two doses of MMR by 2001; A clarification of the role of serologic screening to determine immunity; A change in the criteria for determining acceptable evidence of rubella immunity; A recommendation that all persons who work in health-care facilities have acceptable evidence of measles and rubella immunity; Changes in the recommended interval between administration of immune globulin and measles vaccination; and Updated information on adverse events and contraindications, particularly for persons with severe HIV infection, persons with a history of egg allergy or gelatin allergy, persons with a history of thrombocytopenia, and persons receiving steroid therapy.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Sarampo/normas , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Caxumba/prevenção & controle , Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita/prevenção & controle , Vacina contra Rubéola/normas , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Contraindicações , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Lactente , Masculino , Vacina contra Sarampo/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Sarampo/provisão & distribuição , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , Vacina contra Caxumba/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba/provisão & distribuição , Gravidez , Vacina contra Rubéola/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Rubéola/provisão & distribuição , Vacinas Combinadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Combinadas/normas , Vacinas Combinadas/provisão & distribuiçãoAssuntos
Vacina contra Caxumba/normas , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Lactente , Caxumba/prevenção & controle , Vacina contra Caxumba/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Caxumba/imunologia , Vírus da Caxumba/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Caxumba/patogenicidade , Controle de Qualidade , Federação Russa , Estados Unidos , Vacinas Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/normasRESUMO
The action of live attenuated vaccines against mumps is poorly understood although their clinical efficacy is beyond doubt. The attenuated character of the vaccine is assured by consistency of production related to clinical trials, and limited studies of vaccine seeds in primates. Potency is assessed by infectivity in vitro and is subject to poorly understood sources of variation. Molecular biological studies are at an early stage.
Assuntos
Vacina contra Caxumba , Animais , História do Século XX , Humanos , Caxumba/prevenção & controle , Vacina contra Caxumba/história , Vacina contra Caxumba/normasRESUMO
PCR techniques were applied for the detection of mycoplasma DNA and pestivirus RNA to 43 lots of live viral vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, and oral poliomyelitis) produced by six manufacturers in Japan. Although mycoplasma DNA was not detected in any of the vaccines tested, pestivirus RNA was detected in 12 lots (28%). The incidence of contamination among the four viral vaccines was in the range of 20 to 37%, and the incidence among the six manufacturers varied from 0 to 56%.