Mapping employment dynamics in public agencies with payroll data: A methodological framework with an application to Chile.

This study introduces a novel, replicable methodology for analyzing employment dynamics within public sector agencies, focusing on turnover and staff longevity. The methodology is designed to be generalizable and applicable to diverse national contexts where detailed administrative data is available. Using payroll data from over 325,000 Chilean civil servants (2006-2020), we apply mixed-effects Cox survival models and linear mixed models to examine patterns of employment stability across state agencies. By incorporating Propensity Score Matching, we further enhance the causal interpretation of turnover changes, especially in post-election years. Finally, we introduce two key metrics-Service Frailty and Relative Turnover Difference-to quantify long-term stability and short-term, post-electoral disruptions. Our findings highlight substantial differences in turnover patterns between regular and post-election years, as well as significant inter-agency heterogeneity in turnover and employee longevity, largely driven by latent agency characteristics. While major covariates like contract type and staff rank account for some variation, much of the disparity stems from agency-specific factors. This framework offers precise, cross-nationally comparable benchmarks for understanding public sector employment dynamics. Additionally, the methodology contributes to the literature by providing transparent and scalable tools for analyzing workforce stability across different contexts.

Did industrial and export complexity drive regional economic growth in Brazil?

Research on productive structures has shown that economic complexity conditions economic growth. However, little is known about which type of complexity, e.g., export or industrial complexity, matters more for regional economic growth in a large emerging country like Brazil. Brazil exports natural resources and agricultural goods, but a large share of the employment derives from services, non-tradables, and within-country manufacturing trade. Here, we use a large dataset on Brazil's formal labor market, including approximately 100 million workers and 581 industries, to reveal the patterns of export complexity, industrial complexity, and economic growth of 558 micro-regions between 2003 and 2019. Our results show that export complexity is more evenly spread than industrial complexity. Only a few-mainly developed urban places-have comparative advantages in sophisticated services. Regressions show that a region's industrial complexity is a significant predictor for 3-year growth prospects, but export complexity is not. Moreover, economic complexity in neighboring regions is significantly associated with economic growth. The results show export complexity does not appropriately depict Brazil's knowledge base and growth opportunities. Instead, promoting the sophistication of the heterogeneous regional industrial structures and development spillovers is a key to growth. This study demonstrates that industrial complexity, which accounts for all employment sectors, provides a more accurate basis for designing effective and inclusive industrial policies in emerging economies like Brazil, compared to export-based complexity.

Social and economic impacts of non-communicable diseases by gender and its correlates: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Tackling social impacts derived from gender disparities is a pathway to universal health coverage (UHC). Gender intersects with other factors behind social and health inequalities, exacerbates them and influences health systems' performance. However, there is scarcity of gender-based studies that assess the social and economic impacts of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aims to identify economic and social impacts of NCDs by gender and its correlates. METHODS: Following the guidelines proposed in the Cochrane Manual for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the PRISMA Statement, we conducted a narrative and structured literature review to identify the economic (direct medical and non-medical, and indirect costs) and social (right to health, employment, poverty, social exclusion, and others) impacts of NCDs by gender, and its structural, sociodemographic, health conditions, political and health systems correlates, for the period 2002-2022, in English and Spanish. Reviewed studies were described according to country and research context, temporal evolution, gender, impacts of NCDs and correlates. FINDINGS: Five thousand five hundred fifty-one publications by title and abstract were reviewed, and 185 articles were selected. There is limited evidence with gender perspective addressing the social and economic impacts of NCDs (around 10% of publications) that helps to better understand the difference in the burden of these conditions between men and women. We identified that the social burden primarily affects women in their quality of life, where gender inequities are observed in aspects such as: health care, employment status and living conditions. In addition, a greater responsibility falls on them as caregivers. On the other hand, the economic burden affects more to men, both in terms of direct medical costs and indirect costs. Among the factors that most influenced the identified impacts, we found gender, age, and socioeconomic level. We also identified that access to health insurance that offers financial protection against these conditions is essential to reduce these impacts. CONCLUSIONS: NCDs pose a significant social and economic burden due to their impact on the health of the population, healthcare systems, and the economies of households and nations, which will likely increase over time. This impact is closely related to gender, although it has been scarcely documented. Public policies aimed at enhancing access and achieving UHC are essential to guarantee effective financial protection in health, especially for the most vulnerable sectors of the population.

Family-to-work conflict linked to psychological distress and family life satisfaction during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in dual-earner parents with adolescents.

Introduction: Research on work-family dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic shows that family demands increased for workers, particularly those with children. This heightened family-to-work conflict negatively affects the subjective well-being of parents and their children. However, these outcomes have been mainly examined on individuals without considering the family as the unit of analysis. This study aimed to explore the relationships between family-to-work conflict, psychological distress, and family life satisfaction in dual-earner parents with adolescent children during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the potential mediating role of psychological distress among FtoWC and family life satisfaction and the moderating role of household monthly income were tested. Methods: The non-probabilistic sample in Chile comprised 860 dual-earner parents and one of their adolescent children (mean age 13.5 years, 50.8% female). Parents answered an online questionnaire with FtoWC scale, whereas parents and adolescents answered the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale and the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale. Analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling and the mediation actor-partner interdependence model. Results: FtoWC was directly linked to lower family life satisfaction in fathers and via a mediating role of psychological distress in both parents. Mothers' FtoWC was related via the mediating role of the fathers' psychological distress to fathers' lower family life satisfaction and via the mediating role of the adolescents' psychological distress to adolescents' lower family life satisfaction. Monthly household income moderated three APIM model paths involving mothers' variables. Discussion: These findings underscore the importance of implementing family-oriented workplace policies. Such policies may help mitigate both parents' experiences of FtoWC and their resulting psychological distress.

Head circumference and intelligence, schooling, employment, and income: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: No consensus exists about the role of head circumference in identifying children at risk of suboptimal development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between head circumference and intelligence, schooling, employment, and income. The review 1) summarizes the overall evidence and 2) restricts the evidence to a subset of articles that met minimum quality criteria. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, LILACS, CINAHL, WHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing and UNICEF Innocenti were searched to identify published studies. Cohort, case-control or cross-sectional studies which evaluated the associations of interest in the general population, premature babies, babies with low birth weight or small for gestational age were included; head circumference must have been measured before the age of 20 years. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction and quality assessments. RESULTS: Of 2521 records identified, 115 were included and 21 met the minimum quality criteria. Ninety studies investigated if early measures of head circumference predict later outcomes and 25 studies measured head circumference and the outcome at the same timepoint; 78 studies adjusted the head circumference for age and sex. We identified large heterogeneity and inconsistency in the effect measures and data reported across studies. Despite the relatively large number of included articles, more than 80% presented serious limitations such as lack of adjustment for confounding and severe selection bias. Considering the subset of articles which met the minimum quality criteria, 12 of 16 articles showed positive association between head circumference and intelligence in the general population. However, in premature babies, 2 of 3 articles showed no clear effect. Head circumference was positively associated with academic performance in all investigated samples (5 of 5 articles). No article which evaluated educational attainment and employment met the minimum quality criteria, but the association between head circumference and these outcomes seems to be positive. CONCLUSIONS: Larger head circumferences are positively associated with higher levels of intelligence and academic performance in the general population, but there is evidence of non-linearity in those associations. Identifying a group of children in higher risk for worse outcomes by a simple and inexpensive tool could provide an opportunity to mitigate these negative effects. Further research is needed for a deeper understanding of the whole distribution of head circumference and its effect in premature babies. Authors should consider the non-linearity of the association in the data analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Association between head circumference and intelligence, educational attainment, employment, and income: A systematic review, CRD42021289998 .

Impact of early work start on mental health outcomes in older adults: A cross-sectional study from Ecuador.

OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the impact of the age at which individuals first begin working on the odds of developing mental health disorders among older adults in Ecuador. METHODS: Data from the 2009 Survey of Health, Well-being, and Aging (SABE) encompassing 3093 elderly participants from mainland Ecuador were analyzed. We employed binary logistic regression to explore the association between the age at which individuals started working and their subsequent mental health status. RESULTS: Participants who started working between ages 5-12 and 26-35 had lower odds of mental health disorders compared to those who began at ages 18-25, while those who started working between ages 13-17 and 36-80 exhibited higher odds compared to the same baseline group. These associations are net of various demographic and health-related factors. CONCLUSION: The results indicate mixed associations between the age at which individuals started working and their mental health outcomes in older age. While some age groups demonstrate lower odds of mental health disorders, others do not, suggesting a complex relationship that warrants further investigation. IMPLICATIONS: This research supports the development of healthcare policies aimed at providing mental health education and services tailored to populations affected by early labor, to mitigate the enduring impacts of child labor on mental health in older age.

Characteristics and health conditions in older people who work in Mexico. A comparative analysis between cohorts and sex.

BACKGROUND: The study of the work and health of older adults is limited but relevant considering that the living and health conditions in which they age are not the best in Mexico, given the job insecurity that does not access to decent contributory pensions. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the differences in the sociodemographic, labour and health conditions characteristics of two cohorts of older people aged 65 to 74 years who are employed in the labour market. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of the National Study of Health and Aging in Mexico for 2001 and 2021 of sociodemographic and work characteristics and health conditions by cohort and sex. Logistic regression models, whose dependent variable was the birth cohort, were estimated. RESULTS: 1,115 people from 2001 and 1,189 from 2021 between 65 and 74 years old who worked the week before the study were included. By sex and cohort, findings are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Although the schooling of older people in the most recent cohort has increased, women face more precarious working conditions and a higher prevalence of disability.

ANTECEDENTES: El estudio del trabajo y salud de las personas adultas mayores es limitado, pero relevante si se considera que las condiciones de vida y salud en las que se envejece no son las mejores en México, dada la precariedad laboral que no favorece el acceso a pensiones contributivas dignas. OBJETIVO: Analizar las diferencias en las características sociodemográficas, laborales y de condiciones de salud de dos cohortes de personas de 65 a 74 años que se encuentran ocupadas en el mercado laboral. MATERIAL Y MMÉTODOS: De los estudios nacionales de salud y envejecimiento en México 2001 y 2021, se analizaron las características sociodemográficas, laborales y de las condiciones de salud por cohorte y sexo. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística, cuya variable dependiente fue la cohorte de nacimiento. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1,115 personas de la encuesta de 2001 y 1,189 de la de 2021, de 65 a 74 años, que trabajaron la semana previa al estudio. Los resultados se presentan por sexo y cohorte. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien se incrementó la escolaridad de las personas mayores en la cohorte más reciente, las mujeres se enfrentan a condiciones laborales más precarias y con mayor prevalencia de discapacidad.

Does work modify the relationship between violence and mental health among young people? Evidence from the Violence Against Children Surveys in Uganda, Nigeria and Colombia.

Background: Considering the well-established link between experiencing violence in childhood and poor mental health, it is important to understand the role of contextual factors in which young people live, learn, work, and play. Evidence has highlighted the importance of work as a contextual factor in the lives of young people, but it is unclear whether being in work mitigates, entrenches, or exacerbates the association between violence against children and poor mental health. Methods: This study is based on nationally representative data of males and females aged 13-24 years who completed the Violence Against Children Surveys in Nigeria, Uganda, and Colombia. We used multivariable logistic regression models to explore the association between lifetime violence and past 30-day mental distress, and explored whether working in the past year modified this association. All analyses were age- and sex-stratified and conducted separately in each country. Results: We found a high prevalence of lifetime violence among young people in all three countries and strong associations between violence and mental distress. In Colombia, there was strong evidence (P-value for interaction = 0.014) that work in the past year (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.07-2.57) reduced the risk of mental distress among girls who had experienced violence compared to not working in the past year (aOR = 6.12; 95% CI = 2.60-14.41). There was also evidence among boys in Nigeria (P-value for interaction = 0.045), where there was a reduction in risk of mental distress among those not in work in the past year (aOR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.46-2.13) compared to those in work in the past year (aOR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.32-3.33). There was also a pattern of effect modification by work in the association between childhood violence and mental health in other population groups, with variation by country, sex, and age groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that work can mitigate, entrench, or exacerbate risk of mental distress among young people who have experienced violence, depending on their age, sex, and country of residence. While additional research is needed to explore these mechanisms, this highlights the importance of work as a contextual factor in the lives of young people and points to the need for safe and secure workplaces and the integration of context-specific interventions into workplaces for young people.

Excess potential years of working life lost in six countries from Latin America and Europe in 2020 and 2021.

OBJECTIVE: This descriptive study aimed to measure the excess all-cause mortality potential years of working life lost (PYWLL) in the working-age population of six Ibero-American countries in 2020 and 2021. METHODS: This study was based on all-cause deaths for the age group 15-69 years for men and women in six countries: Colombia, Costa Rica, México, Peru, Portugal and Spain. The expected PYWLL was the average value determined from the previous 5 years (2015-2019). To estimate the excess of PYWLL, the expected PYWLL was subtracted from the observed PYWLL values for 2020 and 2021, separately. RESULTS: In the four Latin American countries, the excess PYWLL per death was approximately double (between 12 and 16 years) that of the two European countries (between 3 and 9 years). CONCLUSIONS: The loss of working-age individuals will probably have a profound social and economic recovery impact, affecting families and communities. The informal employment and labour market structures may be contributing to the adverse effects of the pandemic in the region. Investing in universal, comprehensive and sustainable health and social protection systems in the Latin American countries is crucial to build resilience against current and future crises.

Influence of changes in occupational status during the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal narrative, suicide crisis syndrome, and suicidal ideation in Brazil.

This article aims to examine differences in suicidal narrative and suicide crisis syndrome symptoms, and suicidal ideation among those who maintained, lost, and gained employment or student status during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a cross-sectional study based on an online and anonymous self-report questionnaire. Participants were recruited through social media platforms between November 2020 and October 2021. Changes in occupational status were assessed in 2,259 individuals. The sample was divided into four groups according to work (full-time/part-time) and study status (1) maintained, (2) lost, (3) gained, and (4) unemployed. Suicide outcomes were investigated by the Suicidal Narrative Inventory, Suicide Crisis Inventory, and Columbia - Suicide Severity Rating Scale Screener version. Changes in occupational status influenced symptoms of the suicide crisis syndrome and suicidal narrative, but not suicidal ideation. Those who maintained their work, such as full-time/part-time scored lower on the total scores of the Suicidal Narrative Inventory and Suicide Crisis Inventory-2 compared to those who lost their employed status and unemployed. Our findings suggest that it is appropriate to consider changes in employed status as a mental health risk factor during pandemics.

Young nurses' perceptions about their employment, working and health conditions.

OBJECTIVE: to interpret young nursing professionals' perceptions about the relationship between working, employment and health conditions. METHOD: a qualitative study with an interpretive approach regarding the work-related experiences of 15 young nurses, who took part in the research through voluntary snowball sampling. The data from the interviews and the focus group were analyzed to reach an approximation to the realities inherent to the nurses' work life. RESULTS: the relevant study findings pointed out that work precariousness is a characteristic feature in the population group, mainly related to hiring modalities and to wages. According to the participants, the psychosocial working conditions (which were intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic) were the ones that caused the most effects on their mental and physical health. CONCLUSION: from the young nurses' perspective, this study reports how the macro- and micro-structural working conditions and their relationship with health are perceived, pointing out the key elements to devise interventions focused on life paths that foster decent and healthy work postulates in their work environments, as well as actions to prevent injuries or harms to nurses' health.

Road to perdition? The effect of illicit drug use on labour market outcomes of prime-age men in Mexico.

This research addresses the impact of illicit drug use on labour market outcomes of men in Mexico. We leverage statistical information from three waves of a comparable national survey and make use of the Lewbel's heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable strategy to deal with the endogeneity of the drug consumption. Our results suggests that drug consumption has fairly negative effects in the Mexican context: it reduces employment, occupational attainment and formality and raises unemployment of local males. These effects seem larger than those estimated for high-income economies.

Breastfeeding among women employed in Mexico's informal sector: strategies to overcome key barriers.

BACKGROUND: Rates of exclusive breastfeeding fall below recommended levels, particularly among women in paid employment. In Mexico, more than half of women are in informal employment, meaning they lack many of the protections that may support breastfeeding. METHODS: In-depth interviews with 15 key informants representing government agencies (n = 6 organizations), NGOs (n = 4), international organizations (n = 2), and academia (n = 2) in Mexico. Interviews were conducted between March and June 2023. To understand and describe barriers to breastfeeding among informally employed women in Mexico according to key informants and the current and potential policies to address these barriers, we conducted a qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS: Current policies to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding predominantly apply to all employed women, but respondents expressed concern that they did not provide adequate protection for women in informal employment. Additional themes concerned the need for relevant programs to be institutionalized and coordinated, discussions of breastfeeding as a right, and the legal equivalence (whether true in practice or not) of formal and informal workers. CONCLUSIONS: Women employed in Mexico's informal sector face a dearth of maternity protections. According to key informants, few policies exist to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding among employed women, in general, but the economic vulnerability and challenging working conditions of women in informal employment exacerbates their situation. The lack of access to formal labor protections, such as paid maternity leave, creates a significant barrier to breastfeeding for women in the informal sector. Recommendations include short-term policies to fill gaps in social protection for informally employed women, as well as longer-term solutions such as the development of universal social protection programs and supporting formalization.

Health, dependency and caregiving: barriers to economic activity among individuals aged 50 to 69 years in Mexico.

In Mexico, the economically active population aged over 50 years has been increasing in recent years. Due to their age, these workers may experience health deterioration and require some form of care. However, only formal employment is associated with better access to health services and pensions. At the same time, these workers may also need to care for children, sick partners or dependent older adults, which limits their time available for employment. This study examined the association between disability, receiving and providing care and access to health services, and economic activity among adults aged 50 to 69 in Mexico in 2015 and 2018. Multilevel modeling was conducted using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). The MHAS is a longitudinal panel study of adults aged 50 years and older. The study sample included data from 8,831 observations from 2015 and 10,445 observations from 2018. Those living with some degree of disability and receiving care were found to be less likely to be economically active than those living with disability and not receiving care. Similarly, individuals who care for someone were also found to be less likely to be employed. Furthermore, the data suggested that individuals without access to health services were more likely to be economically active. For individuals aged 50 to 69 years, health and care issues were factors that limited economic activity status. In family-oriented societies with weak welfare states, the right to health is partial for the population and care is traditionally the responsibility of women, which exacerbates gender inequalities and has a differential impact on paid work for men and women.

Association between job lost and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of food insecurity as mediator of this relationship.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between employment status and mental health, considering food insecurity as a mediator of this relation. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with adults (≥ 18 and < 60 years) during the COVID-19 outbreak in two cities from Southern Brazil. Employment status was categorized into working, not working, and lost job. The mental health outcomes evaluated were depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and sadness. Food insecurity was identified by the short-form version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Adjusted analyses using Poisson regression were performed to assess the association between employment status and mental health. Mediation analysis was performed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of employment status on mental health outcomes. In total, 1,492 adults were analyzed. The not working status was associated with 53% and 74% higher odds of perceived stress and of sadness, respectively. Being dismissed during the pandemic increased the odds of depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and sadness by 68%, 123%, and 128%, respectively. Mediation analyses showed that food insecurity was an important mediator of the association between employment status and depressive symptoms and sadness, but not of perceived stress. The complexity of these results highlights economic and nutritional aspects involved in mental health outcomes.

Estratégias de trabalhadores idosos para permanecerem no mercado formal de trabalho / Strategies for older workers to remain in the formal labor market

Frente ao acelerado envelhecimento populacional e as novas regras previdenciárias no Brasil, a empregabilidade das pessoas idosas é um desafio que merece atenção. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo compreender como pessoas idosas se mantêm no mercado de trabalho formal privado afim de lançar algumas contribuições da Psicologia para a permanência dos mais velhos no exercício profissional. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva, de caráter qualitativo. A amostra foi intencional e por conveniência, sendo constituída por 20 trabalhadores formais idosos, entre 60 e 69 anos, que foram entrevistados por meio de instrumento semi-estruturado. A análise do material seguiu a proposta de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados foram organizados em duas categorias: Os Trabalhadores, Significado do Trabalho e Mercado de Trabalho e Envelhecimento. Constatou-se que os trabalhadores se percebem saudáveis e produtivos, não sendo a idade uma característica que eles colocam em destaque, embora não ignorem. Contudo, o mercado de trabalho precisa ser mais inclusivo. Articular os potenciais dos trabalhadores de diferentes gerações no mercado de trabalho, mais do que uma vantagem para a organização que emprega, impacta positivamente a sociedade em que estes atoresestão inseridos.

In view of the accelerated population aging and the neu social security rules in Brazil, the employability of elderly people is a challenge that deserves attention. The main objective of this study is to understand how elderly people remain in the formal private labor market in order to launch some contributions from Psychology for the permanence of older people in professional practice. To this end, a descriptive exploratory research of a qualitative nature was carried out. The samplo was intentional and for convenience, consisting of 20 formal elderly workers,between 60 and 69 years old, who were intervieweb using a semi-structured instrument. The material analysis followed the Content Analysis proposal. The results were organized into three categories: Workers, Labor Market and Anging. It was found that workers perceive themselves to be healthy and productive, with age not being a characteristic that they highlight, although do not ignore. However, the labor market needs to be more inclusive. Articulating the potentials os workers form different generations in the labor market, more than an advantage for the organization that employs it, positively impacts the society in which these actors are inserted.

High Financial Hardship among Patients with Advanced Ovarian Cancer.

Ovarian cancer is considered the most fatal and costly gynecologic cancer. Although personalized therapies have improved ovarian cancer prognosis, they have resulted in increased financial toxicity concerns among this population. This study evaluated financial toxicity in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Using secondary data from a study of barriers to palliative care, financial toxicity (FT) was measured through the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity scale. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between selected demographic (i.e., age, race, ethnicity, education, place of birth, insurance type, yearly household income, employment status) and treatment-specific variables (i.e., years since diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal and targeted therapy) with clinically relevant financial toxicity. Characteristics were compared using Fisher's exact or chi squared tests. A total of 38 participants with advanced ovarian cancer were included in this study; 24% (n = 9) reported clinically significant FT. Income (p = .001), place of birth (p = .048) and employment status (p = .001) were related to FT. Study findings highlight that advanced ovarian cancer patients experience high FT, particularly those with low income, who are not able to work and were born outside the US. Further research using larger datasets and more representative samples is needed to inform intervention development and implementation.

Boletim Epidemiológico 001/2024 Acidentes de Trabalho / Epidemiological Bulletin 001/2024 Work Accidents

Boletim Epidemiológico 2024 que mostra acidente de trabalho, em tópicos: 1-Introdução; 2-Orientações sobre acidentes simples; 3-Acidente de Trabalho por Covid 19; 4-Acidentes segundo ocupação; 5-Acidentes segundo sexo e faixa etária; 6-Acidentes segundo raça-cor e evolução; 7-Acidentes segundo trimestre de notificação; 8-Acidentes com animais peçonhentos e trabalho; 9-Mortalidade por acidentes de trabalho; 10-População em idade ativa; 11-Preenchimento do campo ocupação. Usando tabelas, gráficos e mapas.

[Profile and career path of graduates from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation master's and doctoral courses (2013-2020)]. / Perfil e percurso profissional de egressos dos cursos de mestrado e doutorado da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (2013-2020).

This study aims to analyze the profile of graduates and identify factors associated with positive performance regarding training and professional insertion among those who have completed face-to-face master's and doctoral courses at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Brazil). A total of 2,462 graduates participated in the study (1,402 master's and 1,060 doctoral graduates), who answered a digital questionnaire containing questions about individual characteristics and professional insertion before entering the course and after completion. A measure on "positive post-course performance" was created. The results show that Master's graduates with a positive impact from the course tend to be men; to have a specialization degree before entering the course; to have paid employment after finishing the course in the areas of research, education, assistance, and management; and to be civil servants. In the Doctorate, the following profile is evident: graduates with paid employment after finishing the course in the areas of research or education; hired under a single legal regime or temporary contract as a legal entity; and with a scientific publication or patent. Evaluating/monitoring graduates must be established as an important public educational policy, incorporated into the institutional self-evaluation process, which makes it possible to review directions and priorities in the institution's educational and pedagogical agenda.

O objetivo do estudo é analisar o perfil de egressos e identificar fatores associados ao desempenho positivo relativo à trajetória de formação e de inserção profissional entre aqueles que concluíram cursos presenciais de mestrado e doutorado acadêmico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil). Participaram do estudo 2.462 egressos (1.402 de mestrado e 1.060 de doutorado) que responderam um questionário digital, contendo questões sobre perfil do egresso e inserção profissional antes do ingresso no curso e após a conclusão. Foi criada uma medida sobre "desempenho positivo pós-curso". Os resultados revelam que egressos de mestrado com impacto positivo do curso tendem a ser homens; ter especialização antes de ingressar no curso; ter emprego remunerado após o término do curso nas áreas de pesquisa, educação, assistência e gestão; e ser servidor público. No doutorado o seguinte perfil é evidenciado: egressos com emprego remunerado após o término do curso nas áreas de pesquisa ou educação; contratados por Regime Jurídico Único ou contrato temporário de pessoa jurídica; e com publicação científica ou patente. A avaliação/acompanhamento de egressos deve se instaurar como uma importante política pública educacional, incorporada no processo de autoavaliação institucional, o que possibilita rever rumos e prioridades na agenda educacional e pedagógica da instituição.

El objetivo del estudio es analizar el perfil de egresados e identificar factores asociados al desempeño positivo relacionado a la trayectoria de formación e inserción profesional entre aquellos que concluyeron cursos presenciales de maestría y doctorado académico de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil). Participaron del estudio 2.462 egresados (1.402 de maestría y 1.060 de doctorado) que contestaron el cuestionario de manera digital, con preguntas sobre el perfil del egresado y la inserción profesional antes del ingreso al curso y tras su conclusión. Se creó una medida sobre "desempeño positivo tras el curso". Los resultados muestran que los egresados de la maestría con un impacto positivo del curso tienden a ser hombres; tener especialización antes de ingresar al curso; tener trabajo remunerado tras concluir el curso en las áreas de investigación, educación, asistencia y gestión; y ser funcionario público. Se evidencia el siguiente perfil en el doctorado: egresados con trabajo remunerado tras el término del curso en las áreas de investigación o educación; contratados bajo un régimen jurídico único o un contrato temporal de persona jurídica; y con publicación científica o patente. La evaluación/seguimiento de egresados se debe establecer como una importante política pública educativa, incorporada en el proceso de autoevaluación institucional, lo que permite revisar direcciones y prioridades en la agenda educativa y pedagógica de la institución.

COVID-19 Economic and Academic Stress on Mexican American Adolescents' Psychological Distress: Parents as Essential Workers.

OBJECTIVES: In a sample of Mexican American adolescents (N = 398; 51% females; aged 13-17), we examined the associations between psychological distress, COVID-19 household economic stress, COVID-19 academic stress, and whether these associations varied by adolescents' gender and by parents/caregivers' essential worker status. METHOD: First, linear regression models assessed the main effects of household economic and academic stress on psychological distress. Second, the moderating effects of gender and parents/caregivers' essential worker status on the association between household economic and academic stress, and psychological distress were examined. Third, the three-way interaction effect of household economic stress, gender, and parents/caregivers' essential worker status on psychological distress as well as the three-way interaction effect of academic stress, gender, and parents/caregivers' essential worker status on psychological distress were calculated. RESULTS: Household economic and academic stress were associated with psychological distress. However, these associations did not vary based on adolescents' gender or parents/caregivers' essential worker status. The three-way interaction for household economic stress, parents/caregivers' essential worker status, and gender for psychological distress was significant. Specifically, the effects of household economic stress on psychological distress was worse for boys than girls whose parents/caregivers were essential workers. Furthermore, the three-way interaction among academic stress, parents/caregivers' essential worker status, and gender was significant. Particularly, the effects of academic stress when grades were worse on adolescents' psychological distress was worse for boys than girls whose parents/caregivers were essential workers. CONCLUSION: Parents/caregivers' essential worker status was salient among Mexican American adolescents' mental health outcomes during COVID-19, particularly for adolescent boys.