The Brazilian Army nurses' uniforms: visual identity in World War II.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the symbolic effects of the official military uniform of the nurses from Brazilian Army in World War II. METHOD: This research was developed using the historical method, with iconographic sources. The data were discussed based on the concepts of the social world theory, by Pierre Bourdieu. RESULTS: The images selected demonstrate the own meaning of the uniforms, evidencing the functions and the social position of those who wear it, being private and obligatory to use it in the military field. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: In the case of the nurses from the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, the appropriation of uniforms promoted the visual communication representing military nurse in the context of war, at the same time it served for distinction purposes in the army, but not necessarily in the nursing field. Symbolically, they remained amongst the walls of the barracks even after the end of the war and, thus, they remained unknown and marked by the symbols of forgetfulness.

The Brazilian Army nurses' uniforms: visual identity in World War II / Uniformes de enfermeras del Ejército Brasileño: identidad visual en la Segunda Guerra Mundial / Uniformes de enfermeiras do Exército Brasileiro: identidade visual na II Guerra Mundial

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the symbolic effects of the official military uniform of the nurses from Brazilian Army in World War II. Method: This research was developed using the historical method, with iconographic sources. The data were discussed based on the concepts of the social world theory, by Pierre Bourdieu. Results: The images selected demonstrate the own meaning of the uniforms, evidencing the functions and the social position of those who wear it, being private and obligatory to use it in the military field. Final considerations: In the case of the nurses from the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, the appropriation of uniforms promoted the visual communication representing military nurse in the context of war, at the same time it served for distinction purposes in the army, but not necessarily in the nursing field. Symbolically, they remained amongst the walls of the barracks even after the end of the war and, thus, they remained unknown and marked by the symbols of forgetfulness.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los efectos simbólicos de la vestimenta militar oficial de las enfermeras del Ejército Brasileño en la II Guerra Mundial. Método: La investigación fue desarrollada usando el método histórico con fuentes de imágenes. Los datos fueron discutidos a la luz de conceptos de la teoría del mundo social, de Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: Las imágenes seleccionadas demuestran el significado propio de los uniformes, explicitando las funciones y la posición social de quien los porta, siendo de uso privativo y obligatorio en el campo militar. Consideraciones finales: En el caso de las enfermeras de la Fuerza Expedicionaria Brasileña, la apropiación de uniformes promovió la comunicación visual de la figura-tipo de la enfermera militar en el contexto de la guerra, al tiempo que confería distinción en el ámbito del ejército, pero no necesariamente en el campo de la enfermería. Simbólicamente, permanecieron entre los muros de los cuarteles incluso después del término de la guerra, y, por consiguiente, se mantuvieron desconocidas y marcadas por los signos del olvido.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos simbólicos do vestuário militar oficial das enfermeiras do Exército Brasileiro na II Guerra Mundial. Método: A pesquisa foi desenvolvida usando o método histórico, com fontes imagéticas. Os dados foram discutidos à luz de conceitos da teoria do mundo social, de Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: As imagens selecionadas demonstram o significado próprio dos uniformes, explicitando as funções e a posição social de quem os porta, sendo de uso privativo e obrigatório no campo militar. Considerações finais: No caso das enfermeiras da Força Expedicionária Brasileira, a apropriação de uniformes promoveu a comunicação visual da figura-tipo da enfermeira militar no contexto da guerra, ao mesmo tempo que conferiu distinção no âmbito do exército, mas não necessariamente no campo da enfermagem. Simbolicamente, elas permaneceram entre os muros dos quartéis mesmo após o término da guerra e, por conseguinte, mantiveram-se desconhecidas e marcadas pelos signos do esquecimento.

Avaliação da aplicação das boas práticas na comercialização de água de coco em quiosques localizados em Salvador, BA / Evaluation of the application of good practices in the commercialization of coconut water in kiosks located in Salvador, BA

O estudo objetivou avaliar as boas práticas utilizadas na comercialização de água de coco em quiosques localizados na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. Foi utilizada como instrumento de coleta uma lista de checagem baseada nas recomendações da RDC nº 218/2005, referente às boas práticas executadas por manipuladores de alimentos. Foram analisadas amostras de água de coco para contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Os quiosques obtiveram uma classificação geral de adequação às boas práticas abaixo de 50% estando enquadrados no grupo 3. As amostras analisadas evidenciaram a presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes acima do permitido pela legislação. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as amostras analisadas de água de coco encontravam-se inapropriadas para o consumo. Uma das medidas mais importantes seria capacitar os manipuladores sobre as boas práticas de higiene para assim garantir a qualidade da água de coco ao consumidor.(AU)

The study aimed to evaluate the best practices used in the marketing of coconut water in kiosks located in the city of Salvador-Bahia. It was used as a collection tool checklist based on recommendations of the RDC nº 218/2005 regarding good practices carried out by food handlers. Analyzed samples of coconut water for count of total coliforms and termotolerantes. The kiosks have obtained a general classification of fitness the best practices below 50% being covered in Group 3. The samples showed the presence of total coliforms and termotolerantes above the permitted by legislation. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the coconut water samples analysed were inappropriate for consumption. One of the most important measures would empower thehandlers on the good hygiene practices to ensure the quality of coconut water to the consumer.

[The impact of the orthopedic surgeons' attire on patient preferences]. / ¿La imagen importa? Influencia de la vestimenta del traumatólogo en la elección y confianza del paciente.

BACKGROUND: The formal appearance of health care professionals may influence their trustworthiness. AIM: To determine the effect of the orthopedic surgeon's attire on patients' perceptions of credibility and reliability of professionals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, 351 patients (mean age 43 ± 17 years, 62% males) from the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of a Chilean regional hospital in southem of Chile were chosen to complete a questionnaire of attire preferences, in which five photographs with male and female orthopedic surgeons appeared (executive, formal attire, informal attire, scrubs and casual clothing). The influence of attire in the perception of physicians' trustworthiness to resolve medical situations was analyzed. RESULTS: Forty four percent of patients had no physician gender predilection (p = 0.32). Forty three percent of male and 38% of female patients preferred the use of formal attire. In situations of credibility or confidence, all patients chose mostly the use of white coats with formal attire by professionals. The probability of choosing an orthopedic surgeon with a formal attire was significantly higher among patients who considered the attire and appearance of the professional to be very important (Odds ratio = 3.74; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients prefer orthopedic surgeons wearing white coats and formal attire, which improves credibility of these professionals to correctly solve medical situations.

¿La imagen importa? Influencia de la vestimenta del traumatólogo en la elección y confianza del paciente / The impact of the orthopedic surgeons' attire on patient preferences

Background: The formal appearance of health care professionals may influence their trustworthiness. Aim: To determine the effect of the orthopedic surgeon's attire on patients' perceptions of credibility and reliability of professionals. Material and Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 351 patients (mean age 43 ± 17 years, 62% males) from the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of a Chilean regional hospital in southem of Chile were chosen to complete a questionnaire of attire preferences, in which five photographs with male and female orthopedic surgeons appeared (executive, formal attire, informal attire, scrubs and casual clothing). The influence of attire in the perception of physicians' trustworthiness to resolve medical situations was analyzed. Results: Forty four percent of patients had no physician gender predilection (p = 0.32). Forty three percent of male and 38% of female patients preferred the use of formal attire. In situations of credibility or confidence, all patients chose mostly the use of white coats with formal attire by professionals. The probability of choosing an orthopedic surgeon with a formal attire was significantly higher among patients who considered the attire and appearance of the professional to be very important (Odds ratio = 3.74; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Patients prefer orthopedic surgeons wearing white coats and formal attire, which improves credibility of these professionals to correctly solve medical situations.

Eficiência do programa de higienização de uniformes em frigorífico / Efficiency of the hygiene program in a refrigerator

A qualidade da higienização industrial deve ser avaliada considerando- -se, entre outros aspectos, o risco que a contaminação alimentar representa para a saúde pública. Este trabalho buscou avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias de superfícies de 25 uniformes de frigorífico, por meio de análise microbiológica para micro-organismos mesófilos aeróbios (UFC/ cm²), conforme a técnica recomendada swab test, avaliando a eficiência do processo de lavagem dos uniformes. Observou-se que 4% das superfícies dos uniformes apresentaram contagens abaixo ou igual 4,0 x100 UFC/ cm², demonstrando condições higiênicas satisfatórias e indicando eficiência nas técnicas de higienização dos uniformes, portanto, não representando riscos de contaminação cruzada através dos uniformes. Tais achados demonstraram que o processo de higienização dos uniformes realizado pelo frigorífico é eficiente e eficaz na redução da carga microbiana, comprovando as boas condições higienicossanitárias dos mesmos.

Qualidade higienicossanitária em feiras livres da cidade de Santa Maria, RS / Higienic sanitary quality in street markets of the city of Santa Maria, RS

Com o decorrer dos anos, houve um grande aumento de empregos informais nos municípios brasileiros. Dentre eles, podem-se citar os feirantes, os quais comercializam alimentos tanto crus como manipulados, proporcionando assim, condições favoráveis para o aumento do risco de intoxicações alimentares, devido às condições higienicossanitárias desfavoráveis. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade higienicossanitária de feiras livres distribuídas na cidade de Santa Maria - RS. Foi realizada a aplicação de um checklist com 27 perguntas direcionadas ao conhecimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação, higiene do local, higiene e vestuário dos manipuladores e higiene dos alimentos. A pesquisa foi realizada com 25 feirantes, que aceitaram participar desta pesquisa, no entanto, os resultados permitiram constatar que os feirantes carecem de mais informações sobre higiene e conscientização da importância da mesma, pois se observou que muitos deles procedem de forma errada em relação à conservação, armazenamento e exposição dos alimentos. Elaboraram-se, portanto, panfletos informativos que foram entregues aos participantes, com alguns dados importantes em relação às boas práticas e higiene de alimentos. (AU)

Within the years, there has been a substantial increase on informal jobs in Brazilian cities. Among them, we can mention the open market sellers, who commercialize raw and manipulated foods, allowing, thus, favorable conditions for the increasing risk of food poisoning, due to unfavorable hygienic-sanitarian conditions. This study has had the goal of evaluating the hygienic-sanitarian quality at open market fairs distributed in the city of Santa Maria - RS. The application of a checklist has been done, with 27 questions directed to the knowledge of Good Practices of Manufacturing, Hygiene of the Place Hygiene and Dressing of the Manipulators and Food Hygiene. The survey has been done with 25 open market sellers, who have accepted participating, however, the results indicated that the market sellers need more information about hygiene and awareness of its importance, since it has been observed that many selling places act in a wrong way concerning conservation, storage and displaying of food. Is developed so flyers that were delivered to the participants, with some important information related to best practices and food hygiene. (AU)

Qualidade higienicossanitária em feiras livres da cidade de Santa Maria, RS / Higienic sanitary quality in street markets of the city of Santa Maria, RS

Com o decorrer dos anos, houve um grande aumento de empregos informais nos municípios brasileiros. Dentre eles, podem-se citar os feirantes, os quais comercializam alimentos tanto crus como manipulados, proporcionando assim, condições favoráveis para o aumento do risco de intoxicações alimentares, devido às condições higienicossanitárias desfavoráveis. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade higienicossanitária de feiras livres distribuídas na cidade de Santa Maria - RS. Foi realizada a aplicação de um checklist com 27 perguntas direcionadas ao conhecimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação, higiene do local, higiene e vestuário dos manipuladores e higiene dos alimentos. A pesquisa foi realizada com 25 feirantes, que aceitaram participar desta pesquisa, no entanto, os resultados permitiram constatar que os feirantes carecem de mais informações sobre higiene e conscientização da importância da mesma, pois se observou que muitos deles procedem de forma errada em relação à conservação, armazenamento e exposição dos alimentos. Elaboraram-se, portanto, panfletos informativos que foram entregues aos participantes, com alguns dados importantes em relação às boas práticas e higiene de alimentos.

Within the years, there has been a substantial increase on informal jobs in Brazilian cities. Among them, we can mention the open market sellers, who commercialize raw and manipulated foods, allowing, thus, favorable conditions for the increasing risk of food poisoning, due to unfavorable hygienic-sanitarian conditions. This study has had the goal of evaluating the hygienic-sanitarian quality at open market fairs distributed in the city of Santa Maria - RS. The application of a checklist has been done, with 27 questions directed to the knowledge of Good Practices of Manufacturing, Hygiene of the Place Hygiene and Dressing of the Manipulators and Food Hygiene. The survey has been done with 25 open market sellers, who have accepted participating, however, the results indicated that the market sellers need more information about hygiene and awareness of its importance, since it has been observed that many selling places act in a wrong way concerning conservation, storage and displaying of food. Is developed so flyers that were delivered to the participants, with some important information related to best practices and food hygiene.

The conception of fashion products for children: reflections on safety parameters.

The purpose of this study is to reflect on safety requirements for children's clothing, based on the standardization proposed by the ABNT (Technical Standardization Brazilian Association). Bibliographic research and case studies were considered on writing this work. We also discuss the importance of adding other safety requirements to the current standardization, as well as the increasing of the actual age range specified by the ABNT, following the children's clothing safety standardizations in Portugal and the United States, also stated here.

On the road toward the development of clothing size standards and safety devices for Chilean workers.

The range of sizes used in Chile for clothing comes from criteria developed in continental Europe, mainly the EN 13402 standard. Any standard adopted by a country should consider the anthropometric dimensions of the user population, particularly to discern the ratio of garments for different size. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to propose standards for the size of clothing based on anthropometric characteristics of a sample of Chilean miners. The study was conducted in 447 male workers. The age and body weight were measured in each workers as well as their percentage of body fat. Anthropometric measurements for garments were made according to the criteria of the European Community (EN 13402-1) and ISO (8559- 1989). Body dimensions for the design of gloves, shoes, helmets and caps, clothes that cover the upper part of the body and clothes that cover the lower part were measured. The results obtained made it possible to establish the percentage of workers falling within the range of sizes that manufacturers consider as reference. One of the main conclusions of the study is the need to carefully consider a set of complementary anthropometric measures, which can help to improve the comfort of costumes, to the extent that the providers adapt their designs to the characteristics of Chilean workers.

Pesquisa antropométrica e biomecânica dos operários da indústria de transformaçäo - RJ / Anthropometrical and biomechanics research on transformation industry workers - RJ

Medidas antropométricas säo dados de base, essenciais para a concepçäo ergonômica de produtos industriais, sejam estes bens de capital ou de consumo. Visando contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade do produto brasileiro, o INT vem se dedicando a formar um Banco de Dados Antropométricos e Biomecânicos que ofereça ao setor produtivo dados dimensionais da populaçäo, confiáveis e fidedignos. Optou-se, nesta pesquisa, enfocar a populaçäo ocupada na indústria de transformaçäo. Os resultados säo apresentados em dois volumes. Este segundo volume apresenta 26 variáveis antropométricas, destinadas a confecçäo de vestuário