Phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses support the creation of the novel family Ignatzschineriaceae fam. nov. comprising the genera Ignatzschineria and Wohlfahrtiimonas within the order Cardiobacteriales.

The genera Ignatzschineria and Wohlfahrtiimonas were originally classified as members of the family Xanthomonadaceae, order Xanthomonadales of the class Gammaproteobacteria. With the recent taxonomic revisions in the order Xanthomonadales, the two genera were left unclassified in both family and order level. As members of these genera were considered emerging pathogens, their proper classification is therefore relevant. Here, a phylogenomics and comparative genomic approach was used to ascertain the taxonomic position of the two genera. Result showed that the members of the two genera formed a highly supported monophyletic clade with the members of the order Cardiobacteriales. This close affiliation was further supported by the results of the comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence similarity values. The comparative analyses of the 16S rRNA sequence similarity and average amino acid identity values also implied that the two genera represent a single novel family. Conserved signature indels (CSIs) in seven protein sequences were exclusively shared by the members of the novel family. In addition, four CSIs were also found to be useful in delimiting members of the two genera at the genus level. To accommodate the two genera in a single family within the order Cardiobacteriales, the name Ignatzschineriaceae fam. nov. is proposed.

Lysobacter sedimenti sp. nov., Isolated from the Sediment, and Reclassification of Luteimonas lumbrici as Lysobacter lumbrici comb. nov.

A bacterium, designated 50T was isolated from the sediment of a pesticide plant in Shandong Province, PR China. The strain was non-motile, Gram stain-negative, rod shaped and grew optimally on NA medium at 30 °C, pH 7.5 and with 0% (w/v) NaCl. Strain 50T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil 193T (96.7%), followed by Luteimonas lumbrici 1.1416T (96.5%). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA indicated that strain 50T and Luteimonas lumbrici 1.1416T were clustered with the genus of Lysobacter and formed a subclade with Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil 193T. In the phylogenetic analysis based on the genome sequences, strain 50T and Luteimonas lumbrici 1.1416T were also clustered with the type strains of the genus Lysobacter. The obtained ANI and the dDDH value between 50T and Luteimonas lumbrici 1.1416T were 80.6% and 24.0%, respectively. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), and the major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15: 0 (31.7%), summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c or C16:0 10-methyl) (23.7%), iso-C17:0 (14.3%) and iso-C16:0 (12.6%). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified aminophospholipid, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G + C content was 69.5 mol%. According to the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 50T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter sedimenti sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 50T (= KCTC 92088T = CCTCC AB 2022035T) as the type strain. In this study, it is also proposed that Luteimonas lumbrici should be transferred to the genus Lysobacter as Lysobacter lumbrici comb. nov. The type strain of Lysobacter lumbrici is 1.1416T (= KCTC 62979T = CCTCC AB 2018348T).

Ignatzschineria rhizosphaerae sp. nov. Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil of the Halophyte Kalidium cuspidatum.

A Gram-staining negative, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain HR5S32T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of the halophyte Kalidium cuspidatum, in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Strain HR5S32T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 9.0), and 0-12% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2%). It was positive for catalase, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and nitrate reduction, but negative to oxidase, urease and hydrolysis of Tween 80. The phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences and whole genome both showed that strain HR5S32T was most closely related to Ignatzschineria indica FFA1T (= KCTC 22643 T). Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the major respiratory quinone. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phospholipid were the major polar lipids. Its major fatty acids were Summed features 8 (C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c), C16:0, Summed features 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), and C14:0. The genome consisted of a 3,074,733 bp circular chromosome, with a G + C content of 38.8%, predicting 2,763 coding sequence genes, 70 tRNA genes and 6 rRNA. The values of the average nucleotide identities (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain HR5S32T to I. indica FFA1T were 74.6% and 22.0%, respectively, hence significantly lower than the thresholds of 95% for ANI and 70% for DDH for species delineation. The results of phenotypic, physiological, genotypic, and phylogenetic tests allowed the differentiation of strain HR5S32T from its closely related species. Ignatzschineria rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is therefore proposed, and the type strain is HR5S32T (= CGMCC 1.19435 T = KCTC 92093 T).

Physiological and genomic characterisation of Luteimonas fraxinea sp. nov., a bacterial species associated with trees tolerant to ash dieback.

A group of isolates of the genus Luteimonas was characterised, which represented a specific component of the healthy core microbiome of Fraxinus excelsior in forest districts with a high infection rate of H. fraxineus, the causal agent of ash dieback. Based on phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses, a clear differentiation from related Luteimonas species was shown. Comparisons of the overall genome relatedness indices with the closest phylogenetic neighbours resulted in values below the recommended species cut-off levels. In addition, differences in several physiological and chemotaxonomic traits allowed a clear demarcation from the type strains of closely related species. Conclusively, the strain group was considered to represent a novel species in the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas fraxinea sp. nov. is proposed, with strain D4P002T (=DSM 113273T = LMG 32455T) as the type strain. A functional analysis of the genome revealed features particularly associated with attachment, biofilm production and motility, indicating the ability of D4P002T to effectively colonise ash leaves. In nursery trials, ash seedlings inoculated with this strain showed suppression of the pathogen over a period of three years. This effect was accompanied by a significant shift in the bacterial microbiome of the plants. Altogether, the exclusive occurrence in the microbiome of tolerant ash trees, the genetic background and the results of the inoculation experiment suggest that strain D4P002T may suppress the penetration and spreading of H. fraxineus in or on ash leaves via colonisation resistance or trigger a priming effect of plant defences against the pathogen.

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Pseudoxanthomonas sp. X-1, a Bromoxynil Octanoate-Degrading Bacterium, and Its Related Type Strains.

Most Pseudoxanthomonas species described have been derived from water, plants, or contaminated soils. Here, a strain Pseudoxanthomonas sp. X-1 isolated from bromoxynil octanoate (BO)-contaminated soil is presented. Strain X-1 could degrade BO and produce bromoxynil. The optimal conditions for degradation of BO by strain X-1 were an initial BO concentration of 0.1 mM, 30 °C, pH 7, and Mn2+ concentration of 1.0 mM. The bacterial morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of strain X-1 were described, which showed differences comparing with other related type strains. The genome of strain X-1 was sequenced, and a comparative genomic analysis of X-1 and other Pseudoxanthomonas species was conducted to explore the mechanisms underlying the differences among these strains. The genome of strain X-1 encodes 4160 genes, 4078 of which are protein-coding genes and 68 are RNA coding genes. Specifically, strain X-1 encodes enzymes belonging to 778 Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers, much more than those of other related strains, and 62 of them are unique. Eight genes coding esterase are detected in strain X-1 which leads to the ability of BO degradation. This study provides strain, enzyme, and genome resources for the microbial remediation of environments polluted by herbicide BO.

Pseudoxanthomonas beigongshangi sp. nov., a novel bacteria with predicted nitrite and nitrate reduce ability isolated from pit mud of Baijiu.

A Gram-negative and rod-shape bacterium designated REN9T, was isolated from pit mud of Baijiu in Sichuan, China. The 16S rRNA sequence of strain REN9T had a high similarity to Pseudoxanthomonas indica P15T (99.21%), P. mexicana AMX 26BT (97.74%) and P. japonensis 12-3T (97.43%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that REN9T belongs to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and formed distinct cluster. The ANI and DDH values between strains REN9T and P15T were 80.94% and 24%, respectively. Strain REN9T grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 7.0 and 2% NaCl. PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), PG (phosphatidylglycerol) and DPG (diphosphatidylglycerol) were the major polar lipids of REN9T. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was the predominant quinone, and Iso-C15:0 (64.32%), anteiso-C15:0 (12.04%) and Iso-C14:0 (4.56%) were the majority fatty acids. The DNA G + C content of strain REN9T was 67.3 mol%. Genomic analysis showed that strain REN9T had two secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters. Moreover, strain REN9T had 43 glycoside hydrolases, 41 glycosyl transferases and 41 carbohydrate esterases. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain REN9T is recommended as a novel species within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas beigongshangi is proposed. The type stain is REN9T (= JCM 33961T = GDMCC 1.2210T).

Luteimonas granuli sp. nov., Isolated from Granules of the Wastewater Treatment Plant.

A Gram-reaction negative, aerobic, non-motile, light yellow colored, and rod-shaped bacterium (designated Gr-4T) isolated from granules of a wastewater treatment plant, was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain Gr-4T was observed to grew optimally at 30 ºC and at pH 7.0 on R2A medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Gr-4T belongs to the genus Luteimonas of the family Xanthomonadaceae and was most closely related to Luteimonas padinae CDR SL 15T (99.1%), Luteimonas terricola DSM 22344T (98.5%) and Luteimonas arsenica 26-35T (97.6). The genome comprises 2,917,404 bp with a G+C content of 70.5 mol%. The ANI value between strain Gr-4T and Luteimonas padinae CDR SL 15T was 87.3%. The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Gr-4T and Luteimonas padinae CDR SL 15T, Luteimonas terricola DSM 22344T was 36.4 ± 1.3% and 14.2 ± 1.7%, respectively. The predominant quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17:1ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl) supported the affiliation of strain Gr-4T to the genus Luteimonas. Moreover, the physiological, biochemical results, and low level of ANI and DNA-DNA relatedness value allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strains Gr-4T from other Luteimonas species with validly published names. The novel isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Luteimonas granuli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gr-4T (=KACC 16614T = JCM 18203T).

Luteimonas cellulosilyticus sp. nov., Cellulose-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Soil in Changguangxi National Wetland Park, China.

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic, and rod-shaped strain (MIC 1.5T) was isolated from soil in Changguangxi national wetland park. Growth occurred at 20-45 °C, at pH 6.0-8.0, and at 0-4.0% NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MIC 1.5T was related to were identified as Luteimonas dalianensis CGMCC 1.12191T (95.3%), Luteimonas padinae DSM 101536T (94.5%), Luteimonas huabeiensis DSM 26429T (94.1%), and Luteimonas mephitis DSM 12574T (92.5%). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain MIC 1.5T , and these strains were well below 31%. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain MIC 1.5T was 66.3 mol%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and genome-to-genome distance (GGD) values between strain MIC 1.5T and L. dalianensis CGMCC 1.12191T were 65.39% and 29.52%, respectively. The quinone was identified as Q-8. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3OH, and iso-C17:0 3OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH). Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic results, strain MIC 1.5T represents a novel species of the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas cellulosilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MIC 1.5T (= KACC 19469T = CCTCC AB 2017256T).

Aerosticca soli gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic gammaproteobacterium isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil.

An aerobic bacterium, designated strain Dysh456T, was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil. Cells of strain Dysh456T were rod-shaped, motile, and Gram-stain-negative. Strain Dysh456T grew at 13-48 °C and pH 4.3-7.9. Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (42.5%), iso-C17:0 (15.3%) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c/C16:0 10-methyl [13.7%]). Major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The genome of strain Dysh456T consists of a single circular chromosome of 2,874,969 bp in length with G + C content of 68.3%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Dysh456T belongs to the family Rhodanobacteraceae, but none of the existing genera can accommodate this novel isolate. On the basis of physiological, chemotaxonomic, and genomic properties, strain Dysh456T (= NBRC 112897T = DSM 105662T) is proposed as the type strain representing a novel species of novel genus, for which the name Aerosticca soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

Characterization and biotechnological application of protease from thermophilic Thermomonas haemolytica.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the ability to produce protease enzyme of Thermomonas haemolytica isolated from geothermal Nenehatun hot spring in Turkey and utilization of this enzyme in the detergent industry to remove protein stains. The protease-producing strains were screened from hot springs, and a potential strain was identified as T. haemolytica according to morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and sequence of 16S rRNA gene. Maximum protease activity was observed at 55 °C and pH 9.0 at 72 h of incubation. Activity was very stable between 50 and 65 °C and pH 8.0-10.0, respectively. The enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by PMSF and partly inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, SDS, and urea. Some divalent metal ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ increased the enzyme activity, while Zn2+ and Cu2+ decreased. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) values were calculated by Lineweaver-Burk plot as 125 EU/ml and 1262 mg/ml, respectively. The biochemical characterization of the protease obtained from T. haemolytica was performed and applied on the blood and grass-stained fabrics with detergent to evaluate the stain removal performance of the enzyme. It was observed that the application of detergent with enzyme was more effective than the detergent without enzyme to clean up the stained fabrics. This is the first report of characterization of the protease of T. haemolytica. According to results obtained from this study, this new strain is a promising candidate for industrial applications in production of detergent.

Pseudoxanthomonas composti sp. nov., isolated from compost.

A Gram-staining negative bacterium, designated as GSS15T, was isolated from compost in Guangzhou, China. Cells of strain GSS15T were rod-shaped and non-motile. The isolate was able to grow at 15-42 °C (optimum 30 °C) and pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum pH 8.0), and tolerate up to 6.0% NaCl (w/v). When the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate was compared with those of other bacteria, the highest similarity was observed with Pseudoxanthomonas helianthi roo10T (96.9%). Furthermore, strain GSS15T showed low ANI (75.7-79.5%) and DDH (24.2-18.3%) values to the closely related species. Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids ( > 5%) were iso-C15:0 (18.7%), C16:1ω7c (18.6%), anteiso-C15:0 (13.2%), C16:0 (9.8%), and iso-C16:0 (8.8%). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain GSS15T (= KCTC 52974T = MCCC 1K03334T) is designated as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas composti sp. nov. is proposed.

Nevskia lacus sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from a eutrophic lake.

A novel Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, designated strain Seoho-38T, was isolated from a eutrophic lake in South Korea. Polyphasic taxonomic studies were performed to investigate the taxonomic position of the new isolate. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Seoho-38T formed a distinct cluster with Nevskia ramosa Soe1T, Nevskia persephonica G6M-30T, Nevskia soli GR15-1T, Nevskia terrae KIS13-15T and Nevskia aquatilis F2-63T with bootstrap resampling value of 100%. Of those Nevskia strains, the new isolate shows high sequence similarity with N. ramosa Soe1T (98.7%) and N. persephonica G6M-30T (97.2%), and values lower than 96.5% with the other type strains. The new isolate was observed to grow aerobically in 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0%), at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and temperature 15-36 °C (optimum 20-30 °C) on R2A medium. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Seoho-38T and the type strains of reference species in the genus Nevskia were < 24%. The genomic DNA G + C content was determined to be 67.4 mol%. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) (95%) and ubiquinone-7 (Q-7) (5%) were identified as the respiratory quinones. The cellular polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, a phosphoaminolipid, two glycolipids, an aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The major fatty acid components were found to include summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), summed feature 8 (C18:0ω7c and/or C18:0ω6c), C16:0 and C14:0. Based on the above polyphasic evidence, strain Seoho-38T (= KCTC 52221T = JCM 31888T) represents a new species of the genus Nevskia, for which the name Nevskia lacus sp. nov. is proposed.

CLAME: a new alignment-based binning algorithm allows the genomic description of a novel Xanthomonadaceae from the Colombian Andes.

BACKGROUND: Hot spring bacteria have unique biological adaptations to survive the extreme conditions of these environments; these bacteria produce thermostable enzymes that can be used in biotechnological and industrial applications. However, sequencing these bacteria is complex, since it is not possible to culture them. As an alternative, genome shotgun sequencing of whole microbial communities can be used. The problem is that the classification of sequences within a metagenomic dataset is very challenging particularly when they include unknown microorganisms since they lack genomic reference. We failed to recover a bacterium genome from a hot spring metagenome using the available software tools, so we develop a new tool that allowed us to recover most of this genome. RESULTS: We present a proteobacteria draft genome reconstructed from a Colombian's Andes hot spring metagenome. The genome seems to be from a new lineage within the family Rhodanobacteraceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria, closely related to the genus Dokdonella. We were able to generate this genome thanks to CLAME. CLAME, from Spanish "CLAsificador MEtagenomico", is a tool to group reads in bins. We show that most reads from each bin belong to a single chromosome. CLAME is very effective recovering most of the reads belonging to the predominant species within a metagenome. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a tool that can be used to extract genomes (or parts of them) from a complex metagenome.

Dyella halodurans sp. nov., isolated from lower subtropical forest soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-endospore-forming, motile by a polar flagellum, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain DHOG02T, which produced yellow-pigmented colonies, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the lower subtropical forest of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China. Strain DHOG02T grew at 12-37 °C, pH 4-9 and 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl, with optima at 28 °C, pH 6-7 and 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this strain formed a clade with Dyella lipolytica DHOB07T and Dyella jejuensis JP1T, with sequence similarities of 98.0 and 97.4 %, respectively. The result of the concatenated partial gyrB, lepA and recA gene sequence analysis confirmed that strain DHOG02T belongs to the genus Dyella, but is distinct from all currently known species of the genus. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid and phospholipid. Ubiquinone-8 was the only respiratory quinone detected, and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) were the major fatty acids, all of which supported the affiliation of strain DHOG02T to the genus Dyella. On the basis of the evidence presented here, strain DHOG02T represents a novel species of the genus Dyella, for which the name Dyella halodurans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DHOG02T (=NBRC 111474T=CGMCC 1.15435T).

Arenimonas caeni sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, motile and rod-shaped strain, z29T, was isolated from the active sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant at Wuhu, Anhui, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain z29T is most closely related to the genus Arenimonas, showing the highest similarity to Arenimonas donghaensis HO3-R19T (97.14 %), Arenimonas aestuarii S2-21T (96.46 %), Arenimonas daejeonensis T7-07T (96.24 %) and Arenimonas taoyuanensis YN2-31AT (96.23 %). The only respiratory quinone of strain z29T was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.2 mol%. Genomic comparison between strain z29T and Arenimonas donghaensis HO3-R19T revealed 83.72 % average nucleotide identity. Based on the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results together with phylogenetical analysis, strain z29T is classified as representing a novel species of the genus Arenimonas, for which the name Arenimonas caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is z29T (=JCM 32091T=CCTCC AB 2017067T).

Characterization of a novel cold-active xylanase from Luteimonas species.

Biotechnological application of xylanolytic enzymes is normally hindered by their temperature-dependent catalytic property. To satisfy the industrial demands, xylanases that can perform catalysis under cold condition are attracting attention. In this study, the biochemical properties of a predicted xylanase (laXynA) encoded in the genome of marine bacterium Luteimonas abyssi XH031T were characterized. Structure modeling and structure-based sequence alignment indicated that laXynA belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 10, and it is 20-26% identical to other characterized cold-active xylanases in the same family. Recombinant laXynA was successfully produced in Escherichia coli system by autoinduction and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The isolated enzyme showed an optimum temperature of 30 °C toward beechwood xylan and retained important percentage of optimal activity at low temperatures (64, 55, and 29% at 10, 5, and 0 °C, respectively). A remarkable characteristic of laXynA was extreme halophilicity as demonstrated by fourfold enhancement on xylanase activity at 0.5 M NaCl and by maintaining nearly 100% activity at 4 M NaCl. Thin layer chromatography analysis demonstrated that laXynA is an endo xylanase. This study is the first to report the over-expression and characterization of a cold-active xylanase from Luteimonas species. The enzymatic property revealed the cold-active nature of laXynA. The enzyme is a promising candidate in saline food processing application.

Arenimonas halophila sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CAU 1453T, was isolated from soil and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain CAU 1453T grew optimally at 30 °C and at pH 6.5 in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that CAU 1453T represented a member of the genus Arenimonas and was most closely related to Arenimonas donghaensis KACC 11381T (97.2 % similarity). CAU 1453T contained ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, a phosphoglycolipid, an aminophospholipid, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. CAU 1453T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness with the most closely related strain, A. donghaensis KACC 11381T (26.5 %). The DNA G+C content was 67.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, CAU 1453T represents a novel species of the genus Arenimonas, for which the name Arenimonas halophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1453T (=KCTC 62235T=NBRC 113093T).

Luteibacter pinisoli sp. nov., a casein degrading bacterium isolated from rhizospheric soil of Pinus koraiensis.

A yellow pigmented, Gram-staining negative, motile and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-14T was isolated from rhizospheric soil and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The isolated strain was aerobic, oxidase and catalase were positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 6.5, respectively. The novel strain is able to hydrolyze casein, starch, esculin, gelatin, L-tyrosine, DNA, tween 80, tween 20, L-arginine and 4-nitrophenyl-BD-galactopyranoside. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-14T belongs to the genus Luteibacter and is most closely related to Luteibacter yeojuensis R2A16-10T (98.5%), Luteibacter anthropi CCUG 25036T (98.4%) and Luteibacter rhizovicinus LJ96T (98.3%). In DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-14T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor was below 45.0%. The predominant respiratory quinone and the DNA G + C content of the novel strain were ubiquinone-8 and 63.5 mol%, respectively. The novel strain MAH-14T is able to produce flexirubin-type pigments. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) and summed feature 9 (C17:1 iso ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl). The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data revealed that strain MAH-14T represented a novel species within the genus Luteibacter, for which the name Luteibacter pinisoli, is proposed. The type strain is MAH-14T (= KACC 19298T = CGMCC 1.16227T).

Luteimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum L.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, strain 4-12T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum L. from the Xiaokai River irrigation area, China. The isolate grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.5-8.0 and with 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, strain 4-12T belonged to the genus Luteimonas with the highest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Luteimonas tolerans UM1T (97.68 %), followed by Luteimonas terrae THG-MD21T (97.67 %), Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T (97.21 %) and Luteimonas aestuarii B9T (97.16 %). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain 4-12T and closely related Luteimonas strains were well below 40 %. The average nucleotide identity and the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator also showed low relatedness (below 95 and 70 %, respectively) between strain 4-12T and the type strains in genus Luteimonas. Ubiquinone-8 was the predominant quinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C11 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. Polar lipids were dominated by diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 69.5 %. According to the phenotypic, genetic and chemotaxonomic data, strain 4-12T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Luteimonas, for which the name >Luteimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 4-12T (=CCTCC AB 2016261T=KCTC 52585T) as the type strain.