RESUMO
Mink are susceptible to viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, H1N1 and H9N2, so they are considered a potential animal model for studying human viral infections. Therefore, it is important to study the immune system of mink. Immunoglobulin (Ig) is an important component of humoral immunity and plays an important role in the body's immune defense. In this study, we described the gene loci structure of mink Ig germline by genome comparison, and analysed the mechanism of expression diversity of mink antibody library by 5'RACE and next-generation sequencing (NGS). The results were as follows: the IgH, Igκ and Igλ loci of mink were located on chromosome 13, chromosome 8 and chromosome 3, respectively, and they had 25, 36 and 7 V genes, 3, 5 and 7 J genes and 10 DH genes, respectively. Mink Ig heavy chain preferred the IGHV1, IGHD2 and IGHJ4 subgroups, κ chain mainly use the IGKV1, IGKJ1 and IGHL4 subgroups, and λ chain mainly use the IGLV3 and IGLJ3 subgroups. Linkage diversity analysis revealed that N nucleotide insertion was the main factor affecting the linkage diversity of mink Igs. On the mutation types of mink Ig Somatic Hypermutation (SHM), the high mutation types of heavy chain were mainly G > A, C > T, T > C, A > G, C > A, G > T, A > C, and T > G; the high mutation types of κ chain were G > A and T > C; and the high mutation types of λ chain were G > A and A > G. The objective of this study was to analyse the loci structure and expression diversity of Ig in mink. The results contribute to our comprehension of Ig expression patterns in mink and were valuable for advancing knowledge in mink immunogenetics, exploring the evolution of adaptive immune systems across different species, and conducting comparative genomics research.
Assuntos
Vison , Animais , Vison/genética , Vison/imunologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Imunidade Humoral/genética , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Imunoglobulinas/genética , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Loci GênicosRESUMO
Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Vírus da Cinomose Canina , Cinomose , Vacinação , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/imunologia , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Cinomose/prevenção & controle , Cinomose/imunologia , Cinomose/virologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Cães , Furões , Camundongos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Vison/virologia , Vison/imunologiaRESUMO
This study prepared a novel monoclonal antibody (MAb) against mink enteritis parvovirus (MEV) and identified its antigen epitope. The antibody subclass is identified as IgG1, the titers of the MAb is up to 1:1 × 106 and keeps stably after low-temperature storage for 9 months or 11 passages of the MAb cells. The MAb can specifically recognize MEV in the cells in IFA, but not Aleutian disease virus (ADV) or canine distemper virus (CDV). Its antigen epitope was identified as a polypeptide containing 5 key amino acids (378YAFGR382) and the homology in 20 MEV strains, 4 canine parvovirus strains, and 4 feline panleukopenia virus strains was 100%. This study supplies a biological material for developing new methods to detect MEV.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vírus da Cinomose Canina , Epitopos , Vírus da Enterite do Vison , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Vírus da Enterite do Vison/imunologia , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Vison/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Parvovirus Canino/imunologia , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/imunologia , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Enterite Viral do Vison/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Selecting American mink (Neovison vison) for tolerance to Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) has gained popularity in recent years, but data on the outcomes of this activity are scant. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term changes in viremia, seroconversion and survival in infected mink. Mink were inoculated intranasally with a local isolate of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) over 4 years (n = 1742). The animals had been selected for tolerance to AMDV for more than 20 years (TG100) or were from herds free of AMDV (TG0). The progenies of TG100 and TG0, and their crosses with 25, 50 and 75% tolerance ancestry were also used. Blood samples were collected from each mink up to 14 times until 1211 days post-inoculation (dpi) and were tested for viremia by PCR and for anti-AMDV antibodies by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Viremia and CIEP status were not considered when selecting replacements. Low-performing animals were pelted and the presence of antibodies in their blood and antibody titer were measured by CIEP, and viremia and viral DNA in seven organs (n = 936) were tested by PCR. RESULTS: The peak incidences of viremia (66.7%) and seropositivity (93.5%) were at 35 dpi. The incidence of viremia decreased over time while the incidence of seroconversion increased. The least-squares means of the incidence of PCR positive of lymph node (0.743) and spleen (0.656) were significantly greater than those of bone marrow, liver, kidneys, lungs and small intestine (0.194 to 0.342). Differences in tolerant ancestry were significant for every trait measured. Incidences of viremia over time, terminal viremia, seropositivity over time, AMDV DNA in organs and antibody titer were highest in the susceptible groups (TG0 or TG25) and lowest in the tolerant groups (TG100 or TG75). CONCLUSION: Previous history of selection for tolerance resulted in mink with reduced viral replication and antibody titer. Viremia had a negative effect and antibody production had a positive effect on survival and productivity.
Assuntos
Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison , Doença Aleutiana do Vison , Anticorpos Antivirais , Formação de Anticorpos , Vison , Viremia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/sangue , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/mortalidade , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/virologia , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/genética , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Masculino , Vison/sangue , Vison/imunologia , Vison/virologia , Taxa de Sobrevida , Viremia/sangue , Viremia/imunologia , Viremia/veterinária , Viremia/virologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 has a broad mammalian species tropism infecting humans, cats, dogs, and farmed mink. Since the start of the 2019 pandemic, several reverse zoonotic outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 have occurred in mink, one of which reinfected humans and caused a cluster of infections in Denmark. Here we investigate the molecular basis of mink and ferret adaptation and demonstrate the spike mutations Y453F, F486L, and N501T all specifically adapt SARS-CoV-2 to use mustelid ACE2. Furthermore, we risk assess these mutations and conclude mink-adapted viruses are unlikely to pose an increased threat to humans, as Y453F attenuates the virus replication in human cells and all three mink adaptations have minimal antigenic impact. Finally, we show that certain SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging from circulation in humans may naturally have a greater propensity to infect mustelid hosts and therefore these species should continue to be surveyed for reverse zoonotic infections.
Assuntos
Adaptação Biológica/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Zoonoses Virais/genética , Animais , COVID-19 , Furões/imunologia , Aptidão Genética/genética , Humanos , Vison/imunologia , Mutação , Pandemias , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologiaRESUMO
Mink, on a farm with about 15,000 animals, became infected with SARS-CoV-2. Over 75% of tested animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in throat swabs and 100% of tested animals were seropositive. The virus responsible had a deletion of nucleotides encoding residues H69 and V70 within the spike protein gene as well as the A22920T mutation, resulting in the Y453F substitution within this protein, seen previously in mink. The infected mink recovered and after free-testing of 300 mink (a level giving 93% confidence of detecting a 1% prevalence), the animals remained seropositive. During further follow-up studies, after a period of more than 2 months without any virus detection, over 75% of tested animals again scored positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Whole genome sequencing showed that the viruses circulating during this re-infection were most closely related to those identified in the first outbreak on this farm but additional sequence changes had occurred. Animals had much higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples after the second round of infection than at free-testing or during recovery from initial infection, consistent with a boosted immune response. Thus, it was concluded that following recovery from an initial infection, seropositive mink were readily re-infected by SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
COVID-19/veterinária , COVID-19/virologia , Vison/imunologia , Vison/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Teste de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Teste Sorológico para COVID-19 , Fazendas , Seguimentos , Humanos , Mutação , Faringe/virologia , Filogenia , RNA Viral , Reinfecção/virologia , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
COVID-19 patients transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to minks in the Netherlands in April 2020. Subsequently, the mink-associated virus (miSARS-CoV-2) spilled back over into humans. Genetic sequences of the miSARS-CoV-2 identified a new genetic variant known as "Cluster 5" that contained mutations in the spike protein. However, the functional properties of these "Cluster 5" mutations have not been well established. In this study, we found that the Y453F mutation located in the RBD domain of miSARS-CoV-2 is an adaptive mutation that enhances binding to mink ACE2 and other orthologs of Mustela species without compromising, and even enhancing, its ability to utilize human ACE2 as a receptor for entry. Structural analysis suggested that despite the similarity in the overall binding mode of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to human and mink ACE2, Y34 of mink ACE2 was better suited to interact with a Phe rather than a Tyr at position 453 of the viral RBD due to less steric clash and tighter hydrophobic-driven interaction. Additionally, the Y453F spike exhibited resistance to convalescent serum, posing a risk for vaccine development. Thus, our study suggests that since the initial transmission from humans, SARS-CoV-2 evolved to adapt to the mink host, leading to widespread circulation among minks while still retaining its ability to efficiently utilize human ACE2 for entry, thus allowing for transmission of the miSARS-CoV-2 back into humans. These findings underscore the importance of active surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Mustela species and other susceptible hosts in order to prevent future outbreaks.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Adaptação ao Hospedeiro , Vison/imunologia , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/terapia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunização Passiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vison/virologia , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Ligação Proteica , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Internalização do Vírus , Adulto Jovem , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is known to cause the most significant disease in the mink industry. It is globally widespread and manifested as a deadly plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia. So far, measures to control the viral spread have been limited to manual serological testing for AMDV-positive mink. Further, due to the persistent nature of this virus, attempts to eradicate Aleutian disease (AD) have largely failed. Therefore, effective strategies to control the viral spread are of crucial importance for wildlife protection. One potentially key tool in the fight against this disease is by the immunization of mink against AMDV. Throughout many years, several researchers have tried to develop AMDV vaccines and demonstrated varying degrees of protection in mink by those vaccines. Despite these attempts, there are currently no vaccines available against AMDV, allowing the continuation of the spread of Aleutian disease. Herein, we summarize previous AMDV immunization attempts in mink as well as other preventative measures with the purpose to shed light on future studies designing such a potentially crucial preventative tool against Aleutian disease.
Assuntos
Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/prevenção & controle , Vison , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Animais , Desenho de Fármacos , Vison/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologiaRESUMO
The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans from a yet unidentified animal reservoir and the capacity of the virus to naturally infect pets, farmed animals and potentially wild animals has highlighted the need for serological surveillance tools. In this study, the luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS), employing the spike (S) and nucleocapsid proteins (N) of SARS-CoV-2, was used to examine the suitability of the assay for antibody detection in different animal species. Sera from SARS-CoV-2 naturally-infected mink (n = 77), SARS-CoV-2 experimentally-infected ferrets, fruit bats and hamsters and a rabbit vaccinated with a purified spike protein were examined for antibodies using the SARS-CoV-2 N and/or S proteins. From comparison with the known neutralization status of the serum samples, statistical analyses including calculation of the Spearman rank-order-correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa agreement were used to interpret the antibody results and diagnostic performance. The LIPS immunoassay robustly detected the presence of viral antibodies in naturally infected SARS-CoV-2 mink, experimentally infected ferrets, fruit bats and hamsters as well as in an immunized rabbit. For the SARS-CoV-2-LIPS-S assay, there was a good level of discrimination between the positive and negative samples for each of the five species tested with 100% agreement with the virus neutralization results. In contrast, the SARS-CoV-2-LIPS-N assay did not consistently differentiate between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative sera. This study demonstrates the suitability of the SARS-CoV-2-LIPS-S assay for the sero-surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a range of animal species.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , COVID-19/veterinária , Vison/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Animais , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Teste Sorológico para COVID-19 , Quirópteros/imunologia , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo de Coronavírus/imunologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Furões/imunologia , Imunoprecipitação , Mesocricetus/imunologia , Fosfoproteínas/imunologia , Coelhos/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologiaRESUMO
Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans to farmed mink has been observed in Europe and the US. In the infected animals, viral variants arose that harbored mutations in the spike (S) protein, the target of neutralizing antibodies, and these variants were transmitted back to humans. This raised concerns that mink might become a constant source of human infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants associated with an increased threat to human health and resulted in mass culling of mink. Here, we report that mutations frequently found in the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 from mink are mostly compatible with efficient entry into human cells and its inhibition by soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In contrast, mutation Y453F reduces neutralization by an antibody with emergency use authorization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapy and sera/plasma from COVID-19 patients. These results suggest that antibody responses induced upon infection or certain antibodies used for treatment might offer insufficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants from mink.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19 , Vison , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Células A549 , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/imunologia , Animais , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/imunologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cricetinae , Humanos , Vison/imunologia , Vison/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Células VeroRESUMO
Pandemic influenza, typically caused by the reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses, can result in severe or fatal infections in humans. Timely identification of potential pandemic viruses must be a priority in influenza virus surveillance. However, the range of host species responsible for the generation of novel pandemic influenza viruses remains unclear. In this study, we conducted serological surveys for avian and human influenza virus infections in farmed mink and determined the susceptibility of mink to prevailing avian and human virus subtypes. The results showed that farmed mink were commonly infected with human (H3N2 and H1N1/pdm) and avian (H7N9, H5N6, and H9N2) influenza A viruses. Correlational analysis indicated that transmission of human influenza viruses occurred from humans to mink, and that feed source was a probable route of avian influenza virus transmission to farmed mink. Animal experiments showed that mink were susceptible and permissive to circulating avian and human influenza viruses, and that human influenza viruses (H3N2 and H1N1/pdm), but not avian viruses, were capable of aerosol transmission among mink. These results indicate that farmed mink could be highly permissive "mixing vessels" for the reassortment of circulating human and avian influenza viruses. Therefore, to reduce the risk of emergence of novel pandemic viruses, feeding mink with raw poultry by-products should not be permitted, and epidemiological surveillance of influenza viruses in mink farms should be urgently implemented.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Vison/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/patogenicidade , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/patogenicidade , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2/patogenicidade , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vison/imunologia , Testes de Neutralização , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Vírus Reordenados/imunologia , Vírus Reordenados/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Aleutian mink disease (AMD), caused by Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), is a very important infectious disease of mink. Currently, elimination of antibody- or antigen-positive animals is the most successful strategy for eradicating AMD, but the claw-cutting method of blood sampling is difficult to perform and painful for the animal. In this study, we aimed to establish an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) method for the efficient detection of AMDV antigens using fecal samples. A purified mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used as the capture antibody, and a rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) was used as the detection antibody. The assay was optimized by adjusting a series of parameters. Using a cutoff value of 0.205, the limit of detection of the AC-ELISA for strain AMDV-G antigen was 2 µg/mL, and there was no cross-reaction with other mink viruses. The intra- and inter-assay standard deviations were below 0.046, and the correlation of variance (CV) values were 1.24-7.12% when testing fecal samples. Compared with conventional PCR results, the specificity and sensitivity were 91.5% and 90.6%, respectively, and the concordance rate between the two methods was 91.1%.
Assuntos
Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/diagnóstico , Antígenos/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Vison/virologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vison/imunologia , CoelhosRESUMO
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of canine distemper (CD), which is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting wild and domestic carnivores. Vaccination represents an effective approach to prevent CDV infection among domestic carnivores. Canarypox-vectored recombinant CD vaccines (such as Recombitek CDV, PureVax Ferret Distemper, and Merial) with the CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) genes can induce a potent immune response in dogs and ferrets. However, the vaccine's effectiveness varies with the species. In the current study, we developed a highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus termed as "ALVAC-CDV-M-F-H/C5-" that contained CDV virus-like particles (VLPs) by using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, which enabled concurrent expression of the matrix (M), H, and F genes. The recombinant strain provided faster seroconversion than the parent strain among minks as well as provided higher rates of antibody positivity than the parent strain among foxes and minks even before the administration of a second booster vaccination. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied for the rapid and efficient modification of the ALVAC-CDV-F-H genome and also that a high-dose new recombinant strain that produces CDV VLPs may present good outcomes in the prevention of CD among foxes and minks.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Vírus da Varíola dos Canários/genética , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/genética , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/imunologia , Cinomose/prevenção & controle , Edição de Genes/métodos , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Vírus da Varíola dos Canários/imunologia , Embrião de Galinha/citologia , Galinhas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cães , Feminino , Fibroblastos/virologia , Raposas/imunologia , Glicoproteínas/genética , Glicoproteínas/imunologia , Hemaglutininas Virais/genética , Hemaglutininas Virais/imunologia , Masculino , Vison/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Células Vero , Proteínas Virais de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Virais de Fusão/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Mink enteritis virus (MEV) is a parvovirus that causes acute enteritis in mink. The capsid protein VP2 of MEV is a major immunogenicity that is important for disease prevention. In this study, this protein was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cells using a recombinant baculovirus system and was observed to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) with a high hemagglutination (HA) titer (1:216). A single-dose injection of VLPs (HA titer, 1:256) resulted in complete protection of mink against virulent MEV challenge for at least 180 days. These data suggest that these MEV VLPs could be used as a vaccine for the prevention of viral enteritis in mink.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Enterite Viral do Vison/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Enterite do Vison/imunologia , Animais , Baculoviridae/genética , Baculoviridae/metabolismo , Proteínas do Capsídeo/administração & dosagem , Expressão Gênica , Vison/imunologia , Vison/virologia , Enterite Viral do Vison/imunologia , Enterite Viral do Vison/virologia , Vírus da Enterite do Vison/genética , Vírus da Enterite do Vison/patogenicidade , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Células Sf9 , Spodoptera , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Mink Aleutian disease (AMD) is the first of the three major diseases of fur animals. It is a common immunosuppressive disease in mink farms worldwide, which seriously endangers the development of the mink farming industry. Strengthening the understanding of the positive serum rate and spatial distribution of AMD is of great significance for the prevention and control of disease caused by the Aleutian virus. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the seroprevalence of AMD in China. We extracted 45 studies related to the seroprevalence of Chinese AMD, with samples taken between 1981 and 2017. Our systematic review and meta-analysis results show that, during the selected period, the overall positive rate of AMD in China was 55.3% (95% CI 48.5-62.0). The results from subgroups analysis of the potential risk factors showed that the seroprevalence rate of AMD in China in the past 36 years rose from 48% (95% CI 37.0-60.5) in 1981-2009 to 61.4% (95% CI 43.6-79.3) in 2010-2017. The date of the spatial difference in AMD seroprevalence indicated that AMD seroprevalence was unevenly distributed in different regions: the number of mink in eastern China and northeastern China was relatively high, and the seroprevalence rates were 57.9%, (95% CI 46.2-69.7) and 61.3% (95% CI 53.1-69.5), respectively. Central China had the highest seroprevalence rate of AMD at 69.8% (95% CI 64.4-75.2). At the provincial level, the AMD seroprevalence rate in Jiangsu was as high as 96% (95% CI 94.1-97.8), and the AMD seroprevalence rate in Shaanxi was the lowest at 22.1% (95% CI 20.3-23.9). This suggested that the AMD seroprevalence rate in China was unevenly distributed. In other subgroups, the positive rate of AMD in adult mink was higher than in juvenile mink. This implied that the high prevalence of AMD in China was caused by multiple factors. The meta-regression results indicated that the detection method subgroup (P = 0.008) may be the source of heterogeneity. Our data system evaluated the prevalence of Aleutian disease in China in the last 37 years and a preliminary discussion on the risk factors of AMD. It may help prevent and control AMD in China. It is recommended to conduct further epidemiological testing and develop a comprehensive testing plan to determine the risk factors associated with Aleutian disease and improve the Aleutian disease control strategy.
Assuntos
Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/sangue , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/epidemiologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/virologia , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/classificação , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/genética , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Vison/imunologia , Vison/virologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pre-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a severe syndrome, with world-wide occurrence, affecting farmed mink (Neovison vison) kits during the lactation period. Kits affected by PWD often display clinical signs such as: yellow-white diarrhea, greasy skin, and dehydration. In severe cases the kits eventually die. It is common practice to treat PWD using antimicrobials; however the effect is not well documented. Due to the multifactorial etiology of PWD vaccine development is not feasible. The role played by the immune status of the mink kits with respect to their susceptibility to PWD is not well studied. To elucidate the possible association between PWD and total IgG serum concentration in young kits we analyzed blood collected from kits from 100 litters on two mink farms during the same breeding period, one farm being a case farm with high prevalence of PWD, and the other being a control farm with no cases of PWD. RESULTS: Kits affected by PWD had a significantly reduced weight gain compared to unaffected control kits. Litters born later in the breeding period came down with PWD at an earlier age than litters born at the start of the breeding period. We found that PWD affected kits had significantly lower concentrations of serum IgG compared to unaffected kits at 13-15 days of age (the last blood sampling point of the study). CONCLUSION: The results in this study suggest that PWD affected kits less efficiently absorbed IgG from maternal milk or had a lower intake of maternal milk, potentially contributing to the exacerbation of disease. A lower intake of IgG and/or less absorption from maternal milk could also pre-dispose kits for PWD. Future studies will be needed to elucidate if the circulating level of IgG is directly related to protection against disease and to investigate if administration of IgG could be helpful in alleviating and/or preventing PWD in mink kits.
Assuntos
Animais Lactentes/imunologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Vison/imunologia , Animais , Animais Lactentes/sangue , Diarreia/sangue , Diarreia/imunologia , Diarreia/patologia , Vison/sangue , Desmame , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The significance of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) for the resistance against a number of infections affecting the health of young mink offspring is not known. Here, we present a validated immunoassay for quantification of mink IgG in serum and milk, using a commercially available polyclonal goat anti-ferret IgG antibody cross-reactive with mink IgG as both the catching and the detection antibody, in a sandwich format enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using this ELISA, serum IgG concentrations was analyzed over time in both mothers and kits in order to establish a correlation between maternal IgG serum concentrations and those of the offspring. RESULTS: Intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) for a serum sample ranged from 2.15 to 5.97% depending on the dilution, while the inter-assay CV ranged from 5.17 to 17.78%. In addition, the range of milk intra-assay CV was 2.71-5.92%, while the range of the inter-assay CV was 4.20-16.03%. Calibrating the ELISA with purified mink IgG (an in-house preparation purified from mink serum) the lower limit of detection was found to be 5 ng/mL for serum and 1 ng/mL for milk. Both serum and milk showed high precision and good linearity over a two-log dilution range. When comparing the serum IgG concentrations of the mink kits a clear within litter effect was seen, while the mean serum IgG concentrations of litters differed significantly between some of the litters (P = 0.0013). Mean maternal serum IgG concentrations correlated positively with the IgG serum concentration of the corresponding offspring sampled over a 3 week period (R2 = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS: A calibrated and reproducible sandwich ELISA for quantifying mink IgG concentrations in both milk and serum with high analytical sensitivity was developed and validated. The results in this study corroborate previous investigations supporting the usability of the ELISA, paving the way for investigations into the importance of maternal IgG in milk and in serum for the welfare and health of the offspring.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Leite/química , Vison/imunologia , Animais , Calibragem , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Feminino , Imunoglobulina G/sangueRESUMO
Aleutian mink disease (AD) is a chronic viral infection that causes autoimmune disorders in minks and presents a significant economic burden on mink farming. Despite the substantial challenges presented by AD, no effective vaccine is available and only partial protection has been achieved. We constructed a whole-gene nucleic acid vaccine from an isolated virulent Aleutian mink disease virus (ADV) strain (pcDNA3.1-ADV). Based on this whole-gene nucleic acid vaccine, we generated truncated mutant constructs by removing portions of the ADV VP2 gene using overlap extension polymerase chain reaction. pcDNA3.1-ADV-428 lacks nucleotides encoding VP2 amino acid residues 428-466, and pcDNA3.1-ADV-428-487 harbors additional deletion of nucleotides coding for VP2 amino acid residues 487-501. We also generated nucleic acid vaccines for the ADV NS1 gene, truncated ADV NS1 gene, ADV VS2 gene, and truncated ADV VS2 gene: pcDNA3.1-NS1, pcDNA3.1-NS1-D, pcDNA3.1-VP2, and pcDNA3.1-VP2-D, respectively. The immunogenicity of the seven DNA vaccines was confirmed by immunofluorescent evaluation. Sixty female minks were divided into 10 groups: seven groups were immunized with the DNA vaccines, one control group was injected with phosphate-buffered saline, one group was immunized with pcDNA3.1 empty vector, and one group was immunized with inactivated ADV-G virus. ADV antibody levels, percentage of CD8+ cells in blood, and levels of γ-globulin and circulating immune complexes in the serum were evaluated longitudinally over 36 weeks after ADV challenge. Minks that were immunized with the pcDNA3.1-ADV-428-487 nucleic acid vaccine produced ADV antibodies. After ADV challenge, the minks immunized with pcDNA3.1-ADV-428-487 nucleic acid vaccine had lower γ-globulin content and lower CIC in serum compared to other immunization groups. Although the pcDNA3.1-ADV-428-487 nucleic acid vaccine did not demonstrate complete protection against ADV, it demonstrated marked efficacy and could potentially be used as a vaccine to prevent losses in mink populations due to ADV. Discovery of effective means to vaccinate mink against ADV will not only improve overall health of mink populations but will also reduce the economic impact of ADV.
Assuntos
Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/imunologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/prevenção & controle , Genoma Viral/genética , Vison/virologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/genética , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/patogenicidade , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/sangue , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Gatos , Linhagem Celular , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Contagem de Linfócitos , Vison/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologia , gama-Globulinas/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to measure the effect of selection for tolerance on the severity of the Aleutian disease (AD) lesions in mink. Sensitivity and specificity of antibody detection in the blood by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) relative to the presence of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) in the spleen by PCR in naturally infected farmed mink were also estimated. Carcasses of 680 sero-positive (CIEP-P) black mink from 28 farms in Nova Scotia, Canada, and from 132 sero-negative (CIEP-N) mink from 14 of these farms were collected at pelting time. A total of 116 of the CIEP-P mink were from three farms where animals have been selected for tolerating AD for almost 20years. The severity of the AD lesions was assessed by histopathological examination of kidneys, lungs, heart, brain and liver on a scale of 0 to 4. Sensitivity and specificity of CIEP relative to PCR were 0.97 and 0.85, respectively, and 16.5% of CIEP-N mink were PCR positive, which could be one of the reasons for the failure of virus eradication by CIEP in Canada. The CIEP-N and tolerant CIEP-P animals had 9.39 and 6.23 greater odds of showing lower lesion severity, respectively, than the CIEP-P animals (P<0.01). The CIEP-N mink had a slightly higher chance (P=0.07) of showing lower lesion severity (odds ratio 1.51) compared with tolerant CIEP-P mink. The results suggested that tolerant mink had significantly reduced severity of AD lesions despite having anti-viral antibodies and carrying the virus.
Assuntos
Vírus da Doença Aleutiana do Vison/fisiologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/patologia , Vison/imunologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/epidemiologia , Doença Aleutiana do Vison/virologia , Animais , Nova Escócia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. The aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink TLRs (mTLRs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mTLRs in the antiviral immune response process. The results indicated that the mTLR partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nucleotide identity with ferret sequences (95-98%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that mammalian TLRs grouped into five TLR families, with a closer relationship of the mTLRs with those of ferret than the other mammalian sequences. Moreover, all the mTLRs were ubiquitously expressed in lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes) and PBMCs. Interestingly, the mTLR expression patterns in lung, uterus, and heart showed quite a lot of similarity. Another remarkable observation was the wide expression of mTLR1-3 mRNAs in all tissues. Among the analyzed tissues, skeletal muscle was revealed to being the lowest repertoire of mTLR expression. Additionally, mink PBMCs exposed to the canine distemper virus revealed significant upregulation of mTLR2, mTLR4, mTLR7, and mTLR8 mRNAs, indicating that mTLRs have a role in innate immunity in the mink. Collectively, our results are the first to establish the basic expression patterns of mTLRs and the relationship between mTLRs and a virus, which will contribute to better understanding of the evolution and the functions of mTLRs in the innate immune system in minks.