RESUMO
The aim of the present study was to describe the use of tapering, carbohydrate (CHO) supercompensation, and supplementation strategies self-reported by athletes in the Olympic triathlon category. A total of 72 triathletes (61 males and 11 females) answered an online questionnaire about their training and performance, supercompensation strategies, carbohydrate supplementation, and use of supplements and other ergogenic substances. The information was summarized and subjected to descriptive analysis. Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to check data normality. The t-test was used to investigate differences in the analyzed variables between sexes. Almost all triathletes reported to have performed tapering (93.05%) and approximately half of them adopted a CHO supercompensation strategy (48.61%); updated CHO supercompensation was the most used strategy (27.77%). Most participants (86.11%) used CHO supplementation during competitions, but in amounts below the 60 g/h recommended for most athletes (96.77%). Thus, since few triathletes performed supercompensation, in addition to the insufficient amount of supplemented carbohydrate taken by them, it could be concluded that triathletes were not sufficiently aware of nutritional recommendations or did not adopt them.
Assuntos
Atletas , Ciclismo , Carboidratos da Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Autorrelato , Natação , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Ciclismo/fisiologia , Natação/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Head-out aquatic training, using modalities such as water-aerobics/hydrogymnastics (HYD) and deep-water running (DWR), has been effective in improving the physical, metabolic and cognitive health of middle-aged adults. However, direct comparisons between these modalities are lacking. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of water aerobics and deep-water running on anthropometric, functional and hemodynamic outcomes in adults and older adults. METHODS: An uncontrolled pragmatic trial (RBR-2txw8zy) was conducted with participants aged 30 to 80, allocated to HYD and DWR groups. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training with weekly undulating periodization (2× week), divided into three mesocycles (4, 5, and 3 weeks), each lasting 50 min. Intensity was prescribed using the Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE), ranging from RPE 11 to 17. Outcomes assessed included the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, Timed-Up-and-Go usual (TUG-u) and maximum (TUG-m), 6 min walking test (6MWT), body mass, waist circumference, blood pressure and resting heart rate-HRrest. The analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equations, with per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. RESULTS: The study included 104 participants (HYD: n = 63, mean age 59 years, 54 women; DWR: n = 41, mean age 53 years, 33 women). ITT analysis showed improvements in waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and TUG-m in the HYD group, and a reduction in HRrest in the DWR group. Both modalities showed significant improvements in the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, 6MWT, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio in the PP analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Both modalities promoted functional improvements and favorable changes in anthropometric evaluations, with DWR showing a greater reduction in HRrest.
Assuntos
Hemodinâmica , Corrida , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Corrida/fisiologia , Adulto , Antropometria , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Frequência CardíacaRESUMO
Single-variable analyses have limited ability to explain complex phenomena such as the regulation of prolonged physical (aerobic) performance. Our study aimed to identify predictors of performance in rats subjected to incremental-speed running exercise. Notably, most variables assessed were associated with rats' thermoregulation. We extracted data from 355 records obtained in 216 adult Wistar rats. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify the predictive power of eight variables. The distance traveled, a performance index, was the dependent variable. The independent variables included body mass, biological sex, body core temperature (TCORE) measurement site, and the following thermoregulation-related variables: ambient temperature (TAMB), initial TCORE, exercise-induced change in TCORE (ΔTCORE), ΔTCORE from 0 to 10 min (ΔTCORE 0-10; when TCORE increase is fastest), and heat loss index (HLI). This analysis with eight variables revealed an adjusted R2 of 0.495; TAMB, ΔTCORE, body mass, and ΔTCORE 0-10 had the highest predictive powers (ß values: -0.700, 0.463, -0.353, and -0.130, respectively). Additional analyses consisted of separate regressions for each TCORE index measured: abdominal (TABD), brain (TBRAIN), and colonic (TCOL) temperature. These analyses yielded adjusted R2 values of 0.608 (TABD), 0.550 (TBRAIN), and 0.437 (TCOL). Again, the distance traveled was primarily predicted by body mass and thermoregulation-related variables (TAMB, ΔTCORE, and ΔTCORE 0-10). Among these four variables, ΔTCORE was the only one with a positive ß value (directly predicted performance), while the others had negative values. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of performance regulation in rats, especially regarding the role of thermoregulation-related variables.
Assuntos
Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Ratos Wistar , Corrida , Animais , Masculino , Corrida/fisiologia , Ratos , Feminino , Análise de Regressão , Temperatura CorporalRESUMO
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter for cognition and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG), which occurs via movement stimulation such as physical activity. Brain 5-HT function changes secondary to aging require further investigation. We evaluated whether aged animals would present changes in the number of 5-HT neurons in regions such as the dorsal (DRN) and median (MRN) raphe nuclei and possible changes in the rate of cellular activation in the DG in response to acute running, as a reduction in 5-HT neurons could contribute to a decline in neuronal activation in the DG in response to physical activity in aged mice. This study was conducted on adult (3 months old) and aged (19 months old) male and female mice. Immunohistochemistry, microscopic analysis, and treadmill-running tests were also performed. The data revealed that in aged mice, a reduction in the number of 5-HT neurons in the DRN and MRN of male and female mice was observed. The reduction in the DRN was greater in females. Furthermore, aged animals demonstrate a lower rate of c-Fos labeling in the DG when stimulated by physical exercise. These data indicate that aging may be associated with a reduction in the number of 5-HT neurons in the DRN and MRN, which may lead to a decline in 5-HT availability in the target regions, including the DG. The reduced c-Fos expression in the DG after running in aged mice indicates a decreased response to physical activity, which is potentially linked to serotonergic deficits.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Giro Denteado , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos , Corrida , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos , Serotonina , Animais , Giro Denteado/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Corrida/fisiologia , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Núcleos da Rafe/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The gut-brain axis may mediate mood changes due to strenuous exercise. Therefore, probiotic supplementation may mitigate mood worsening. PURPOSE: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on mood and immunometabolic parameters after a marathon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen marathon runners were selected and divided into placebo and probiotic groups that were supplemented for 30 days. Before and after the marathon, mood (POMS) was assessed, and blood was collected for analysis of immunometabolic parameters. Statistical analysis was performed, and p < 0.05 was considered to determine statistically differences. RESULTS: Tension decreased after the marathon in both groups. Vigor decreased only in the placebo group. Fatigue increased after the marathon in both groups. TMD increased after the marathon in placebo. The IL2/IL-4 ratio decreased in the probiotic group after the marathon compared to before and increased compared to the placebo group. The IL-10 increased after the marathon in placebo. TNF-α increased after the marathon in probiotics. The TNF-α/IL-10 ratio decreased after the marathon in both groups. LPS decreased in the probiotic group after the marathon compared to before and in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty days of probiotic supplementation attenuated the impact of marathons on mood worsening. The decrease in LPS in the probiotic group mediated the change in the pro/anti-inflammatory balance, indicating an immunometabolic mechanism by which the gut-brain axis impacts mood after strenuous exercise.
Assuntos
Afeto , Corrida de Maratona , Probióticos , Humanos , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Adulto , Corrida de Maratona/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Interleucina-10/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Fadiga/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Citocinas/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study focused on a group of 22 elite male mountain runners from Brazil (average age of 35.9 ± 6.5 years) with the objective of exploring the possible roles of the ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D, and CK MM A/G NcoI genetic variants in shaping electrochemical profiles and maintaining acid-base homeostasis during a 105-km ultramarathon. METHODS: Genotyping for each polymorphism (ACTN3: RR, RX, XX; ACE: DD, ID, II; CK MM: AA, AG, GG) was conducted using PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), and saliva samples were used to obtain DNA. Analyses of electrochemical and acid-base disturbances were performed in real time. RESULTS: It was observed that athletes who completed the race in less time had lower calcium concentrations (Rs = 0.35; p = 0.016). Pre-race, the RX genotype showed a 14.19% reduction in potassium levels compared to RR (p = 0.01). The GG genotype showed potassium levels 19.36% higher than AA (p = 0.01) and a 6.11% increase in hematocrit values compared to AA (p = 0.03). Additionally, the AG genotype exhibited hematocrit values 5.44% higher than AA (p = 0.03). Post-race, the XX genotype demonstrated higher hematocrit values compared to RX, with an increase of 8.92% (p = 0.03). The II genotype showed a 0.27% increase in pH compared to ID (p = 0.02) and a 20.42% reduction in carbon dioxide levels (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings emphasize the impact of the examined polymorphisms on the modulation of electrochemical factors and the maintenance of acid-base equilibrium in athletes during 105 km ultramarathons.
Assuntos
Polimorfismo Genético , Humanos , Masculino , Brasil , Adulto , Actinina/genética , Genótipo , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Atletas , Corrida/fisiologia , Corrida de Maratona , Potássio/sangue , Cálcio/sangueRESUMO
Decreasing speed and stride length over successive races have been shown to be associated with musculoskeletal injury (MSI) in racehorses, demonstrating the potential for early detection of MSI through longitudinal monitoring of changes in stride characteristics. A machine learning (ML) approach for early detection of MSI, enforced rest, and retirement events using this same horse-level, race-level, and stride characteristic data across all race sectionals was investigated. A CatBoost model using features from the two races prior to an event had the highest classification performance (sensitivity score for MSI, enforced rest and retirement equal to 0.00, 0.58, 0.76, respectively and balanced accuracy score corresponding to 0.44), with scores decreasing for models incorporating windows that included additional races further from the event. Feature importance analysis of ML models demonstrated that retirement was predicted by older age, poor performance, and longer racing career, enforced rest was predicted by younger age and better performance, but was less likely to occur when the stride length is increasing, and MSI predicted by increased number of starters, greater variation in speed and lower percentage of career time at rest. A relatively low classification performance highlights the difficulties in discerning MSI from alternate events using ML. Improved data recording through more thorough assessment and annotation of adverse events is expected to improve the predictability of MSI.
Assuntos
Aprendizado de Máquina , Cavalos , Animais , Descanso/fisiologia , Corrida , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/veterinária , Sistema Musculoesquelético/lesões , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , MasculinoRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the influence of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in hypoxia (HYP) and normoxia (NOR) on time to exhaustion and the energetic contribution of treadmill running in amateur athletes. Eleven male participants, aged between 18 and 29 years, were submitted to an incremental test to determine the iVÌO2max, and subsequently on separated days, to the PBMT application (irradiation = 720 s; wavelength = 850 nm), followed by four efforts to exhaustion, in treadmill running, under different conditions [NOR + placebo (PLA); NOR + PBMT; HYP + PLA; HYP + PBMT], in random order, to access energy contribution and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit alternative (MAODALT). Time to exhaustion and absolute aerobic contribution were lower in HYP than NOR, for both PLA and PBMT conditions (p < 0.05). In the percentage energy contribution of each metabolism during exhaustion effort, aerobic participation was lower, while MAODALT was higher in HYP than NOR, only in the PLA situation; alactic anaerobic participation was higher in HYP than NOR in the PBMT application situation (p = 0.002). The PBMT does not promote additional benefits over time to exhaustion in NOR and HYP conditions, however PBMT during exhaustive efforts in HYP results in an increase in anaerobiosis.
Assuntos
Estudos Cross-Over , Hipóxia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Corrida , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Corrida/fisiologia , Projetos Piloto , Adulto Jovem , Hipóxia/radioterapia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/métodos , Adolescente , Método Simples-Cego , Atletas , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos da radiação , Teste de Esforço , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare the effects of 7 weeks of training with different hang-power-clean (HPC) intensities on the maximum dynamic strength, vertical jump, and sprint performance of female handball players. METHODS: Professional handball athletes with at least 1 year of HPC experience volunteered to participate. The athletes were balanced by position and randomly assigned to a group with HPC at 90% (HPC90%) or 50% (HPC50%) of HPC 1-repetition maximum (1RM). The training volume was equalized between groups. Pretraining and posttraining assessments included 1RM HPC, jump height in the squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), and sprint speeds at 5, 20, and 30 m. RESULTS: From pretraining to posttraining, both groups significantly increased (P ≤ .05) 1RM HPC, although a small effect size was observed in favor of HPC90%. HPC90% and HPC50% did not induce significant changes (P > .05) in the SJ and CMJ height, although for the SJ, a small effect size was observed in favor of HPC90%. Both groups induced a significant improvement (P ≤ .05) in 5-, 20-, and 30-m sprint speeds, although for all speeds, small to moderate effect sizes were observed in favor of HPC90%. CONCLUSIONS: Both training groups induced significant improvements in 1RM HPC and sprint speeds, whereas no significant changes were observed in vertical jumps. In addition, based mainly on the effect sizes, the HPC90% group was more effective for increasing 1RM HPC, SJ, and sprint speeds than the HPC50% group.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Força Muscular , Corrida , Humanos , Feminino , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem , Corrida/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Esportes/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Exercício Pliométrico , AdultoRESUMO
Background: Muscular synergies could represent the patterns of muscular activation used by the central nervous system (CNS) to simplify the production of movement. Studies in walking-running transitions described up to nine synergy modules, and an earlier activation of flexor and extension ankle muscular groups compared to running or walking. Our project aims to study the behaviour of muscle synergies in different stance and swing variations of walking-running (WRT) and running-walking (RWT) transitions. Methods: Twenty-four trained men participated in this study. A variable speed protocol on a treadmill was developed to record the activity of 14 muscle during walking, running and relative transitions. The protocol was based on five ramps of 50 seconds each around ± 10 and 20% of the WRT speed. WRT and RWT were identified according to an abrupt change of the duty factor. Analysing surface electromyography using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) we obtained synergy modules and temporal activation profiles. Alpha threshold for statistical tests set at 0.05. Results: We described four different transition strides, two for increasing speed transitions, and two for decreasing speed transitions. Four to six synergy modules were found in each condition. According to the maximum cosine similarity results, the two identified WRT conditions shared five modules, while the two RWT conditions shared four modules. WRT and RWT overall shared 4.33 ± 0.58 modules. The activation profiles and centres of activation revealed differences among conditions. Discussion: Transition occurred at step level, and transition strides were composed by walk-like and run-like steps. Compared with previous studies in running and walking, both transitions needed earlier activation of a comparable number of synergy modules. Synergies were affected by acceleration: during RWT the need to dissipate energy, to decrease the speed, was achieved by increasing the number of co-activating muscles. This was reflected in fewer synergy modules and different activation profiles compared to WRT. We believe that our results could be enforced in different applied fields, like clinical gait analysis, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, where plans including co-activation of specific muscular groups could be useful. Gait transitions are common in different sports, and therefore also application in training and sport science would be possible.
Assuntos
Eletromiografia , Músculo Esquelético , Corrida , Caminhada , Humanos , Masculino , Corrida/fisiologia , Caminhada/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Adulto , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Marcha/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Understanding the changes in running mechanics caused by fatigue is essential to assess its impact on athletic performance. Changes in running biomechanics after constant speed conditions are well documented, but the adaptive responses after a maximal incremental test are unknown. We compared the spatiotemporal, joint kinematics, elastic mechanism, and external work parameters before and after a maximal incremental treadmill test. Eighteen recreational runners performed 2-minute runs at 8 km·h-1 before and after a maximal incremental test on a treadmill. Kinematics, elastic parameters, and external work were determined using the OpenCap and OpenSim software. We did not find differences in spatiotemporal parameters and elastic parameters (mechanical work, ankle, and knee motion range) between premaximal and postmaximal test conditions. After the maximal test, the runners flexed their hips more at contact time (19.4°-20.6°, P = .013) and presented a larger range of pelvis rotation at the frontal plane (10.3°-11.4°, P = .002). The fatigue applied in the test directly affects pelvic movements; however, it does not change the lower limb motion or the spatiotemporal and mechanical work parameters in recreational runners. A larger frontal plane motion of the pelvis deserves attention due to biomechanical risk factors associated with injuries.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço , Corrida , Humanos , Corrida/fisiologia , Masculino , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Adulto , Feminino , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Fadiga/fisiopatologia , Fadiga Muscular/fisiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine the acute response of lactate supplementation on athletic performance. METHOD: Fifteen athletes under the age of 15 performed the following 4 sessions in a nonrandomized order: (1) familiarization, (2) control, (3) participants ingested calcium lactate (21.5 mg·kg-1 body mass), and (4) participants ingested a placebo (PLA, calcium carbonate, 21.5 mg·kg-1 body mass). The capsules were randomly offered and consumed 60 minutes before the physical tests. To assess the physical performance, the athletes executed squat jump, countermovement squat jump, 20-m linear sprint, change of direction test, and running anaerobic sprint test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between conditions for squat jump, countermovement jump, change of direction, and minimum power obtained in the running anaerobic sprint test (P > .05). Conversely, we observed a worse performance (P < .05) in the 20-m linear sprint test in the PLA and lactate conditions compared with control (P < .05). The lactate condition worsened performance during running anaerobic sprint test for peak power, mean power, and fatigue index compared with control and PLA (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium lactate supplementation worsened repetitive running sprint ability and 20-m sprint performance. However, lactate supplementation does not affect jump or agility capacity. Therefore, calcium lactate supplementation seems to be an ineffective strategy to improve anaerobic and neuromuscular performance in soccer players 15 years of age or less.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Suplementos Nutricionais , Lactatos , Futebol , Humanos , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Futebol/fisiologia , Masculino , Adolescente , Lactatos/sangue , Compostos de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Cálcio/farmacologia , Teste de Esforço , Corrida/fisiologia , Atletas , Ácido Láctico/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Analyze whether there are immediate changes in peak soleus activation and peak hindfoot eversion after short-foot exercise (SFE) in runners with medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS). Secondarily, establish differences in peak soleus activation and peak hindfoot eversion between asymptomatic individuals and those presenting MTSS. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. SETTING: University Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two runners participated: 16 with MTSS and 16 in the no-pain group (NPG). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Soleus activation was measured using electromyography, and hindfoot eversion via 3D kinematic analysis. Participants performed SFE, and running data were collected at 9,12 and 15 km/h pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: SFE reduced peak soleus activation at 9 (p = 0.017) and 15 km/h (p = 0.019) for the MTSS group and at 15 km/h (p < 0.001) for the NPG, suggesting improved neuromuscular efficiency and potentially reduced tibial stress. SFE did not significantly affect peak hindfoot eversion. Significant correlations were found between ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and muscle activation (r = 0.585 to 0.849, p < 0.05). These findings suggest SFE could improve neuromuscular efficiency and reduce tibial stress, and highlights ankle flexibility's role in muscle activation. CONCLUSIONS: SFE significantly reduces soleus activation, potentially improving neuromuscular efficiency and decreasing tibial stress.
Assuntos
Eletromiografia , Síndrome do Estresse Tibial Medial , Músculo Esquelético , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Corrida , Humanos , Corrida/fisiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Pé/fisiologia , Articulação do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Articulação do Tornozelo/fisiologiaRESUMO
Running performance is crucial for triathlon performance. However, the prior bout of cycling may affect the running split time. This study compared the triathletes' cycling plus running (C+R) time, when cycling was performed at three different intensities and running was maximal. A total of 38 athletes (21 males and 17 females) were included. Body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and functional threshold power (FTP) was evaluated. The participants visited the laboratory three times to cycle 20 km at 80%, 85%, or 90% FTP (in randomized order) and run 5 km as fast as possible. Males ran faster after cycling at 80% FTP than after cycling at 90% FTP (mean difference=35.1 s; CI% 2.2, 68.1 s; p=0.035). The C+R time was faster when cycling at 90% FTP than at 80% FTP (mean difference=57.7 s; CI% 26.1, 89.3 s; p<0.001). For females, no significant difference was observed in the running time after cycling at 80%, 85%, or 90% FTP. The C+R time was faster when cycling at 90% FTP than at 80% FTP (mean difference=80.9 s; CI% 29.7, 132.1 s; p=0.002). In conclusion, to optimize triathlon performance, male and female athletes should cycle at a minimum of 90% FTP.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Ciclismo , Consumo de Oxigênio , Corrida , Humanos , Ciclismo/fisiologia , Masculino , Corrida/fisiologia , Feminino , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Teste de Esforço , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physical activity in natural environments, such as trail running, is a way to nurture physical and mental health. However, running has an inherent risk of musculoskeletal injuries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of running-related injuries (RRI) and cramps, and to describe the personal and training characteristics of Brazilian trail runners. METHODS: A total of 1068 trail runners were included in this observational cross-sectional study. The participants had at least six months of trail running experience. The data were collected between April 2019 and February 2020 through an online and self-reported survey. RESULTS: The point prevalence of RRIs was 39.2 % (95 % credible interval [CrI]: 36.3, 42.1). The body region with the highest point prevalence was the knee. The 12-month period prevalence of RRIs was 69.2 % (95 %CrI: 66.4, 72.0). The body region with the highest 12-month period prevalence was the lower leg. 1- and 12-month period prevalence of cramps was 19.5 % (95 %CrI: 17.1, 21.9) and 36.0 % (95 %CrI: 33.0, 38.8), respectively. Triceps surae was the muscle most affected by cramps. CONCLUSIONS: Two in 5 (40 %) trail runners reported being injured at the time of data collection, and about 2 of 3 reported previous RRIs in the last 12 months. The most prevalent injured body regions were the knee and the lower leg. One in 5 trail runners reported cramps in the last month, increasing to 36 % in the last 12 months. Knowing better the characteristics of the population and the burden of health conditions may inform better decisions regarding implementation actions toward trail running practice.
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Corrida , Humanos , Corrida/lesões , Estudos Transversais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Cãibra Muscular/epidemiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Obesity is characterized by specific changes in the composition of the gut microbiota (GM). Exercise can contribute to the modulation of GM. This is the first case study to analyze the composition and metabolism of the GM of an obese runner in a single-stage mountain ultramarathon (MUM) with a mileage of 217 km. Fecal samples were collected 7 days before the race (T0), 15 min after the end of the race (T1), and 7 days after the end of the race (T2). GM composition was analyzed by real-time PCR and shotgun sequencing. We observed a decrease in Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio and α-diversity after the race. After the 217-km MUM, we observed a decrease in symbiont microorganisms and a notable increase in harmful bacteria. In conclusion, we found that the 217-km MUM may have contributed to the intestinal dysbiosis of the obese runner.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidade , Humanos , Obesidade/microbiologia , Masculino , Corrida de Maratona , Corrida/fisiologia , Disbiose/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Background: Several studies have reported that marathon runners have a higher risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) post marathon than non-exercising controls. However, other studies did not find a higher risk of URTI in the same participants before and after a marathon, precluding a conclusive consensus. Besides the between-subjects effects, another important confounding factor in these results is the different pre and post follow-up time to track URTI. Objectives: Identify by meta-analysis whether a marathon Running increases the risk of URTI, adjusting the follow-up time to track URTI. Data sources: We searched for articles using MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost, combining the marathon and respiratory infection descriptor synonyms, on 1st December 2022. Eligibility criteria: The PICOS framework included human population, comparison between pre and post marathon running, of URTI symptoms (assessed from one to 4 weeks), in noncontrolled intervention studies. Data Synthesis: Because follow-up was longer before the marathon in many studies, we adjusted the number of subjects with infections before marathon to the equivalent post-marathon follow-up duration. There was 18% higher incidence of URTI post-marathon (OR 1.18 95%CI [1.05-1.33], p= 0.005) in a very consistent meta-analysis (I2 = 0%, p = 0.69), with no risk of publication bias (Egger test p-value = 0.82) for the 7 studies included. The main issues with quality of the studies were bias in measuring the outcome, bias in classification of intervention (participation in the marathon) and time-varying confounding (corrected for analysis), and therefore the quality of evidence was moderate (GRADE approach = 3). Limitations: The need for follow-up time adjustment is a limitation, since the number of URTI recorded could be different if the original studies had used the same follow-up time pre and post marathon. The subjectivity of the URTI assessments is another limitation in this field. Conclusions: There is an increased risk of URTI post marathon running and research on this topic to understand mechanisms might support runners to find efficient interventions to reduce this risk. Protocol: Protocol registration on in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42022380991.
Assuntos
Corrida de Maratona , Infecções Respiratórias , Humanos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Sistema Imunitário , RiscoRESUMO
Objective: This systematic review was conducted to analyze the existing evidence on the effects of strength training (ST) and complex/contrast training (CCT) on repeated sprint ability (RSA) in team sports players. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed following the PRISMA statement. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were used. Original full-text articles were analyzed, without date restriction until May 26, 2024, written in English, peer-reviewed, and for eligibility must have included (1) male or female team sports players, amateur or professional category, without age restriction (2) lower extremity ST and/or CCT program (3) active control group (4) running RSA test (e.g., repeated shuttle sprint ability test or straight-line repeated sprint ability test) before and after the intervention period (5) controlled trial. Results: A total of 3,376 studies were identified and screened. Finally, 10 articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, all with moderate methodological quality according to the PEDro scale. The best time, mean time, and total time presented significant pre and post-test changes, using ST in 3, 2, and 1 experimental groups, respectively, and using CCT in 1, 1, and 1 experimental groups, respectively, with almost no differences in the percentage decrement most commonly reported in RSA tests. There were no changes in the control groups. Conclusion: Together, ST performed in a range of maximal power provides benefits in the best time and mean time and performed between 80 to 95% of 1 repetition maximum (RM) provides benefits in the best time, mean time, and total time in RSA tests. CCT performed between 75 to 90% of 1 RM combined with jumps and sprints provides benefits in the best time, mean time, and total time in RSA test, but no unaltered percentage decrement in ST and CCT in elite and semi-professional team sport players.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Treinamento Resistido , Corrida , Humanos , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologia , Masculino , Esportes de Equipe , Feminino , Atletas , Força Muscular/fisiologiaRESUMO
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a determining indicator for cardiorespiratory capacity in endurance athletes, and epigenetics is crucial in its levels and variability. This initial study examined a broad plasma miRNA profile of twenty-three trained elite endurance athletes with similar training volumes but different VO2max in response to an acute maximal graded endurance test. Six were clustered as higher/lower levels based on their VO2max (75.4 ± 0.9 and 60.1 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1). Plasma was obtained from athletes before and after the test and 15 ng of total RNA was extracted and detected using an SYBR-based 1113 miRNA RT-qPCR panel. A total of 51 miRNAs were differentially expressed among group comparisons. Relative amounts of miRNA showed a clustering behavior among groups regarding distinct performance/time points. Significantly expressed miRNAs were used to perform functional bioinformatic analysis (DIANA tools). Fatty acid metabolism pathways were strongly targeted for the significantly different miRNAs in all performance groups and time points (p < 0.001). Although this pathway does not solely determine endurance performance, their significant contribution is certainly achieved through the involvement of miRNAs. A highly genetically dependent gold standard variable for performance evaluation in a homogeneous group of elite athletes allowed genetic/epigenetic aspects related to fatty acid pathways to emerge.