Paternidade em transformação nos livros de autoajuda / Paternidad en transformación en los libros de autoayuda / Fatherhood in transformation in self-help books

Resumo Este artigo visa a problematizar a produção da paternidade em um conjunto de livros de autoajuda composto por uma obra publicada originalmente na França, em 1946, e por duas outras publicadas no século 21, mostrando os deslocamentos e inflexões que aparecem nesses materiais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de uma análise discursiva de cunho pós-estruturalista. As análises indicam que enquanto a obra de meados do século 20 tem por objetivo apresentar princípios educacionais voltados para a formação de sujeitos obedientes, ordeiros e com valores morais tradicionais, aquelas do início do século 21 exortam os pais a realizarem uma transformação de si que os tornem capazes de exercer uma paternidade que produza filhos felizes e bem-sucedidos.

Resumen Este artículo busca problematizar la producción de la paternidad en un conjunto de libros de autoayuda compuesto por una obra publicada originalmente en Francia en 1946 y por otras dos publicadas en el siglo XXI, mostrando los desplazamientos e inflexiones que aparecen en dichos materiales. La investigación se llevó a cabo por medio de un análisis discursivo de cuño postestructuralista. Los análisis indican que mientras que la obra de mediados del siglo XX tiene por objetivo presentar principios educativos orientados a la formación de sujetos obedientes, ordenados y con valores morales tradicionales, las de comienzos del siglo XXI exhortan a los padres a realizar una transformación de sí mismos que los vuelva capaces de ejercer una paternidad que produzca hijos felices y exitosos.

Abstract This article aims to problematize the production of fatherhood in a set of self-help books composed by a work originally published in France in 1946 and two others published in the 21st century, showing the displacements and inflections that appear in these materials. The research was developed through a discursive analysis of post-structuralist nature. The analyses indicate that while the mid-20th century work intends to present principles oriented to the education of obedient, orderly people with traditional moral values. On the other hand, those of the beginning of the 21st century exhort fathers to make a transformation of themselves that enable them to exercise a fatherhood that produces happy and successful children.

Daniel Callahan and the Vocation of Bioethics.

Did Dan Callahan know the calling he was displaying in his own work and offering to others in the special intellectual garden of The Hastings Center, which he cocreated, with Will Gaylin, and went on to prune and tend for nearly four decades? I would say, yes, he knew what he was about. Successful people usually have self-confidence and drive in abundance, but in Dan's case, there was something more profound and interesting at work. Having gone through the endnotes of his latest book one day, I asked him how he found time to read so widely. He said he had learned to be an efficient skimmer who could pull out the nuggets he valued from another's work because he had a few magnetic ideas from which he would brook no distraction.

[The end of the asylum, a change in representations]. / La fin de l'asile, un bouleversement des représentations.

Through the major changes which the psychiatric hospital has undergone throughout history, the question is raised of the identity of caregivers, what the psychiatric asylum provides as a response to mental illness, and the function of the asylum as a place for receiving and then caring for patients, within society. These radical changes, which undermine the narcissism of caregivers, have consequences both within the psychiatric hospital and society as a whole. Consequences which question the very notion of care in a post-modern society.

Choosing Life: Fromm's Clinical Values.

This paper explores some of the human values expressed in Erich Fromm's writing. Fromm passionately advocated for the importance of courage, integrity, self-actualization, freedom, the cherishing of truth, and a fully alive presence in one's daily life. Some of the clinical implications of these values are discussed. The application of Fromm's beliefs to analytically oriented treatment is illustrated in a case vignette from the author's practice.

Science as religion: when science becomes (too) irrational.

Science is expected to be objective: however, since practiced and produced by humans, it has to reflect human flows - prejudices, stubbornness, malice, and the tendency to be misused. No wonder an excellent scientist like John Eccles proclaimed science to be among the most personal activities he had known. By analysing a few examples from the history of science (in particular the intellectual development of Van Rensselaer Potter, the American onco-biochemist and bioethics pioneer), as well as the current trend of the evidence-based approach, the present paper will try to demonstrate that denying, distrusting, and opposing science for the sake of religion, as seen so many times in human history, has significant similarities to the overestimation of science we more often encounter in our times.

Apuntes históricos de la Literatura Universal y su vinculación social con estudiantes de estomatología / Historical notes of the Universal Literature and its social relationships with Orthodontics' students

El cuerpo humano y, en especial, el rostro, ha sido objeto de tratamiento en las más diversas formas de expresión artística, como pueden ser la pintura, la escultura y la Literatura; acercarnos a esta última puede resultar sumamente interesante, por lo que de ella podemos aprender. De ahí el objetivo que de este trabajo es identificar los textos de la literatura universal que se han enfocado en aspectos relacionados con estructuras anatómicas del complejo bucal y ofrecen pasajes que contribuyen a la formación del valor social y las posibilidades que ofrece para el desarrollo del componente cultural e histórico del Estomatólogo General (AU).

Human body, specially the face, has been treated in the most different forms of artistic expression, as it is the case of painting, sculpture and literature. An approach to the last ones may be extremely interesting, because of the learning and experiences accumulated in them. The objective of this term is identifying the works of universal literature dealing with aspects of the oral complex anatomical structures, offering passages that contribute to the formation of social values and having possibilities for the development of the historical and cultural component of the General Dentist (AU).

Apuntes históricos de la Literatura Universal y su vinculación social con estudiantes de estomatología / Historical notes of the Universal Literature and its social relationships with Orthodontics' students

El cuerpo humano y, en especial, el rostro, ha sido objeto de tratamiento en las más diversas formas de expresión artística, como pueden ser la pintura, la escultura y la Literatura; acercarnos a esta última puede resultar sumamente interesante, por lo que de ella podemos aprender. De ahí el objetivo que de este trabajo es identificar los textos de la literatura universal que se han enfocado en aspectos relacionados con estructuras anatómicas del complejo bucal y ofrecen pasajes que contribuyen a la formación del valor social y las posibilidades que ofrece para el desarrollo del componente cultural e histórico del Estomatólogo General (AU).

Human body, specially the face, has been treated in the most different forms of artistic expression, as it is the case of painting, sculpture and literature. An approach to the last ones may be extremely interesting, because of the learning and experiences accumulated in them. The objective of this term is identifying the works of universal literature dealing with aspects of the oral complex anatomical structures, offering passages that contribute to the formation of social values and having possibilities for the development of the historical and cultural component of the General Dentist (AU).

Marta de las Nieves Castro Bosch: una Mariana de estos tiempos / Marta de las Nieves Castro Bosch: a Mariana of these times

Se exaltan los elementos más importantes de la vida estudiantil, familiar y profesional de una figura de la docencia médica santiaguera: la Dra C Marta de las Nieves Castro Bosch, cuyo trabajo destacado la hacen merecedora de múltiples reconocimientos. También se señalan algunos elementos de su personalidad como patriotismo, intransigencia, inteligencia, exigencia, sencillez, responsabilidad y humanismo, que la convierten en un ejemplo excepcional para la formación de las nuevas generaciones de profesionales de la salud. Esta semblanza constituye un merecido homenaje a su labor docente-asistencial durante tantos años y al buen desempeño en las disímiles funciones asignadas.

The most important elements of the student, family and professional life of a personality of the medical teaching in Santiago de Cuba are exalted: DSc Marta de las Nieves Castro Bosch whose outstanding work makes her worthy of multiple acknowledgements. Some elements of her personality such as patriotism, intransigence, intelligence, demand, simplicity, responsibility and humanism are also pointed out, that transform her into an exceptional example for the new generations of health professionals training. This biographical sketch constitutes a deserved homage to her educational-assistance work during so many years and to the good performance in the dissimilar functions assigned.

Marx y Nietzsche como marcos comprensivos de un ethos contemporáneo: responsabilidad individual y de Estado / Marx and Nietzsche as comprehensive frameworks of a contemporary ethos: individual and State responsibility

La ética contemporánea gira sobre dos grandes ejes problemáticos. Por una parte, las cuestiones acerca de la responsabilidad del Estado para habilitar y promover el desarrollo individual, y por la otra, el interés primordial de cada sujeto por realizar sus propios intereses. El presente ensayo aborda a dos pensadores importantes del siglo xix que brindaron marcos propicios para la reflexión ante estas cuestiones: Carlos Marx y Federico Nietzsche. Si bien estos filósofos de la sospecha no habilitaron una ética como tal, nos proporcionan elementos para la comprensión de un ethos contemporáneo comprendido como forja del carácter y cuidado de la casa (AU).

Contemporary ethics turns around two major problematic axes. On one side, the questions about the responsibility of the State to enable and promote individual development and, on the other side, the primary concern of each individual to realize his own interests. The current article approaches two important thinkers of the XIX century who provided enabling frameworks for reflecting on these issues: Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche. Although these philosophers of the suspicion did not create an ethical system as such, they provided elements for understanding the contemporary ethos, meaning character forgery and house caring (AU).

Marx y Nietzsche como marcos comprensivos de un ethos contemporáneo: responsabilidad individual y de Estado / Marx and Nietzsche as comprehensive frameworks of a contemporary ethos: individual and State responsibility

La ética contemporánea gira sobre dos grandes ejes problemáticos. Por una parte, las cuestiones acerca de la responsabilidad del Estado para habilitar y promover el desarrollo individual, y por la otra, el interés primordial de cada sujeto por realizar sus propios intereses. El presente ensayo aborda a dos pensadores importantes del siglo xix que brindaron marcos propicios para la reflexión ante estas cuestiones: Carlos Marx y Federico Nietzsche. Si bien estos filósofos de la sospecha no habilitaron una ética como tal, nos proporcionan elementos para la comprensión de un ethos contemporáneo comprendido como forja del carácter y cuidado de la casa (AU).

Contemporary ethics turns around two major problematic axes. On one side, the questions about the responsibility of the State to enable and promote individual development and, on the other side, the primary concern of each individual to realize his own interests. The current article approaches two important thinkers of the XIX century who provided enabling frameworks for reflecting on these issues: Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche. Although these philosophers of the suspicion did not create an ethical system as such, they provided elements for understanding the contemporary ethos, meaning character forgery and house caring (AU).

Profesora Ida Idania Bárcena Gallardo, educadora ejemplar / Professor Ida Idania Bárcena Gallardo, an exemplary educator

Fundamento: la educación es sin lugar a dudas una de las conquistas más preciadas de la Revolución. En la educación médica el ejemplo de los docentes debe ser un pilar para la enseñanza de los valores.Objetivo: socializar la historia de vida de la profesora Ida Idania Bárcena Gallardo, mostrando sus valores ético-humanistas y patrióticos, en correspondencia con la sociedad socialista que se construye.Métodos: se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa, empleando la entrevista individual y el método histórico. Además, se utilizaron documentos inéditos relacionados con su trayectoria laboral, el cumplimiento de diferentes tareas encomendadas, así como, fotografías, testimonios, certificados y reconocimientos.Resultados: se describen diferentes etapas de su vida estudiantil, su trayectoria como profesora de Biología primero y luego de Computación y asesora en investigaciones pedagógicas. Se hace referencia a su militancia comunista y en organizaciones de masas, su participación internacionalista en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, donde falleció, y pasajes de su vida familiar y su dedicación como madre.Conclusiones: se realizó la historia de vida de una educadora que desde su actitud laboriosa, revolucionaria e internacionalista contribuyó a la formación de varias generaciones de profesionales (AU)

Background: education is undoubtedly one of the most valuable achievements of the Revolution. In medical education, the example of teachers should be a pillar for the teaching of values.Objective: to socialize the life story of Professor Ida Idania Bárcena Gallardo, showing her ethical-humanist and patriotic values, in correspondence with the socialist society that is being built.Methods: a qualitative research was developed using the individual interview and the historical method. In addition, unpublished documents were used related to her professional career, the fulfillment of different tasks entrusted, as well as photographs, testimonies, certificates and acknowledgments.Results: the study describes different stages of her school life, her professional career, first as a teacher of Biology and then as a professor of Computer Science, and as an advisor of pedagogical rese arches. It also deals with her communist political affiliation and mass organizations activism. The paper includes her internationalist participation in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, where she died. Parts of her family life and her dedication as a mother are also described.Conclusions: the study describes the life story of an educator who, through her hardworking, revolutionary and internationalist attitudes, contributed to the formation of several generations of professionals (AU)

Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values.

The United States and the United Kingdom ended outdoor biological warfare testing in populated areas nearly half a century ago. Yet, the conduct, health effects, and propriety of those tests remain controversial. The varied views reflect the limits of currently available test information and evolving societal values on research involving human subjects. Western political culture has changed since the early days of the American and British testing programs. People have become less reluctant to question authority, and institutional review boards must now pre-approve research involving human subjects. Further, the heightened stringency of laboratory containment has accentuated the safety gap between a confined test space and one without physical boundaries. All this makes it less likely that masses of people would again be unwittingly subjected to secret open-air biological warfare tests.

The end of medical confidentiality? Patients, physicians and the state in history.

Medical confidentiality has come under attack in the public sphere. In recent disasters both journalists and politicians have questioned medical confidentiality and claimed that in specific contexts physicians should be compelled to communicate data on their patients' health. The murders of innocent individuals by a suicidal pilot and a Swiss convicted criminal have generated polemical debates on the topic. In this article, historical data on medical confidentiality is used to show that medical practices of secrecy were regularly attacked in the past, and that the nature of medical confidentiality evolved through time depending on physicians' values and judgements. Our demonstration is based on three moments in history. First, at the end of the 16th century, lay authorities put pressure on physicians to disclose the names of patients suffering from syphilis. Second, in the 18th century, physicians faced constant demands for information about patients' health from relatives and friends. Third, employers and insurance companies in the 20th century requested medical data on sick employees. In these three different situations, history reveals that the concept of medical confidentiality was plastic, modelled in the first instance to defend well-to-do patients, in the second instance it was adapted to accommodate the physician's social role and, finally, to defend universal values and public health. Medical secrecy was, and is today, a medical and societal norm that is shaped collectively. Any change in its definition and enforcement was and should be the result of negotiations with all social actors concerned.

Two Kinds of "Literary Poison": Diseases of the Learned and Overstimulating Novels in Georgian Britain.

This article will analyze the complex relationship between two separate traditions of anxiety about the medical impact of reading. On the one hand there was the older concept of the diseases of the learned (Gelehrtenkrankheiten), associated with crabbed, often impecunious academics. This is a tradition that went back centuries and drew on the six non-naturals of Galenic medicine. On the other hand there was fear that the sentimental novel-reading habits of the leisured elite were overstimulating their nerves, a model that was based primarily on the newer medicine of stimulation associated with physicians such as Cullen, Whytt, Tissot, and Brown. This article will examine how these two models of pathological reading came together during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and what they show about the role of the imagination, luxury, gender, and sexuality.

Conceptions of Educational Practices Among the Nahuas of Mexico: Past and Present.

Historical documents and recent fieldwork indicate that, since the sixteenth century, there is robust continuity in central beliefs about learning among Nahuatl families. Nahuatl documents from nearly five centuries ago and current Nahuatl adults consider guidance and teaching to be accompaniment of the learner, more than direct action, because nobody can enter the minds and personalities of others. Learning by observing and pitching in is valued: The adults can organize good conditions of apprenticeship, they can indicate the good direction and the goal, serve as examples, and protect the learner. Across centuries, Nahuatl educational practices consist of facilitating observation by copresence, early training for attentive engagement, hiding nothing, and not preventing children from trying, as well as persuading children to be responsible, to work, and to adopt a calm attitude for paying close attention.