RESUMO
The mononegaviruses include a number of highly contagious and severe disease-causing viruses of both animals and humans. For the control of these viral diseases, development of vaccines, either with classical methods or with recombinant DNA virus vectors, has been attempted over the years. Recently reverse genetics of mononegaviruses has been developed and used to generate infectious viruses possessing genomes derived from cloned cDNA in order to study the consequent effects of viral gene manipulations on phenotype. This technology allows us to develop novel candidate vaccines. In particular, a variety of different attenuation strategies to produce a range of attenuated mononegavirus vaccines have been studied. In addition, because of their ideal nature as live vaccines, recombinant mononegaviruses expressing foreign proteins have also been produced with the aim of developing multivalent vaccines against more than one pathogen. These recombinant mononegaviruses are currently under evaluation as new viral vectors for vaccination. Reverse genetics could have great potential for the preparation of vaccines against many mononegaviruses.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Leishmaniose/prevenção & controle , Peste Bovina/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas/genética , Vacinas Combinadas/genética , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Vacínia/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antígenos Virais/genética , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Proteção Cruzada/imunologia , DNA Complementar/genética , DNA Complementar/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Leishmania major/imunologia , Leishmaniose/imunologia , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , Poxviridae/imunologia , Genética Reversa , Peste Bovina/imunologia , Peste Bovina/virologia , Vírus da Peste Bovina/imunologia , Transgenes , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/biossíntese , Vacinas Combinadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Combinadas/biossíntese , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/biossíntese , Vacínia/imunologia , Vacínia/virologiaRESUMO
This review paper provides an overview of innovative technologies designed to produce bacterial, viral, recombinant subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines, as well as combination vaccines. Advances in this field are illustrated by vaccines against DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis), influenza, hepatitis B (HepB) and typhoid fever. In addition, technological trends regarding antigens, adjuvants, and preservatives in vaccines are discussed. The progress achieved in vaccine production technologies is especially important for improving the protection of vulnerable populations against infectious diseases. These at-risk groups include infants, the elderly and immunocompromized individuals, as well as people living in developing countries or emerging economies.
