Association and temporal sequence of pneumonia and gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) are common medical complications after stroke. The previous study suggested a strong association between SAP and GIB after stroke. However, little is known about the time sequence of SAP and GIB. In the present study, we aimed to verify the association and clarify the temporal sequence of SAP and GIB after ischemic stroke. METHODS: Patients with ischemic stroke from in-hospital Medical Complication after Acute Stroke study were analyzed. Data on occurrences of SAP and GIB during hospitalization and the intervals from stroke onset to diagnosis of SAP and GIB were collected. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between SAP and GIB. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the time intervals from stroke onset to diagnosis of SAP and GIB. RESULTS: A total of 1129 patients with ischemic stroke were included. The median length of hospitalization was 14 days. Overall, 86 patients (7.6%; 95% CI, 6.1-9.2%) developed SAP and 47 patients (4.3%; 95% CI, 3.0-5.3%) developed GIB during hospitalization. After adjusting potential confounders, SAP was significantly associated with the development of GIB after ischemic stroke (OR = 5.13; 95% CI, 2.02-13.00; P < 0.001). The median time from stroke onset to diagnosis of SAP was shorter than that of GIB after ischemic stroke (4 days vs. 5 days; P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: SAP was associated with GIB after ischemic stroke, and the onset time of SAP was earlier than that of GIB. It is imperative to take precautions to prevent GIB in stroke patients with SAP.

Adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with proton pump inhibitor use after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed for gastroprotection in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), who are at increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding due to antiplatelet therapy. However, emerging evidence suggests that PPIs may adversely impact cardiovascular outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the relationship between using PPIs and cardiovascular outcomes in patients following PCI. METHODS: We searched various databases up to March 15, 2024, for observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the cardiovascular effects of PPIs in PCI patients. Data were extracted on study characteristics, patient demographics, PPI use, and cardiovascular outcomes. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2 assessed study quality. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model using R software version 4.3. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies involving diverse populations and study designs were included. Observational studies suggested a moderate increase in risk for composite cardiovascular diseases (CVD), myocardial infarction (MI), and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with PPI use, with pooled hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.093-1.308) for CVD, 1.186 (95% CI: 1.069-1.303) for MI, and 1.155 (95% CI: 1.001-1.309) for MACE. However, RCTs showed no significant link between PPI therapy and negative cardiovascular events (Relative Risk: 1.016, 95% CI: 0.878-1.175). Substantial heterogeneity was observed among observational studies but not RCTs. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that while observational studies suggest a potential risk of adverse cardiovascular events with post-PCI use of PPI, RCTs do not support this association. Further large-scale, high-quality studies are required to understand the cardiovascular implications of individual PPIs better and optimize patient management post-PCI. This analysis shows the complexity of PPI use in patients with coronary artery diseases and the necessity to balance gastroprotective benefits against potential cardiovascular risks.

Histopathological Outcome of Colonoscopic Biopsies in a Tertiary Hospital in Southwestern Nigeria: A 7-Year Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Colonoscopy with histopathological analysis of mucosal biopsy samples remains the gold standard procedure for diagnosing lower gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to determine the pattern of histopathological findings of mucosal biopsies obtained at colonoscopy over a 7-year period and to correlate the histological findings with the clinical profile of the patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in a healthcare facility in southwestern Nigeria. The Histology reports from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022, were retrieved from the histopathology department of the institution to obtain the following information for analysis: age, gender, year of the test, presenting complaint, provisional clinical diagnosis, colonoscopy diagnosis, and histological diagnosis. RESULTS: The data of a total number of 81 patients were analyzed; 51 males (63.0%) and 30 females (37.0%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7-1. The age range of the patients was 30-86 years with a mean (±standard deviations) age of 59.87 ± 14.44. The most common indication for colonoscopy was hematochezia (23 (28.4%)) followed by change in bowel habit (16 [19.8%]), constipation (11 [13.6%]), and tenesmus (10 [12.3%]). Large bowel masses suggestive of cancers were the most common colonoscopy finding in the study subjects (36 [44.4%]). Colorectal cancer was the most common histologic abnormality in the study subjects (26 [32.1%]) followed by chronic nonspecific colitis (8 [9.9%]), polyps (7 [8.6%]), adenomas (5 [6.2%]) and acute on chronic colitis (5 [6.2%]). Twenty-two (27.2%) patients had normal histologic findings. Patients aged between 45 and 64 years had the highest prevalence of colorectal cancer (13 [50.0%]). CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancer was the most common histopathological finding in this study and the patients were mostly within the middle-age group. Early screening colonoscopy is therefore recommended and histopathological analysis of the mucosal specimens obtained is essential for early detection of premalignant lesions.

Résumé Contexte et Objectif:La coloscopie avec analyse histopathologique d'échantillons de biopsie muqueuse reste la procédure de référence pour diagnostiquer les troubles gastro-intestinaux inférieurs. Cette étude visait à déterminer le schéma des résultats histopathologiques des biopsies muqueuses obtenues à la coloscopie sur une période de sept ans et à corréler les résultats histologiques avec le profil clinique des patients.Méthodes:Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective menée dans un établissement de santé du sud-ouest du Nigeria. Les rapports d'histologie du 1er janvier 2016 au 31 décembre 2022 ont été récupérés auprès du service d'histopathologie de l'établissement afin d'obtenir les informations suivantes pour analyse : âge, sexe, année du test, plainte présentée, diagnostic clinique provisoire, diagnostic de coloscopie et diagnostic histologique.Résultats:Les données d'un nombre total de 81 patients ont été analysées; 51 hommes (63,0 %) et 30 femmes (37,0 %) avec un ratio hommes/femmes de 1,7 pour 1. La tranche d'âge des patients était de 30 à 86 ans avec un âge moyen (± ET) de 59,87 ± 14,44. L'indication la plus fréquente de la coloscopie était l'hématochézie (23 (28,4 %)), suivie de la modification du transit intestinal (16 (19,8 %)), de la constipation (11 (13,6 %)) et du ténesme (10 (12,3 %)). Les masses du gros intestin évocatrices de cancers étaient la constatation la plus fréquente de la coloscopie chez les sujets de l'étude (36 (44,4 %)). Le cancer colorectal était l'anomalie histologique la plus fréquente chez les sujets de l'étude (26 (32,1%)) suivi de la colite chronique non spécifique (8 (9,9%)), des polypes (7 (8,6%)), des adénomes (5 (6,2%)) et aigu sur la colite chronique (5 (6,2 %)). Vingt-deux (27,2 %) patients avaient des résultats histologiques normaux. Les patients âgés de 45 à 64 ans avaient la prévalence la plus élevée de cancer colorectal (13 (50,0 %)).Conclusion:Le cancer colorectal était la découverte histopathologique la plus courante dans cette étude et les patients appartenaient principalement au groupe d'âge moyen. Une coloscopie de dépistage précoce est donc recommandée et l'analyse histopathologique des échantillons de muqueuses obtenus est essentielle pour la détection précoce des lésions pré-malignes.

Analysis of com plication s af te r out-of-ho sp i ta l cardiac a rr est of tar ge t temperat ure management.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the preva lence of complications related to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients achieving target temperature management within 360 minutes compared to those taking more than 360 minutes. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at a medical centre in Taiwan, and comprised data from Januar y 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020. Data was retrieved using the International Classification of Diseases version 10 codes I46.2, I46.8 and I46.9 related to adult patients of either gender presenting to the Emergenc y Medicine department with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Data included gender, age, medical histor y, body mass index, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score, blood glucose levels, electrocardiogram results, and complications occurring within the target temperature management timeframe. Data was divided into group A having patients who achieved target temperature management within 360 minutes, and group B having patients with delayed TTM of more than 360 minutes. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients, 76(59%) were males, 51(41%) were females,, 47(37%) were aged >75 years, and 13(10.3%) were aged <50 years. Of the total, 65(51.2%) patients were in group A, and 62(48.8%) were in group B. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, septic shock and gastrointestinal bleeding had lower incidence rates in group A than group B (p<0.05). The odds of death were 2.879 times high er in group B patients than group A (95% confidence interval: 1.908-8.916). CONCLUSIONS: Hypothermia tre atment should be sta rted as soon as pos sible to achieve target temp erature management within 360 minutes to reduce the risk of complications and mortality.

DA-9601 has protective effects comparable to those of proton pump inhibitor and rebamipide against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide study using Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database.

DA-9601 extracted from Artemisia asiatica contains a bioactive compound - eupatilin - that can protect against gastric mucosal damage through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties and is approved for treating acute and chronic gastritis in Korea, but their ability to protect gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is unclear. We aimed to compare the protective effects of DA-9601 to those of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and rebamipide against upper and lower GI bleeding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) undergoing long-term NSAIDs therapy using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment database. In this nationwide retrospective cohort study, we evaluated patients with RA who concurrently received NSAIDs for >3 months with DA-9601, PPI, or rebamipide between January 2015 and December 2017. The index date was the date of NSAIDs initiation, and all patients were followed up until December 2020 to detect upper and lower GI bleeding. In total, 24,258 patients with RA were eligible, and 5468 (22.5%), 4417 (18.2%), and 14,373 (59.3%) received DA-9601, PPI, or rebamipide, respectively, on the index date. During follow-up, upper and lower GI bleeding occurred in 508 (2.1%) and 402 (1.6%) patients with RA, respectively. The incidence rate of upper and lower GI bleeding was 615/100,000 and 485/100,000 person-years, respectively. Among patients with RA receiving DA-9601, PPI, or rebamipide, the frequencies of NSAIDs-induced upper GI bleeding were 0.5%, 0.4%, and 1.2%, respectively. The frequencies of NSAIDs-induced lower GI bleeding were 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.9%, respectively. The incidence of NSAIDs-induced upper GI bleeding in patients with RA receiving DA-9601, PPI, and rebamipide was 601/100,000, 705/100,000, and 596/100,000 person-years, respectively, while the incidence of NSAIDs-induced lower GI bleeding in the same groups was 449/100,000, 608/100,000, and 465/100,000 person-years, respectively. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, no significant difference was observed in lower and upper GI bleeding hazards between patients with RA using DA-9601, PPI, and rebamipide. Our results suggest that DA-9601 may exhibit protection against NSAIDs-induced GI bleeding that is comparable to those of PPI and rebamipide in patients with RA.

Direct oral anticoagulants for oral anticoagulants-naïve Asian patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis.

In Asian patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis, the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) remains debatable. From the national health insurance claims data in South Korea, we included 425 new users of OAC among patients with non-valvular AF and ESRD undergoing dialysis between 2013 and 2020. Patients were categorized into DOAC (n = 106) and warfarin group (n = 319). Clinical outcomes, including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, were compared between the two groups using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis. During the median follow-up of 3.2 years, the incidence of ischemic stroke was significantly reduced in the DOAC compared to the warfarin group [Hazard ratio (HR) 0.07; P = 0.001]. However, the incidence of MI (HR 1.32; P = 0.41) and GI bleeding (HR 1.78; P = 0.06) were not significantly different between the two groups. No ICH events occurred in the DOAC group, although the incidence rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.17). In Asian patients with AF and ESRD undergoing dialysis, DOACs may be associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke compared with warfarin. The MI, ICH, and GI bleeding rates may be comparable between DOACs and warfarin.

Reversal or Repletion Treatment Strategies and Outcomes of Patients With Major Bleeding Events Managed in the Emergency Department: Large Real-Life Investigation in the Northwestern Healthcare District of Tuscany.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the incidence of bleeding events in patients on ongoing anticoagulant treatment in the real world and compare the results of different reversal or repletion strategies currently available for pharmacological treatment. METHODS: Patients managed in the emergency department (ED) with major bleeding events, on ongoing anticoagulation were stratified according to bleeding site and reversal or repletion therapy with andexanet alfa (ADX), idarucizumab (IDA), prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), and vitamin K (Vit-K). ENDPOINT: Death at 30 days was compared in the subgroups with cerebral hemorrhage (CH) and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. RESULTS: Of the 809,397 visits in the years 2022-2023 at 6 EDs in the northwestern health district of Tuscany, 5372 patients with bleeding events were considered; 3740 were excluded due to minor bleeding or propensity score matching. Of the remaining 1632 patients with major bleeding, 548 on ongoing anticoagulation were enrolled; 334 received reversal or repletion agents. Patients with CH (n = 176) and GI bleeding (n = 108) represented the primary analysis cohorts in the study's strategic treatment assessment. Overall, 30-day survival of patients on ongoing aFXa treatment receiving on-label ADX versus off-label PCC showed a relative increase of 71%, while 30-day survival of patients on ongoing aFII receiving on-label IDA versus off-label PCC showed a relative increase of 30%; no substantial difference was found when comparing on-label PCC combined with Vit-K versus off-label Vit-K alone. Indeed, patients undergoing on-label ADX or IDA showed a statistically significant difference over off-label PCC (ADX vs. PCC: n = 15, events = 4, mean ± SD 82.50 ± 18.9, vs. 49, 13, 98.82 ± 27, respectively; analysis of variance [ANOVA] variance 8627; P < 0.001; posthoc test diff 32, 95% confidence interval: 28-35; P < 001; IDA vs. PCC: 20, 5, 32.29 ± 15.0 vs. 2, 1, 28.00 ± 0.0, respectively; ANOVA 1484; P < 0.001; posthoc test -29, -29 -29, respectively; P = n.d.). On-label PCC combined with Vit-K showed overall a slight statistically significant difference versus off-label Vit-K alone (52, 16, 100.58 ± 22.6 vs. 53, 11, 154.62 ± 29.8, respectively; ANOVA 310; P < 0.02; posthoc test 4, 0.7-7.2, respectively; P < 0.02). Data were confirmed in the group of patients with CH (ADX vs. PCC: n = 13, events = 3, mean ± SD 91.55 ± 18.6 vs. 78, 21, 108.91 ± 20.9, respectively; ANOVA variance 10,091, F = 261; P < 0.001; posthoc difference test 36, 95% confidence interval: 30-41; P < 0.001; IDA vs. PCC: 10, 2, 4.50 ± 2.5 vs. 78, 21, 108.91 ± 20.9, respectively; ANOVA 16,876,303, respectively; P < 0.001; posthoc test 41, 34-47, respectively; P < 0.001). On-label PCC combined with Vit-K showed an overall slight statistically significant difference compared with off-label Vit-K alone (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 in the subgroups of CH and GI bleeding). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing specific reversal therapy with on-label ADX or IDA, when treated with aFXa or aFII anticoagulants, respectively, showed statistically elevated differences in 30-day death compared with off-label repletion therapy with PCC. Overall, 30-day survival of patients on ongoing aFXa or aFII receiving on-label reversal therapy with ADX or IDA compared with off-label PCC repletion agents showed an increase of 71% and 30%, respectively.

Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in Egypt: a nationwide multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Egypt faces a significant public health burden due to chronic liver diseases (CLD) and peptic ulcer disease. CLD, primarily caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, affects over 2.9% of the population nationwide, with regional variations. Steatotic liver disease is rapidly emerging as a significant contributor to CLD, especially in urban areas. Acid-related disorders are another widespread condition that can significantly impact the quality of life. These factors and others significantly influence the indications and findings of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures performed in Egypt. AIM: We aimed to evaluate the clinico-demographic data, indications, and endoscopic findings in Egyptian patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in various regions of Egypt. METHODS: This study employed a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional design. Data was collected from patients referred for gastrointestinal endoscopy across 15 tertiary gastrointestinal endoscopy units in various governorates throughout Egypt. RESULTS: 5910 patients aged 38-63 were enrolled in the study; 75% underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), while 25% underwent a colonoscopy. In all studied patients, the most frequent indications for EGD were dyspepsia (19.5%), followed by hematemesis (19.06%), and melena (17.07%). The final EGD diagnoses for the recruited patients were portal hypertension-related sequelae (60.3%), followed by acid-related diseases (55%), while 10.44% of patients had a normally apparent endoscopy. Male gender, old age, and the presence of chronic liver diseases were more common in patients from upper than lower Egypt governorates. Hematochezia (38.11%) was the most reported indication for colonoscopy, followed by anemia of unknown origin (25.11%). IBD and hemorrhoids (22.34% and 21.86%, respectively) were the most prevalent diagnoses among studied patients, while normal colonoscopy findings were encountered in 18.21% of them. CONCLUSION: This is the largest study describing the situation of endoscopic procedures in Egypt. our study highlights the significant impact of regional variations in disease burden on the utilization and outcomes of GI endoscopy in Egypt. The high prevalence of chronic liver disease is reflected in the EGD findings, while the colonoscopy results suggest a potential need for increased awareness of colorectal diseases.

Temporal trends in use of antisecretory agents among patients administered clopidogrel-based dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Antisecretory drugs are commonly prescribed with clopidogrel-based dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, omeprazole and esomeprazole (inhibiting proton pump inhibitors [PPIs]) may increase cardiovascular event rates on co-administration with clopidogrel. This study aimed to examine trends in the use of antisecretory agents in patients administered clopidogrel-based DAPT and the concomitant use of clopidogrel and inhibiting PPIs. METHODS: We used National Inpatient Sample data compiled by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service from 2009 to 2020. Further, we identified patients who were prescribed clopidogrel-based DAPT after PCI and investigated the concomitant use of antisecretory agents with clopidogrel. To verify the annual trend of drug utilization, we used the Cochran-Armitage trend test. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2020, the percentage of H2 receptor antagonist users decreased steadily (from 82.5% in 2009 to 25.3% in 2020); instead, the percentage of PPI users increased (from 23.7% in 2009 to 82.0% in 2020). The use of inhibiting PPI also increased (from 4.2% in 2009 to 30.7% in 2020). Potassium competitive acid blockers (P-CABs) were rarely used before 2019; however, in 2020, it accounted for 7.8% of the antisecretory users. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the use of inhibiting PPIs increased steadily in patients administered clopidogrel-based DAPT therapy. This is a major concern since the concomitant use of inhibiting PPIs with clopidogrel could increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

Evaluation of Aspirin Prescribing and Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adults 60 Years of Age and Older in a Large, Academic Health System.

Background National guidelines no longer recommend adults 60 years of age and older to begin treatment with low-dose daily aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to a lack of proven net benefit and a higher risk of bleeding. Objective The objective of this cross-sectional retrospective analysis was to evaluate the appropriateness of low-dose aspirin prescribing and subsequent gastrointestinal bleeding in older persons receiving primary care in a large academic health system. Setting Large, academic health system within Colorado. Patients Patients with an active order for daily low-dose aspirin as of July 1, 2021, were assessed for appropriateness based on indication (primary vs secondary prevention) and use of a concomitant proton-pump inhibitor (PPI). Incident gastrointestinal bleeds (GIBs) in the subsequent 12 months and GIB risk factors were also evaluated. Results A total of 19,525 patients were included in the analysis. Eighty-nine percent of patients identified as White and 54% identified as male. Of the total cohort, 44% had CVD and 19% were co-prescribed a PPI. GIB occurred in 247 patients (1.27%) within the subsequent year. Risk factors significantly associated with a GIB within 1 year included: history of GIB, history of peptic ulcer disease, other esophageal issue (esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, Mallory Weiss tears, etc.), 75 years of age or older, and history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Conclusion This evaluation found that many older persons at this institution may be inappropriately prescribed aspirin, providing opportunities for pharmacists to improve medication safety by deprescribing aspirin among primary prevention patients or potentially co-prescribing a PPI in secondary prevention patients.

Examining the Frequency of Second Endoscopy and Its Effect on Patient Outcomes With Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Southeast of Iran.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the frequency and impact of repeat endoscopy in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) in a referral hospital in Southeast Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the records of 190 patients who underwent endoscopy for AUGIB in 2019. The study compared the demographic and clinical characteristics, outcomes, and treatments of patients who had a second endoscopy (n=64) with those who did not (n=126). The data were analyzed with SPSS software, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The results showed that repeat endoscopy was not significantly associated with age, gender, initial symptoms, bleeding site, first endoscopy time, or disease outcome. However, repeat endoscopy was significantly associated with higher bleeding severity, different wound types, different bleeding causes, longer hospital stay, and different treatments in the first endoscopy. The main reasons for repeat endoscopy were poor visibility and recurrent bleeding. The majority of repeat endoscopies were performed within 2 days of the first one. Most patients who had a second endoscopy did not receive any treatment, and those who did received combined thermal and epinephrine injections. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that routine second endoscopy is not necessary for all patients with AUGIB, but it may be beneficial for some cases. Further research is needed to clarify the indications and timing of repeat endoscopy in AUGIB.

Widespread use of proton pump inhibitors or potassium-competitive acid blocker has changed the status of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with ischemic heart disease: real-world data from high volume centers.

BACKGROUND: Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) are useful in peptic ulcer prevention, their efficacy in preventing other gastrointestinal bleeding remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the status of gastrointestinal bleeding in the modern era when PPIs are widely used. METHODS: This study included patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 2018 and 2019 at two high-volume centers. Patients were categorized based on whether they experienced gastrointestinal bleeding within 2 years of PCI into groups A (patients who experienced gastrointestinal bleeding within 2 years after PCI) and B (patients who did not experience gastrointestinal bleeding). RESULTS: Groups A and B included 21 (4.1%) and 494 (95.9%) patients, respectively (a total of 515 patients). Age at the initial PCI (77.8±2.4 and 72.0±0.5 years in groups A and B, respectively; p = 0.02), weight (53.8±3.2 and 61.8±0.7 kg in groups A and B, respectively; p = 0.01), and concomitant warfarin use (14.3% and 2.0% in groups A and B, respectively; p = 0.0005) were significantly different between the groups. The high bleeding risk rate (90.5% and 47.6% in groups A and B, respectively; p = 0.0001) was significantly different between the groups. A total of 95.9% of patients were taking PPIs or PCAB without significant differences between the groups. However, only one patient, who was taking steroids, had a gastric ulcer during PCAB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Acid-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding is largely controlled by PPIs in post-PCI patients. Furthermore, the risk factors for non-acid-related bleeding include older age, lower weight, and concomitant warfarin use.

Active surveillance pharmacovigilance for Clostridioides difficile infection and gastrointestinal bleeding: an analytic framework based on case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: Active surveillance pharmacovigilance is an emerging approach to identify medications with unanticipated effects. We previously developed a framework called pharmacopeia-wide association studies (PharmWAS) that limits false positive medication associations through high-dimensional confounding adjustment and set enrichment. We aimed to assess the transportability and generalizability of the PharmWAS framework by using medical claims data to reproduce known medication associations with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) or gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). METHODS: We conducted case-control studies using Optum's de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database of individuals enrolled in large commercial and Medicare Advantage health plans in the United States. Individuals with CDI (from 2010 to 2015) or GIB (from 2010 to 2021) were matched to controls by age and sex. We identified all medications utilized prior to diagnosis and analysed the association of each with CDI or GIB using conditional logistic regression adjusted for risk factors for the outcome and a high-dimensional propensity score. FINDINGS: For the CDI study, we identified 55,137 cases, 220,543 controls, and 290 medications to analyse. Antibiotics with Gram-negative spectrum, including ciprofloxacin (aOR 2.83), ceftriaxone (aOR 2.65), and levofloxacin (aOR 1.60), were strongly associated. For the GIB study, we identified 450,315 cases, 1,801,260 controls, and 354 medications to analyse. Antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ticagrelor (aOR 2.81), naproxen (aOR 1.87), and rivaroxaban (aOR 1.31), were strongly associated. INTERPRETATION: These studies demonstrate the generalizability and transportability of the PharmWAS pharmacovigilance framework. With additional validation, PharmWAS could complement traditional passive surveillance systems to identify medications that unexpectedly provoke or prevent high-impact conditions. FUNDING: U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: prespecified All Nippon Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly (ANAFIE) Registry subgroup analysis.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding control is critical in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving oral anticoagulants (OAC). This subgroup analysis aimed to clarify the actual state and significance of GI bleeding in elderly non-valvular AF (NVAF) patients. We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of GI bleeding during the 2-year follow-up and examined the GI bleeding impact on mortality. Of the 32,275 patients in the ANAFIE Registry, 1139 patients (3.5%) experienced GI bleeding (incidence rate, 1.92 events per 100 person-years; mean follow-up, 1.88 years); 339 upper and 760 lower GI bleeding events occurred. GI bleeding risk factors included age ≥ 85 years, body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, prior major bleeding, hyperuricaemia, heart failure, P-glycoprotein inhibitor use, GI disease, and polypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs). No significant differences in GI bleeding risk were found between direct OAC (DOAC) vs warfarin users (adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence interval], 1.01 [0.88-1.15]). The 1-year post-GI bleeding mortality rate was numerically higher in patients with upper (19.6%) than lower GI bleeding (8.9%). In elderly Japanese NVAF patients, this large-scale study found no significant difference in GI bleeding risk between DOAC vs. warfarin users or 1-year mortality after upper or lower GI bleeding.

Clinical risk factors for portal hypertension-related complications in systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: During systemic therapy, the management of portal hypertension (PH)-related complications is vital. This study aimed to clarify factors associated with the incidence and exacerbation of PH-related complications, including the usefulness of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the management of PH-related complications during systemic therapy. METHODS: A total of 669 patients who received systemic therapy as first-line treatment (443 patients for sorafenib, 131 for lenvatinib, and 90 for atezolizumab/bevacizumab [ATZ/BEV]) were enrolled in this retrospective study. Additionally, the lower esophageal intramural vessel diameters (EIV) on CECT and endoscopic findings in 358 patients were compared. RESULTS: The cutoff values of the EIV diameter on CECT were 3.1 mm for small, 5.1 mm for medium, and 7.6 mm for large varices, demonstrating high concordance with the endoscopic findings. esophageal varices (EV) bleeding predictors include EIV ≥ 3.1 mm and portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). In patients without EV before systemic therapy, factors associated with EV exacerbation after 3 months were EIV ≥ 1.9 mm and ATZ/BEV use. Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) include the ammonia level or portosystemic shunt diameter ≥ 6.8 mm. The incidence of HE within 2 weeks was significantly higher (18%) in patients with an ammonia level ≥ 73 µmol/L and a portosystemic shunt ≥ 6.8 mm. The exacerbating factors for ascites after 3 months were PVTT and low albumin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Careful management is warranted for patients with risk factors for exacerbation of PH-related complications; moreover, the effective use of CECT is clinically important.

Antiviral influenza treatments and hemorrhage-related adverse events in the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a signal for gastrointestinal (GI) or intracranial (IC) hemorrhage associated with the use of antiviral medications for influenza in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. DESIGN: Disproportionality analysis. DATA SOURCE: The FAERS database was searched using OpenVigil 2.1 to identify GI and IC hemorrhage events reported between 2004 and 2022. MEASUREMENTS: Antiviral medications for influenza included the following: oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and baloxavir marboxil. Hemorrhage events were identified using Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Queries for GI and IC hemorrhages. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) were calculated to compare the occurrence of GI and IC hemorrhage events between antiviral drugs for influenza and (i) all other medications and (ii) antibiotics. RORs were also calculated for each of the individual antiviral medications. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 245 cases of GI hemorrhage and 23 cases of IC hemorrhage were identified in association with four antivirals. In comparison with all other drugs, the RORs of GI hemorrhage for oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, baloxavir, and all antivirals combined were 1.17, 0.62, 4.44, 2.53, and 1.22, respectively, indicating potential variations in GI hemorrhage risk among the antivirals. In contrast, in comparison with all other drugs, the RORs of IC hemorrhage for oseltamivir (0.44), zanamivir (0.16), baloxavir (0.44), and all antivirals combined (0.41) were less than 1.0 which is consistent with no elevated risk of IC hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: In this study, some signals for GI hemorrhage were observed, particularly for peramivir and baloxavir marboxil. Further investigation is warranted to better understand and evaluate the potential risks of GI hemorrhage associated with antiviral treatments for influenza.

Aspirin in Patients with Viral Hepatitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease demonstrating increasing morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Studies have shown that aspirin can reduce the incidence of liver cancer; however, the degree of benefit in patients with viral hepatitis is unclear. This study focused on the association between aspirin use and HCC risk in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. METHODS: A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed from the earliest available date to December 16, 2023. The primary outcome was HCC incidence, and the secondary outcome was gastrointestinal bleeding. The results were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analyses were performed by using random or fixed-effects models based on the heterogeneity assessed via the I2 statistic. RESULTS: A total of 13 articles (303,414 participants and 14,423 HCC patients) were included in the analysis. The incidence of HCC in aspirin users was lower than that in non-aspirin users (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68-0.83; P < 0.001; I2 = 90.0%). Subgroup analysis further showed that this effect may be more obvious in HCV patients, non-cirrhotic patients, patients with statins, and long-term aspirin users, but it may have the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (HR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07-1.20; P = 0.906; I2 = 0.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis shows that in patients with chronic viral hepatitis, aspirin use is associated with a significantly reduced risk of liver cancer, but attention should be paid to the possible risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, and this conclusion needs further validation in the future.

Impact of professional nursing interventions on clinical outcomes in patients with acute gastric bleeding: a retrospective analysis.

Acute gastric bleeding (AGB) is a common and potentially serious complication in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Nursing interventions play a critical role in the management of acute gastric bleeding, but their impact on clinical outcomes is not well understood. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the impact of nursing interventions on clinical outcomes in patients with acute gastric bleeding. A retrospective review of medical records was conducted for 220 patients with acute gastric bleeding who were admitted to the hospital between February 2022 and February 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not they received nursing interventions during their hospital stay. Clinical outcomes, including length of hospital stay, blood transfusion requirements, and mortality rates, were compared between the two groups using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Of the 220 patients included in the study, 168 (76.4%) received nursing interventions during their hospital stay. Patients who received nursing interventions had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay (mean = 7.2 days, SD = 2.1) compared to those who did not receive nursing interventions (mean = 10.5 days, SD = 3.4, p < 0.001). Additionally, the 90-day mortality rate was lower in the group receiving professional nursing interventions (4.2% vs. 15.4%, p = 0.010). Fewer patients who received nursing interventions required blood transfusions (33.3% vs. 65.2%, p < 0.001) and mortality rates were lower (6.7% vs. 20.8%, p = 0.04). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that professional nursing intervention was a protective factor for postoperative rebleeding in patients with gastric hemorrhage (OR 0.727, 95% CI 0.497-0.901, P < 0.001). The results of this retrospective analysis suggest that nursing interventions are associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with acute gastric bleeding. The implementation of nursing interventions, such as individualized care plans, monitoring and evaluation, and patient education, should be encouraged to optimize patient outcomes in this population. Further research is needed to identify the most effective nursing interventions and to evaluate their cost-effectiveness.

Air pollution and serious bleeding events in high-risk older adults.

IMPORTANCE: Despite biological plausibility, very few epidemiologic studies have investigated the risks of clinically significant bleeding events due to particulate air pollution. OBJECTIVE: To measure the independent and synergistic effects of PM2.5 exposure and anticoagulant use on serious bleeding events. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study (2008-2016). SETTING: Nationwide Medicare population. PARTICIPANTS: A 50% random sample of Medicare Part D-eligible Fee-for-Service beneficiaries at high risk for cardiovascular and thromboembolic events. EXPOSURES: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and anticoagulant drugs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or warfarin). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The outcomes were acute hospitalizations for gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, or epistaxis. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs for PM2.5 exposure were estimated by fitting inverse probability weighted marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models. The relative excess risk due to interaction was used to assess additive-scale interaction between PM2.5 exposure and anticoagulant use. RESULTS: The study cohort included 1.86 million high-risk older adults (mean age 77, 60% male, 87% White, 8% Black, 30% anticoagulant users, mean PM2.5 exposure 8.81 µg/m3). A 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 48% (95% CI: 45%-52%), 58% (95% CI: 49%-68%) and 55% (95% CI: 37%-76%) increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and epistaxis, respectively. Significant additive interaction between PM2.5 exposure and anticoagulant use was observed for gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults at high risk for cardiovascular and thromboembolic events, increasing PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and epistaxis. In addition, PM2.5 exposure and anticoagulant use may act together to increase risks of severe gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding. Thus, clinicians may recommend that high-risk individuals limit their outdoor air pollution exposure during periods of increased PM2.5 concentrations. Our findings may inform environmental policies to protect the health of vulnerable populations.

Comparative Analysis of Cytomegalovirus Gastrointestinal Disease in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastrointestinal (GI) diseases impact both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals, yet comprehensive studies highlighting the differences between these groups are lacking. METHODS: In this retrospective study (January 2000 to July 2022) of 401 patients with confirmed CMV GI diseases, we categorized them based on immunological status and compared manifestations, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors. RESULTS: The immunocompromised patients (n = 193) showed older age, severe illnesses, and higher comorbidity rates. GI bleeding, the predominant manifestation, occurred more in the immunocompetent group (92.6% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.009). Despite longer antiviral therapy, the immunocompromised patients had higher in-hospital (32.2% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.034) and overall mortality rates (91.1% vs. 43.4%, p < 0.001). The independent factors influencing in-hospital mortality in the immunocompromised patients included GI bleeding (OR 5.782, 95% CI 1.257-26.599, p = 0.024) and antiviral therapy ≥ 14 days (OR 0.232, 95% CI 0.059-0.911, p = 0.036). In the immunocompetent patients, age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.006-1.159, p = 0.032), GI bleeding (OR 10.036, 95% CI 1.183-85.133, p = 0.035), and time to diagnosis (OR 1.029, 95% CI 1.004-1.055, p = 0.021) were significant prognostic factors, with the age and diagnosis time cut-offs for survival being 70 years and 31.5 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: GI bleeding is the most common manifestation and prognostic factor in both groups. Early diagnosis and effective antiviral therapy can significantly reduce in-hospital mortality.