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1.
PLoS One ; 19(12): e0314905, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39739956

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of commercial laying hens fed with different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in their diet. For this purpose, 150 laying hens of the Dekalb White lineage, at 62 weeks of age, and with an initial average weight of 1.458 kg ± 8.70g, were used. They were housed in cages measuring 1.00 X 0.40 X 0.45m, equipped with chute-type feeders, automatic cup-type drinkers and chute for collecting eggs. They were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments with five replications of six birds. The treatments consisted of a reference diet, without moringa inclusion, and four test diets with levels of 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6% inclusion of moringa leaf meal. Water was provided ad libitum, and 120 g of feed per bird per day. The total experimental period lasted 122 days. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and Dunnett's test at 5% significance and, when significant, subjected to regression analysis. Analysis of the leaf flour revealed the presence of antinutritional factors in small concentrations. It was observed that the addition of moringa to the birds' diet did not influence performance parameters and provided significant increases in the average egg weight according to moringa inclusion levels of 1.5%, 4.5% and 6% when compared to the control diet, as well as a significant increase in the color of the egg yolks for all levels tested (1.5 to 6%). A reduction in Haugh unit values was observed when inclusion levels of moringa were 4.5% and 6%. Despite a reduction in Haugh unit values, they are still within the classification standards. Analysis of the biochemical parameters of the birds' blood serum did not show significant influences according to the levels of moringa inclusion in the diet, although a numerical reduction was observed in the cholesterol levels of birds fed with an inclusion of 6% of leaf flour in the diet, which could possibly be related to the presence of phytochemical compounds, more precisely ß-sitosterol. Moringa oleifera leaf meal can be used to feed laying birds without causing harm to the birds' performance, in addition to intensifying the color of the yolks.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Ovos , Moringa oleifera , Folhas de Planta , Animais , Moringa oleifera/química , Ração Animal/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Feminino , Ovos/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Farinha/análise
2.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 18(12): e0012737, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39715261

RESUMO

Previous studies have reported high diversity between and within populations of Toxoplasma gondii in South America. In the present study, isolates of T. gondii from chickens were obtained from the Amazon region. Adult free-range chickens were acquired from 29 municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon region that included Acre (n = 9 municipalities), Amapá (n = 6), Amazonas (n = 6), Pará (n = 6), and Roraima (n = 2) states and from two municipalities in Peru, three in Bolivia, one in Guyana, and one in Venezuela. Heart, brain, and blood samples were collected from 401 chickens. Anti-T. gondii serum antibodies were detected in 273 (68.1%) chickens using the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥ 5), and bioassays in mice were performed using 220 birds. Isolates were obtained from 116 (52.7%) chickens with antibody titers ≥ 20. Of these isolates, 93 (84.5%) led to acute sickness in more than 50% of the infected mice within 30 days post-inoculation. The 116 isolates were genotyped using multilocus nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (Mn-nPCR-RFLP) with 12 markers and 15 microsatellite (MS) markers. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed 42 genotypes from the 116 isolates. Of these, 20 (46.51%) genotypes are described for the first time. The most abundant genotype was ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #7 with 40 isolates. A total of 83 genotypes were observed from the 116 isolates by MS analysis. The phylogenetic network constructed of T. gondii genotypes from current and previously reported isolates, using PCR-RFLP data, revealed five groups with clear indication of geographical separation of T. gondii population in the Amazon region versus the Southeastern region of Brazil. Such spatial diversity was also observed within the Amazon region. This study expands our knowledge of T. gondii population in South America and emphasizes the importance of genetic diversity and high mouse-virulence of the parasite in the Amazon region.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Galinhas , Variação Genética , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Animal , Animais , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Galinhas/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Camundongos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Genótipo , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Feminino , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Testes de Aglutinação , Filogenia
3.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol ; 40(12): 405, 2024 Dec 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39630326

RESUMO

Leather industry is traditionally characterized by the use of large amounts of chemical agents, some of which are toxic to human health and the environment. However, during the last years, many efforts have been made with the aim of successfully implement enzymes as agents for different leather production stages. The lipopeptides produced by the Bacillus spp. genus have excellent surfactants and antibacterial properties and may collaborate in the soaking stage of leather processing as well as in leather preservation. Moreover, Bacillus sp. proteases and lipopeptides can be co-produced in one culture medium, saving the production costs. In the present work, a screening of enzymatic activities was performed on 11 strains of the Bacillus sp. genus that have been isolated from samples of an artisan tannery from Salta, Argentina. In particular, the ability of B. amyloliquefaciens B65 to degrade α-type (nails, hair, wool) and ß-type (feathers) keratin was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The co-production of proteases, keratinases, glycosidases, and lipopeptides of this strain was conducted at 37 °C in mineral media supplemented with chicken feathers. In these nutrient-deficient media, the strain secreted amylases, pectinases, proteases, keratinases, and collagenases. A MALDI-TOF study also revealed that the strains secreted homologues of kurstakins, iturins, surfactins, and fengycines lipopeptides families. Therefore, B. amyloliquefaciens B65 presents great industrial potential applications, not only for tanneries but also for other industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, textiles, and detergents, among others.


Assuntos
Plumas , Queratinas , Lipopeptídeos , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Curtume , Lipopeptídeos/metabolismo , Lipopeptídeos/biossíntese , Lipopeptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Plumas/microbiologia , Plumas/metabolismo , Animais , Queratinas/metabolismo , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus/metabolismo , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/metabolismo , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/genética , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/isolamento & purificação , Argentina , Galinhas , Biotecnologia/métodos , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Amilases/metabolismo
4.
J Chem Theory Comput ; 20(24): 10770-10786, 2024 Dec 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39663763

RESUMO

Proteins are dynamic entities that adopt diverse conformations, which play a pivotal role in their function. Understanding these conformations is essential, and protein collective motions, particularly those captured by normal mode (NM) and their linear combinations, provide a robust means for conformational sampling. This work introduces a novel approach to obtaining a uniformly oriented set of a given number of lowest frequency NM combined vectors and generating harmonically equidistant restrained structures along them. They are all thus uniformly located on concentric hyperspheres, systematically covering the defined NM space fully. The generated structures are further relaxed with standard molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the conformational space. The efficiency of the approach we termed "distributed points Molecular Dynamics using Normal Modes" (dpMDNM) was assessed by applying it to hen egg-white lysozyme and human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). To this purpose, we compared our new approach with other methods and analyzed the sampling of existing experimental structures. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of dpMDNM in extensive conformational sampling, particularly as more NMs are considered. Ensembles generated by dpMDNM exhibited a broad coverage of the experimental structures, providing valuable insights into the functional aspects of lysozyme and CYP3A4. Furthermore, dpMDNM also covered lysozyme structures with relatively elevated energies corresponding to transient states not easily obtained by standard MD simulations, in conformity with nuclear magnetic resonance structural indications. This method offers an efficient and rational framework for comprehensive protein conformational sampling, contributing significantly to our understanding of protein dynamics and function.


Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Muramidase , Conformação Proteica , Muramidase/química , Muramidase/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/química , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Humanos , Animais , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Galinhas
5.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 30250, 2024 12 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39633043

RESUMO

Avian photopic curves show energy peaks at different wavelengths than humans, particularly in the ultraviolet, yellow, and red range. Therefore, an illumination system with a spectrum tailored for laying hens, encompassing the entire visible spectrum, can enhance performance and welfare. The primary contribution of this study was the development of two Spectral Power Distributions (SPDs) specifically designed for laying hens, with different spectral proportions (S1 and S2), and the evaluation of their effects on productive performance, egg quality, and hormonal levels, compared to conventional white lighting at 3000 K (C). The SPD with a higher emission of red light to increased egg production and egg mass. It also had a lower melatonin concentration, suggesting an inverse relationship with the egg production rate. Regarding egg quality, SPDs specifically designed for laying hens resulted in eggs with greater weight (S1), shell strength (S2), and yolk height (S1 and S2) and diameter (S2). The study's results indicate that lighting emitting wavelengths within the spectrum visible to poultry, with higher emissions at long wavelengths, appears to be more favorable for laying hens than conventional lighting. A spectrum with higher emissions at shorter wavelengths appears to impair the productive performance of laying hens.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Radiação Eletromagnética , Luz , Melatonina , Animais , Feminino , Melatonina/metabolismo , Melatonina/sangue , Iluminação , Ovos/análise
6.
Animal ; 18(12): 101363, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39566363

RESUMO

Maize is the primary energy source in poultry diets. Nutritional and physical traits related to maize composition can affect nutrient utilization, as well as the efficacy of exogenous enzymes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of maize from different batches and protease supplementation on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens from 1 to 40 days of age. A total of 1 920-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were assigned in a complete randomized design distributed into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising maize from two different batches (A and B) without and with protease (0 and 200 g/t), totaling 4 treatments and 12 replicates of 40 broiler chickens each. Experimental diets were divided into starter, grower I, grower II, and finisher phases. Both maize types were analyzed for nutritional composition, hardness, and structural differences in the starch granules via scanning electron microscopy. Feed intake, weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated. Ileal digesta was collected at 35 days to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, CP, and ileal digestible energy (IDE). Hardness was higher in maize grains from batch A (P < 0.05), which may be associated with the denser and compact starch granules observed in electron microscopy. Broiler chickens fed maize from batch B and supplemented with protease showed greater WG and better FCR from 9 to 19 days (P < 0.05). From 1 to 40 days, birds fed the maize B diet had greater WG and lower FCR compared to those fed the maize A diet (P < 0.05). In the total period, protease supplementation reduced FCR (P < 0.01). No differences were found for AID of DM and CP, but broilers fed maize B diets had greater IDE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, although nutrient ileal digestibility was unaffected by treatments, the use of maize B led to superior growth performance and energy utilization due to its softer endosperm and starch composition, and protease supplementation reduced FCR and increased IDE regardless of maize batch.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Digestão , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Zea mays , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/fisiologia , Zea mays/química , Ração Animal/análise , Masculino , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo , Nutrientes , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 283(Pt 4): 137970, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39581392

RESUMO

Thymol, known for its antimicrobial properties, was combined with acetic acid, betaine, and caprylic acid to form hydrophobic natural eutectic solvents (NAES), whose influence on the properties of bovine gelatin films was investigated. Films showed enhanced mechanical performance and a clear plasticizing effect provided by the natural eutectic solvents. At 300 wt% concentration, tensile strength and elongation at break reached 871 ± 78 kPa and 141 ± 10 % for acetic acid, 391 ± 41 kPa and 159 ± 10 % for betaine, and 1209 ± 52 kPa and 198 ± 15 % for caprylic acid. Water vapor permeability and total soluble matter were reduced, and swelling decreased to ~250 %, ~150 %, and ~ 200 % for films with 300 wt% of acetic acid, betaine, and caprylic acid, respectively. Pure thymol exhibited significant volatility, with 17.10 ± 1.50 % weight loss over one week, while the NADES demonstrated dramatically reduced losses (up to 1.15 ± 0.04 %). The films displayed exceptional antibacterial activity, achieving inhibition diameters of 34 mm against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and films with caprylic or acetic NAES achieved undetectable CFU levels for major pathogens on chicken breast. These results highlight the antimicrobial potency and enhanced stability of NAES-based gelatin films for active packaging applications.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Gelatina , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Solventes , Timol , Timol/química , Timol/farmacologia , Gelatina/química , Animais , Solventes/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Resistência à Tração , Permeabilidade , Bovinos , Caprilatos/química , Caprilatos/farmacologia , Vapor , Ácido Acético/química , Galinhas
8.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 56(9): 393, 2024 Nov 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39581918

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the global levels of DNA methylation and alterations in hematological and electrolytic parameters of two strains of laying hens subjected to heat stress and thermal comfort in climatic chambers. The experiment was conducted in two climate chambers with 192 laying hens of two strains: Dekalb White and Dekalb Brown. After the seven-day adaptation period, each climate chamber was programmed to a thermal condition for 28 consecutive days: Comfort (THI = 73.8) and Heat Stress (THI = 85.9). Blood samples were collected weekly. At each collection, a total of three milliliters of venous blood was collected from the ulnar wing or jugular vein. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with a 2 × 2 factorial scheme with split plots. Blood glucose, complete blood count, pH, ionized calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and global DNA methylation were evaluated. Stress increased chloride levels but did not affect the other evaluated blood parameters. At 28 days of the experiment, the Dekalb Brown strain showed higher levels of leukocytes and hematocrit and lower concentrations of chloride and sodium compared to the Dekalb White strain. Leukocyte levels, plasma protein, sodium, and ionized calcium remained above reference values for both strains. There were no methylation differences between temperature treatments, but a significant difference was observed between strains at 28 days of the experiment. Methylation patterns were independent of the evaluated blood parameters in this study but dependent on the bird strain, suggesting that strains respond with different biological mechanisms to heat adaptation. The absence of correlation does not completely exclude a causal relationship, and further studies are needed to investigate possible physiological and biological associations of blood and how strains respond to different heat adaptive mechanisms.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Metilação de DNA , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Animais , Galinhas/sangue , Galinhas/fisiologia , Galinhas/genética , Feminino , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/fisiologia , Temperatura Alta , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/sangue
9.
Biomolecules ; 14(11)2024 Nov 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39595600

RESUMO

Heat stress can disrupt the balance between the heat poultry release into the environment and the heat they generate. Pequi oil has antioxidant properties, which may mitigate the heat stress effects. This study aimed to investigate the response of laying hens to pequi oil supplementation under heat stress using a proteomic approach. A total of 96 Lohmann White laying hens with 26 weeks old were housed in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. They were housed in two climate chambers, thermal comfort temperature ± 24.04 °C with the relative humidity ± 66.35 and heat stress (HS) ± 31.26 °C with the relative humidity ± 60.62. They were fed two diets: a control diet (CON), basal diet (BD) without additives, and with Pequi oil (PO), BD + 0.6% PO. After 84 days, plasma samples were analyzed using Shotgun and LC-MS/MS. Proteins related to anti-inflammation, transport, and the immune system were differentially expressed in hens fed PO and CON under heat stress compared to those in thermoneutral environments. This helps protect against oxidative stress and may support the body's ability to manage heat-induced damage, stabilizing protein expression under stress conditions. The ovotransferrin proteins, fibrinogen isoforms, apolipoprotein A-I, Proteasome activator subunit 4, Transthyretin, and the enzyme serine Peptidase Inhibitor_Kazal Type 5, which presented Upregulated (Up) equal to 1, present characteristics that may be crucial for enhancing the adaptive responses of hens to thermal stress, thereby increasing their tolerance and minimizing the negative effects of heat on egg production. The data presented in this manuscript provides new insights into the plasma proteome alterations of laying hens fed a diet supplemented with pequi oil during heat stress challenges.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Galinhas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Óleos de Plantas , Proteoma , Animais , Proteoma/metabolismo , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Biomarcadores/sangue , Ração Animal/análise , Proteômica/métodos , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/metabolismo , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/sangue , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/dietoterapia , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise
10.
Parasitol Res ; 123(11): 393, 2024 Nov 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39585431

RESUMO

The life-cycle of Amblyomma calcaratum was evaluated experimentally under laboratory conditions using birds (Serinus canaria, Gallus gallus) and rodents (Calomys callosus) as hosts for immatures and a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as host for adults. Developmental periods of the non-parasitic stages were observed in an incubator at 27 °C and 90% RH. The passerine S. canaria was the most suitable host for larvae and nymphs whereas the rodent C. callosus was not suitable to both immatures; only one engorged larva was recovered. The suitability of S. canaria for larvae and nymphs of A. calcaratum supports field data regarding passerine birds as main hosts for A. calcaratum immatures. Among the Amblyomma species which life cycle has been evaluated under laboratory conditions, A. calcaratum is one with the longest off-host developmental periods.


Assuntos
Larva , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Animais , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Coelhos/parasitologia , Amblyomma/fisiologia , Amblyomma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Roedores/parasitologia , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ninfa/fisiologia , Galinhas/parasitologia
11.
Biol Res ; 57(1): 79, 2024 Nov 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39506870

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Vitamin C plays key roles in cellular homeostasis, functioning as a potent antioxidant and a positive regulator of cell differentiation. In skeletal muscle, the vitamin C/sodium co-transporter SVCT2 is preferentially expressed in oxidative slow fibers. SVCT2 is up-regulated during the early fusion of primary myoblasts and decreases during initial myotube growth, indicating the relevance of vitamin C uptake via SVCT2 for early skeletal muscle differentiation and fiber-type definition. However, our understanding of SVCT2 expression and function in adult skeletal muscles is still limited. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrate that SVCT2 exhibits an intracellular distribution in chicken slow skeletal muscles, following a highly organized striated pattern. A similar distribution was observed in human muscle samples, chicken cultured myotubes, and isolated mouse myofibers. Immunohistochemical analyses, combined with biochemical cell fractionation experiments, reveal a strong co-localization of SVCT2 with intracellular detergent-soluble membrane fractions at the central sarcomeric M-band, where it co-solubilizes with sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. Remarkably, electrical stimulation of cultured myofibers induces the redistribution of SVCT2 into a vesicular pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel insights into the dynamic roles of SVCT2 in different intracellular compartments in response to functional demands.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Fibras Musculares de Contração Lenta , Transportadores de Sódio Acoplados à Vitamina C , Animais , Transportadores de Sódio Acoplados à Vitamina C/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares de Contração Lenta/metabolismo , Camundongos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo
12.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 283(Pt 1): 137161, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39500436

RESUMO

Smart films of starch/pectin and purple carrot peel (PCP) containing anthocyanins were developed, characterized, and used as pH-responsive tags to monitor plant-based chicken analogous. This study innovates by incorporating PCP in the film solution both as an extract and as a powder, and the resulting tags were applied to a plant-based food. PCP powder <100-mesh was directly incorporated into the film-forming suspension. For powder >100-mesh, two extracts were tested: an aqueous solution and a 1 % NADES solution added to the film-forming suspension. Quantification of PCP anthocyanins by HPLC showed a higher extraction under acidic conditions (1664 mg C3G equivalents 100 g-1). Films with PCP presented greater light protection. Films with 15 % and 25 % PCP and those with added extract showed better tensile strength (3.0-3.6 MPa), elongation at break (16-20 %) and a water contact angle of 52°. All films responded to pH variations (1 to 14) and ammonia vapor and showed ΔE* values >5. After 3 days, films used as smart tags monitoring chicken analogous presented noticeable color differences for PCPNADES (55 ± 8) and 15%PCP (40 ± 1). PCP showed strong potential as a pigmenting agent in films, especially as an aqueous extract with NADES for use as pH-responsive tags in chicken analogous.


Assuntos
Antocianinas , Galinhas , Daucus carota , Pectinas , Amido , Daucus carota/química , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/análise , Amido/química , Animais , Pectinas/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Carne/análise , Embalagem de Alimentos/métodos , Resistência à Tração , Extratos Vegetais/química
13.
PLoS One ; 19(11): e0313214, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39541315

RESUMO

Currently available conventional breeding methods for broilers often result in impaired biomechanics and skeletal growth for the animals. The addition of environmental enrichment is an alternative which can help alleviate these effects. This study examines the effects of environmental enrichment on biomechanics, morphometry, and bone mass of broilers across various age groups. In total, 112 Cobb 500 chicks (50% male and 50% female) were used in a completely randomized design experiment, with 56 broilers per treatment (T1 and T2), carried out in subdivided plots. Each plot was subjected to a different treatment, as follows: all plots were subjected to the treatments (T1 = environmental enrichment and T2 = no environment enrichment) and the sub-plots held the broilers' age groups (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days old). Eight broilers were euthanized on a weekly basis for two production cycles in order to perform morphometric (diameter and length) and biomechanical analysis of the response variables. These measurements were performed on the femur and tibia. Birds were subjected to classical linear fixed effects model and compared through Tukey's mean test. Significant interactions between environmental enrichment and broiler age were noticed, particularly at 42 days, which displayed bone development for all variables under study. Except for the length of the femur of broiler chickens (p = 0.4638). Therefore, simple effects will not be evaluated. Environmental enrichment had a notable impact on tibia length (p = 0.0035), femur weight (p = 0.0014), and tibia weight (p<0.0001) at 42 days, indicating a favorable effect on skeletal growth in broilers. Enrichment resulted in a 1% increase in femur inertia, a 2% rise in tibia inertia, and a 1% enhancement in ultimate bending stress for both bones, displaying improved structural integrity and durability. Beneficial changes in bone morphology and biomechanics were observed at 42 days after enrichment.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Fêmur , Tíbia , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Masculino , Tíbia/fisiologia , Tíbia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tíbia/anatomia & histologia , Fêmur/fisiologia , Fêmur/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Meio Ambiente , Locomoção
14.
Microb Pathog ; 196: 106987, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39374885

RESUMO

Gallibacterium anatis is a member of the Pasteurellaceae family and is an opportunistic pathogen that causes gallibacteriosis in chickens. Stress plays a relevant role in promoting the development of pathogenicity in G. anatis. Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) are relevant to stress; however, their effects on G. anatis have not been elucidated. In this work, we evaluated the effects of E and NE on the growth, biofilm formation, expression of adhesins, and proteases of two G. anatis strains, namely, the hemolytic 12656-12 and the nonhemolytic F149T biovars. E (10 µM/mL) and NE (30 and 50 µM/mL) increased the growth of G. anatis 12656-12 by 20 % and 25 %, respectively. E did not affect the growth of F149T, whereas 40 µM/mL NE decreased bacterial growth by 25 %. E and NE at a dose of 30-50 µM/mL upregulated five fibrinogen adhesins in the 12565-12 strain, whereas no effect was observed in the F149T strain. NE increased proteolytic activity in both strains, whereas E diminished proteolytic activity in the 12656-12 strain. E and NE reduced biofilm formation (30 %) and increased Congo red binding (15 %) in both strains. QseBC is the E and NE two-component detection system most common in bacteria. The qseC gene, which is the E and NE receptor in bacteria, was identified in the genomic DNA of the 12565-12 and F149TG. anatis strains via PCR amplification. Our results suggest that QseC can detect host changes in E and NE concentrations and that catecholamines can modulate the expression of several virulence factors in G. anatis.


Assuntos
Biofilmes , Galinhas , Epinefrina , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Norepinefrina , Pasteurellaceae , Fatores de Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Pasteurellaceae/genética , Pasteurellaceae/patogenicidade , Pasteurellaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Pasteurellaceae/metabolismo , Animais , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Adesinas Bacterianas/genética , Adesinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/veterinária
15.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 24803, 2024 10 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39438582

RESUMO

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the impact of replacing inorganic mineral sources (IM) with amino acid complexed minerals (AACM) in laying hens' diets on performance, egg quality, bone, and intestinal health. The effects of 4 different diets with varying levels of AACM substitution were evaluated on 400 Lohmann White hens aged 78-98 weeks. The control diet contained only IM sources at levels of 60, 60, 7, 40, 0.2, and 2 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Se, and I, respectively. The other treatments were made by a total substitution of IM with AACM, as follows: AACM70-70% of IM levels; AACM50-50% of IM levels; and AACM40-40% of IM levels. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts and Dunnett's test were used to determine their impact (P < 0.05). The treatment AACM40 improved egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Hens that received AACM40 also produced the thickest eggshells and better tibial bone density (P < 0.01). Histomorphometry analyses demonstrated significant effects of AACM treatments. The optimal supplementation levels of 24, 24, 2.8, 16, 0.08, and 0.8 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Se, and I, respectively.


Assuntos
Aminoácidos , Ração Animal , Galinhas , Minerais , Animais , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Minerais/metabolismo , Feminino , Ração Animal/análise , Ovos/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dieta/veterinária , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Oviposição/efeitos dos fármacos
16.
BMC Biol ; 22(1): 243, 2024 Oct 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39443999

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The snake genera Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Metlapilcoatlus form a clade of neotropical pit vipers distributed across Mexico and Central America. This study evaluated the myotoxic and neurotoxic effects of nine species of Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Metlapilcoatlus, and the neutralising efficacy of the ICP antivenom from Costa Rica against these effects, in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. Given the prominence of PLA2s within the venom proteomes of these species, we also aimed to determine the neutralising potency of the PLA2 inhibitor, varespladib. RESULTS: All venoms showed myotoxic and potential neurotoxic effects, with differential intra-genera and inter-genera potency. This variation was also seen in the antivenom ability to neutralise the muscle damaging pathophysiological effects observed. Variation was also seen in the relative response to the PLA2 inhibitor varespladib. While the myotoxic effects of M. mexicanus and M. nummifer venoms were effectively neutralised by varespladib, indicating myotoxicity is PLA2 mediated, those of C. godmani and M. olmec venoms were not, revealing that the myotoxicity is driven by non-PLA2 toxin types. CONCLUSIONS: This study characterises the myotoxic and neurotoxic venom activity, as well as neutralisation of venom effects from the Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Metlapilcoatlus clade of American crotalids. Our findings contribute significant clinical and evolutionary knowledge to a clade of poorly researched snakes. In addition, these results provide a platform for future research into the reciprocal interaction between ecological niche specialisation and venom evolution, as well as highlighting the need to test purified toxins to accurately evaluate the potential effects observed in these venoms.


Assuntos
Antivenenos , Galinhas , Venenos de Crotalídeos , Animais , Antivenenos/farmacologia , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , América Central , Miotoxicidade , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Crotalinae , Acetatos , Indóis , Cetoácidos
17.
Br Poult Sci ; 65(6): 781-789, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39399982

RESUMO

1. Dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) has been used to minimise problems in broiler chickens raised in warm climates. However, there is a need to determine the most appropriate DEB levels in these animals2. This study evaluated the influence of five DEB levels (110, 175, 240, 305 and 370 mEq/kg) on water intake (WI), zootechnical performance (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio), tibiotarsus bone variables (fresh bone weight, dry bone weight, bone length, mineral matter, Seedor index and bone strength) and intestinal histomorphometry (villus height (VH) and width (VW), crypt height (CH) and width (CW), internal and external muscularis) on broilers in two developmental phases (1-21 and 22-42 d of age). Additionally, the haematological profile (blood count and serum biochemistry), carcass yield, cuts and abdominal fat were assessed.3. Applying 370 mEq/kg DEB increased WI, VW in the jejunum and ileum and number of haemocytes at 21 d, while WI and VW in the duodenum and ileum at 42 d. In contrast, 110 mEq/kg increased chlorine concentrations at 21 d and leukocyte and heterophil numbers at 42 d.4. In summary, the 370 mEq/kg level was the most appropriate for broiler homoeostasis raised under natural heat stress, as the best results were found on WI and VW variables. Therefore, this DEB level was recommended in broilers aged 21 or 42 d.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico , Animais , Galinhas/fisiologia , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Eletrólitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Distribuição Aleatória , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga
18.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 56(8): 369, 2024 Oct 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39476271

RESUMO

There are concerns about residues of drugs in meat that are used to prevent coccidiosis in chickens. Natural compounds are an alternative to drugs. Two studies investigated the effect of an extract of Enterolobium cyclocarpum fruits (EEC) in the feed of male Leghorn chickens exposed to Eimeria spp. In the first experiment, the administration of EEC after infection with Eimeria spp. was investigated over 16 days. One thousand chickens were randomly housed in 20 pens of 1 m2 each. The pens were randomly assigned to each treatment. Five treatments were administered, containing 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg of EEC in the feed, the fourth treatment (C) contained 0.5 g/kg of a commercial anticoccidial, and the fifth treatment provided no treatment (WA). The second experiment lasted 18 days. Administration of the EEC began five days before the chickens were infected with Eimeria spp. Four hundred and eighty chickens were randomly allocated to 24 pens of 1 m2. The pens were randomly assigned to each treatment. In the second experiment, the same five treatments were tested and one additional treatment containing 300 mg EEC plus 1 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/kg of feed (E300PEG). In the experiment one chickens in the EEC treatments had lower faecal oocyst excretion (OE) on day 14 post infection with Eimeria spp., than chickens in the WA treatment (P < 0.05). A reduction in live weight gain (LWG) was observed in the EEC treatments (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, the excretion of oocysts in chickens from the EEC and E300PEG treatments on day 13 post-infection with Eimeria spp. was the same as in the C treatment and lower than in the WA treatment (P < 0.05). LWG was lower in the EEC treatments than in the C treatment (P < 0.05). However, the Chickens in the E300PEG and C treatments had similar LWG (P > 0.05) suggesting that PEG inhibits the negative effect of EEC tannins on LWG. In conclusion, the addition of EEC to chicken feed reduced both OE and LWG. Treatment with EEC and PEG (E300PEG) reduced the excretion of oocysts without negative effects on LWG.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Coccidiose , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , Fabaceae , Frutas , Extratos Vegetais , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Coccidiose/veterinária , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Eimeria/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Fabaceae/química , Coccidiostáticos/administração & dosagem , Coccidiostáticos/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Distribuição Aleatória , Fezes/parasitologia
19.
PLoS One ; 19(10): e0311813, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39418286

RESUMO

This study investigated the optimal dietary intake of zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AAC) for white-layer pullets, focusing on their productive performance, biochemical profile, organ biometry, and body zinc retention. The study involved 360 Dekalb White pullets (average weight: 433 ± 4.42 g) aged from 6 to 16 weeks and distributed into 6 treatments with 6 replications each. The Zn-AAC inclusion levels ranged from 5 to 75 mg kg-1. Zinc intake was modeled using a nonlinear equation, Y = ∝ *1- e-ßX, where α is the maximum response, ß is the rate at which the response approaches the maximum (P < 0.05). The Zn-AAC supplementation had significant effects on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed convention ratio (FCR) (P < 0.01). Optimal intake levels of Zn-AAC were estimated at 0.234, 0.340, and 0.315 mg bird-1 day-1 (5.42, 7.87, and 7.30 mg kg-1) for ADG, ADFI, and FCR, respectively. The Zn-AAC supplementation affected the Zn body retention in pullets (P < 0.01), with an optimal ingestion at 1.86 mg bird -1 day-1, corresponding to a dietary supplementation of 43.10 mg kg-1. Additionally, supplementation affected alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P < 0.01) without significant changes in aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, and globulin levels. The optimal Zn-AAC intake level for ALP activity was 1.45 mg bird -1 day-1, corresponding to dietary supplementation of 33.60 mg kg-1. Based on Zn body retention, we recommend up to 1.86 mg bird -1 day-1 of Zn-AAC, which is equivalent to 43.10 mg kg-1.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Zinco , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Animais , Feminino , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal
20.
Avian Dis ; 68(3): 231-239, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39400218

RESUMO

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important pathogens affecting poultry, given its impact on health and production systems worldwide, despite widespread vaccination. Over the past 20 years, NDV has caused severe outbreaks of disease in Peru. These outbreaks primarily affected gamecocks and broiler chickens, with an additional reported case in commercial layers. Therefore, our objective was to identify and characterize the virus responsible for these cases in Peru. We analyzed 14 suspected clinical cases in domestic birds for NDV detection, isolation, and genetic characterization. Among these cases, seven involved gamecocks, with six genotype XII isolates and one genotype VII isolate, representing the first report of NDV genotype VII isolate from fighting roosters in Peru. Additionally, among the six cases in broiler chickens, we detected four genotype XII isolates and three genotype II isolates, including one sample containing both genotypes XII and II. Furthermore, a genotype I viral isolate was identified in a laying hen. Hence, we concluded that two divergent, highly virulent NDV genotypes, genotypes XII and VII, along with avirulent forms such as genotypes I and II are circulating among domestic birds in Peru. Genetic analysis indicates that these viruses are evolving locally within avian species and offers the basis necessary for vaccine adaptation to circulating viruses. Our results highlight the cocirculation of multiple virulent and nonvirulent NDV genotypes in domestic birds in Peru, underscoring the potential role of gamecocks as a viral source of virulent NDV strains in the country and the occurrence of outbreaks in poultry farms.


Cocirculación de los genotipos XII y VII del virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle junto con formas no virulentas caracterizadas en aves domésticas del Perú. El virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV) es uno de los patógenos más importantes que afectan a la avicultura, dado su impacto en la salud y los sistemas de producción en todo el mundo, a pesar de la vacunación generalizada. Durante los últimos 20 años, el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle ha causado graves brotes de enfermedades en el Perú. Estos brotes afectaron principalmente a gallos de pelea y pollos de engorde, con un caso adicional reportado en aves de postura comerciales. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue identificar y caracterizar el virus responsable de estos casos en el Perú. Se analizaron 14 casos cl'inicos sospechosos en aves domésticas para la detección, aislamiento y caracterización genética del virus de Newcastle. Entre estos casos, siete involucraron gallos de pelea, con seis aislamientos del genotipo XII y un aislado del genotipo VII, lo que representa el primer informe de aislamiento del genotipo VII del virus de Newcastle de gallos de pelea en Perú. Además, entre los seis casos en pollos de engorde, se detectaron cuatro aislados del genotipo XII y tres aislados del genotipo II, incluida una muestra que con-ten'ia ambos genotipos XII y II. Además, se identificó un aislado viral de genotipo I en una gallina de postura. Por lo tanto, se concluye que dos genotipos divergentes y altamente virulentos del virus de Newcastle, los genotipos XII y VII, junto con formas avirulentas como los genotipos I y II, están circulando entre las aves domésticas en el Perú. El análisis genético indica que estos virus están evolucionando localmente dentro de las especies aviares y ofrece las bases necesarias para realizar adaptaciones de las vacunas contra los virus circulantes. Nuestros resultados resaltan la cocirculación de múltiples genotipos del virus de Newcastle virulentos y no virulentos en aves domésticas en Perú, subrayando el papel potencial de los gallos de pelea como fuente viral de cepas virulentas del virus de Newcastle en el pa'is y la aparición de brotes en granjas av'icolas.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Genótipo , Doença de Newcastle , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/genética , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/classificação , Peru/epidemiologia , Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Doença de Newcastle/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Virulência , Feminino
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