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A Doença periodontal (DP) envolve doença bucal infecciosa de cunho polimicrobiano e multifatorial, que pode ocasionar inflamação crônica no periodonto. O câncer engloba a contextualização empregada para uma somatória de cerca de cem patologias que concomitantemente possuem características que envolvem crescimento desordenado ou anormal de células e que podem afligir qualquer localidade do organismo. Sabe-se que determinados órgãos podem ser mais afligidos do que outros e que se pode conviver com tumores com maior e menor agressividade. Estudos epidemiológicos consideram a presença da DP como fator a ser relevado ao considerar nos pacientes o risco para surgimento do câncer. Sabe-se que a DP leva a instalação de processo inflamatório, fundamento de Medicina Periodontal e que o mesmo pode acarretar repercussões sistemicamente, entre as quais o câncer. O objetivo do presente artigo foi o de analisar como pode haver possibilidade de associação entre DP e o aparecimento de câncer. Realizou-se revisão narrativa da literatura com levantamento de estudos acerca da possibilidade de associação entre câncer e doenças periodontais. O processo inflamatório persistente de baixo grau presente na DP pode ser associado ao aparecimento do câncer. DP são capazes de promover processo inflamatório e de ocasionar patologias sistêmicas, entre as quais o acometimento pelo câncer. Mecanismos responsáveis pela correlação DP e câncer envovem a desregulação da imunidade. Concluiu-se que pode haver inter-relação entre o acometimento pela DP e o surgimento de câncer e que se deve primar por uma abordagem com cunho preventivo, que seja capaz de deter o avanço da neoplasia ou que possa identificar a presença do câncer precocemente, promovendo tratamentos antineoplásicos menos dispendiosos.

Periodontal disease (PD) involves a polymicrobial and multifactorial infectious disease in the mouth, which can cause chronic inflammation in the periodontium. Cancer encompasses the contextualization used for a sum of around one hundred pathologies that concomitantly have characteristics that involve disordered or abnormal growth of cells and that can afflict any location in the body. It is known that certain organs can be more affected than others and that one can live with more and less aggressive tumors. Epidemiological studies consider the presence of PD as a factor to be taken into account when considering the risk of cancer in patients. It is known that PD leads to the onset of an inflammatory process, the basis of Periodontal Medicine, and that it can have systemic repercussions, including cancer. The objective of this article was to analyze how there may be a possibility of an association between PD and the onset of cancer. A narrative review of the literature was carried out with a survey of studies on the possibility of an association between cancer and periodontal diseases. The persistent low-grade inflammatory process present in PD may be associated with the onset of cancer. PD are capable of promoting an inflammatory process and causing systemic pathologies, including cancer. Mechanisms responsible for the correlation between PD and cancer involve dysregulation of immunity. It was concluded that there may be an interrelationship between PD and the appearance of cancer and that a preventive approach should be adopted that is capable of stopping the progression of the neoplasia or that can identify the presence of cancer early, promoting less expensive antineoplastic treatments.

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This systematic review evaluated the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in non-surgical periodontal treatment (PROSPERO: CRD42022311286). Five databases were screened (up to May/2024). It included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of subgingival scaling root planing (SRP) with or without adjunct use of the antioxidant CoQ10 in adults with periodontitis. The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate mean differences for probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) between baseline and follow-up. Ten studies were included, of which four administered CoQ10 locally (topical [n = 1]; intra-pocket [n = 3] modalities), and six used oral supplementation. There was no significant effect of local use of CoQ10 on reduction of PD and gain in CAL. Daily oral supplementation (120 mg/day) with CoQ10 resulted in a greater mean reduction of PD by 0.41 mm (95% CI: 0.02-0.80) and a greater mean CAL gain by 0.52 mm (95% CI: 0.26-0.78) than seen in controls. Based on very low certainty of evidence, there was no significant effect of locally delivered Q10 gel on PD/CAL, but daily oral supplementation with CoQ10 resulted in better periodontal health after 12 weeks.

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This review article provides a historical summary regarding the use, value, and validity of the nonhuman primate model of periodontal disease. The information provided cites results regarding the features of naturally occurring periodontitis in various nonhuman primate species, as well as the implementation of a model of experimental periodontitis. Clinical similarities to human disease are discussed, as well as the use of these models to document physiological and pathophysiological tissue changes in the periodontium related to the initiation and progression of the disease. Additionally, the use of these analytics in examination of the tissue characteristics of the disease, and the utility of nonhuman primates in testing and describing various therapeutic modalities are described. As periodontitis represents a disease of an oral microbiome dysbiosis, features of the altered microbiome in the disease in nonhuman primates are related to similar findings in the human condition. The review then provides a summary of the features of local and systemic host responses to a periodontal infection in an array of nonhuman primate species. This includes attributes of innate immunity, acute and chronic inflammation, and adaptive immune responses. Finally, extensive information is presented regarding the role of Macaca mulatta derived from the Cayo Santiago community in evaluating critical biologic details of disease initiation, progression, and resolution. This unique resource afforded the capacity to relate risk and expression of disease and traits of the responses to age, sex, and matriline derivation (e.g., heritability) of the animals. The Cayo Santiago colony continues to provide a critical preclinical model for assessment of molecular aspects of the disease process that can lead to both new targets for therapeutics and consideration of vaccine approaches to preventing and/or treating this global disease.

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We have previously demonstrated that subgingival levels of nitrate-reducing bacteria, as well as the in vitro salivary nitrate reduction capacity (NRC), were diminished in periodontitis patients, increasing after periodontal treatment. However, it remains unclear if an impaired NRC in periodontitis can affect systemic health. To determine this, the effect of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BRJ) on blood pressure was determined in 15 periodontitis patients before and 70 days after periodontal treatment (i.e., professional mechanical plaque removal, oral hygiene instruction, and subgingival instrumentation), as well as in a healthy control group of 15 individuals. Additionally, subgingival and tongue samples were taken to analyse the bacterial composition with Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In healthy individuals, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DPB) decreased significantly (both P < 0.01) 90 min after BRJ intake, but not in periodontitis patients. However, after periodontal treatment, this blood pressure-lowering effect was recovered (P < 0.05 for SBP; P < 0.01 for DBP). Lower levels of salivary nitrate after identical doses of BRJ intake indicated a potentially higher NRC in healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Periodontitis-associated bacteria decreased in tongue and subgingival samples after periodontal treatment (P < 0.01). In contrast, nitrate-reducing bacteria were associated with health in both habitats, but increased only in subgingival plaque after periodontal treatment (P < 0.001). This is the first study showing that periodontitis could limit the blood-pressure lowering effects of nitrate reduction by the oral microbiota. We propose that an impaired NRC represents a potential link between periodontitis and systemic conditions, which should be confirmed in future randomized controlled trials. Future work should also aim to determine if nitrate prebiotic supplementation and/or tongue cleaning could improve the treatment of periodontitis and its associated comorbidities.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this systematic review was to identify genetic variants of the IL-23, IL-17, IL-23R and IL-17R genes and isoforms and its possible association with increased development of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. METHODS: A systematic review was prepared according to the guidelines, registered in the OSF database with the registration number: 10.17605/OSF. IO/X95ZC. The electronic search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 1984 until March 15th, 2024. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case-Control Studies was used to assess the quality of included studies. RESULTS: Eighteen papers with a case-control design were those that ultimately met the eligibility criteria. A total of 3904 individuals (2315 with periodontitis and 90 with peri-implantitis), and 1589 healthy subjects) were studied. The age range of the study population was 14-70 years, with a mean age ± (SD) of 40.43 ± 6.33 years. A total of 28 genetic variants corresponding to the IL-17A (rs 2275913, rs 3819024, rs 10484879) IL-17F (rs 763780), IL-17R (rs 879576) and IL-23R (rs 11209026) genes were analyzed in this study. Six (33.3%) studies found an association between the IL-17A 197 G/A (rs 2275913) genetic variant and peri-implantitis and periodontitis. One study (5.5%) found an association between the IL-17A rs10484879 variant and peri-implantitis and periodontitis. CONCLUSION: Six polymorphisms were evaluated, highlighting rs 2275913 of the cytokine IL-17A in patients with periodontitis or peri-implantitis. Only 50% of studies found an association despite having a small sample. This suggests that other factors such as the degree of disease, systemic diseases and ethnic groups studied may play a role.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the salivary protein profile in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) and periodontitis and their respective controls. METHODS: Eighty participants were included in the study. The four groups were formed by individuals with DM2 and periodontitis (DM2 + P, n = 20), DM2 without periodontitis (DM2, n = 20), periodontitis without DM2 (P, n = 20) and individuals without periodontitis and without DM2 (H, n = 20). Periodontal clinical examinations were performed and unstimulated saliva was collected. Proteomic analysis was performed by shotgun mass spectrometry. The results were obtained by searching the Homo sapiens database of the UniProt catalog. RESULTS: A total of 220 proteins were identified in saliva samples. In the comparison between DM2 + P and DM2 groups, 27 proteins were up-regulated [e.g. S100-A8 was 6 times up-regulated (humoral immune response pathway)]. The DM2 + P and P groups had 26 up-regulated proteins [e.g. Immunoglobulin lambda constant 7 more than 2 times up-regulated (complement activation pathway)]. The non-DM2 groups (P and H) presented 22 up-regulated proteins [e.g. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase more than 2 times up-regulated (Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation pathway)]. The groups without periodontitis (DM2 and H) showed 23 were up-regulated proteins [e.g. Hemoglobin subunit alpha that was more than 10 times up-regulated (cellular oxidant detoxification pathway)]. CONCLUSION: The presence of DM2 and periodontitis significantly impacts the salivary proteome. Our proteomic analysis demonstrated that changes in the S100 family proteins (S100A8 and S100 A9) are highly related to the presence of DM2 and periodontitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and periodontitis are highly prevalent chronic diseases that present a wide variety of signs and symptoms. They present a bidirectional relationship, where patients with DM have a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis, and patients with periodontitis have a higher prevalence of DM, worse glycemic control, and more diabetic complications. Diagnosing periodontitis requires specific clinical examinations, which require a highly trained operator. In this study, we used high throughput proteomics in order to evaluate non-invasive biomarkers for periodontitis in type 2 DM subjects. The results can contribute to earlier, more accurate, and less costly diagnosis of periodontitis in diabetic subjects, enabling better diabetes control.

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Periodontal disease affects over 1 billion people globally. This study investigated how periodontitis affects the protein profile of the periodontal ligament (PDL) in rats. Eight Holtzman rats were divided into control and experimental periodontitis groups. The PDL was isolated using laser capture microdissection and protein extracts were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Data analysis utilized specialized software, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis identified significant protein functions. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD055817. Proteins such as SerpinB1, C5, and Lgals3 were validated through immunohistochemistry, and their gene expression was examined in an in vitro human PDL cell line. This study identified 1326 proteins, with 156 unique to the control group, 294 unique to the periodontitis group, and 876 common to both groups. Enrichment analysis revealed that proteins associated with the regulation of enzyme activity and RNA binding were significantly represented in the periodontitis group. There were increased levels of SerpinB1, C5, and Lgals3 in the periodontitis group based on proteomic and immunohistochemical analyses. Furthermore, these targets showed increased gene expression in stimulated human PDL cells. This study provides insights into the periodontitis-related alterations in the protein composition of the PDL and PDL cells, identifying both novel and previously known disease-associated proteins. SIGNIFICANCE: The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in oral functions by providing structural support to the tooth. Due to the presence of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, research into its regenerative capacity is ongoing. Pathological conditions can affect these functions and protein composition. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive research specifically focusing on evaluating the periodontal ligament in both healthy and diseased states. This pioneering study screened for protein alterations and the mechanisms related to periodontitis. The possibility of using proteomic analysis to evaluate the protein alterations that occur in periodontitis, a disease with a high global incidence, could provide therapeutic targets and new biomarkers for future clinical studies.

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Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by alveolar bone loss. The high polyphenol content in cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L) has the potential to influence bone metabolism and contribute to the inhibition of bone resorption. The aim of this study was to analyze the anti-osteoclastogenesis potential of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) in both in silico and in vivo study. An analysis of the anti-osteoclastogenesis potential of T. cacao bioactive compounds was conducted using molecular docking simulations. Thirty male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were randomly assigned to control negative groups (placebo gel), control positive groups (2% doxycycline gel), and treatment groups (10% cocoa pod husk (CPH) extract gel), with measurements taken on days 7 and 14. Wistar rats were induced with 0.05 ml of P. gingivalis at a concentration of 2x109 CFU/ml intrasulcularly in the maxillary molar to achieved in periodontitis. The number of osteoclasts was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, the level of TNF-α was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of RANKL was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA to examine the differences between the groups. The in silico study showed that the catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and procyanidin B2 had a strong binding affinity for TNF-α and RANKL. Administration of 10% CPH reduced the number of osteoclasts (p<0.05), TNF-α level on days 7 and 14 (p<0.05), and RANKL expression on day 7 (p<0.05) in experimental rats with periodontitis. Administering 10% CPH inhibited osteoclastogenesis in the experimental periodontitis rats.

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Aim: This systematic review was aimed at addressing the focused question: What is the protective potential of biological agents against alveolar bone resorption during the progression of experimental periodontitis (EP)? Material and Methods: The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework database (doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/3P2HY). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase databases up to December 2023. Inclusion criteria consisted of preclinical studies in animal models of EP that examined the effects of biological agents on preventing periodontal bone loss and reducing tissue inflammation. Studies were excluded if they (i) used non-EP animal models; (ii) focused on antimicrobial agents; (iii) centered on prebiotics or probiotics; (iv) evaluated compounds not classified as biologicals; or (v) included randomized clinical trials, clinical studies, or reviews. Eligibility was determined based on the PI/ECOs framework, and study quality was assessed using the SYRCLE risk-of-bias tool. Results: After screening an initial pool of 5236 records from databases, registries, and hand searches, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 23 biological agents were evaluated across these studies. The majority of studies employed the ligature-induced model of EP to test the effectiveness of biologicals as preventive or therapeutic interventions. The dosage of biological agents and the duration of disease induction varied depending on the EP model. In all studies, the main outcome-alveolar bone loss, a hallmark of EP-was significantly inhibited by biological agents, which also reduced proinflammatory mediators when compared to untreated controls. A key strength of this review is the high number of studies included, most of which were classified as having low risk of bias. However, a notable limitation is the absence of a meta-analysis, the short follow-up periods in the included studies, and the heterogeneity among the compound dosages and route of administration. Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrates that biological agents are effective in reducing bone loss and mitigating inflammation during EP progression. Randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings in human populations.

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OBJECTIVE: Inflammation causes the progressive destruction of the supporting tissues around teeth in patients with periodontitis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the immunological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) as adjunctive therapy in patients with periodontal disease and identify potential biomarkers for the disease. METHODS: This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to investigate the impact of omega-3 therapy with or without acetylsalicylic acid on the immunological parameters of periodontal treatment. Eligible studies included those conducted on patients with normoglycemia and diabetes, published after 2002 in English, and containing relevant keywords. The exclusion criteria included pre-2002 publications, literature reviews, animal studies, and articles without immunological analysis. This review involved careful study selection by two double-blind researchers using the Rayyan software, with data extraction and analysis performed by the third and fourth reviewers. RESULTS: Seven randomized clinical trials that compared control/placebo and n-3 PUFA groups or the follow-ups of the n-3 PUFA groups were included. The concentration of inflammatory cytokines was reduced following dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA in the reviewed studies. Specifically, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, and RANKL levels were reduced after dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA as an adjunctive therapy for periodontitis. Changes in inflammatory outcomes were associated with the clinical benefits of periodontitis. However, significant divergence in the evaluated inflammatory markers, samples, and methods impairs direct comparisons and quantitative analyses in the available literature. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for clinical trials to advance our understanding and assessment of inflammatory outcomes in patients with periodontitis.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of modified-ILIB (intravascular laser irradiation of blood) in the control of systemic conditions and/or oral changes during dental care. This systematic literature review study aimed to answer the question, "Is modified-ILIB an effective adjuvant therapy in the control of systemic conditions and/or oral changes in children and adults during dental treatment?". The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database under number CRD42023493800. The search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SCOPUS and EMBASE databases on June 10, 2024. Google Scholar was used as a search source for gray literature. Randomized clinical trials were included, without restrictions on language or year of publication. The RoB 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias and GRADE was used to check the quality of the evidence. A total of 750 articles were retrieved and five studies were selected for this review. All studies were in English and were carried out in Brazil. The outcomes were periodontal parameters and glycemic control in patients with periodontitis and type II diabetes, anxiety control in pediatric dentistry, postoperative pain after third molar extraction and improving taste in post-COVID-19 patients. The majority of studies had a low risk of bias, while only one study was considered to have some concerns. The quality of evidence from the studies was considered very low. The current evidence does not overwhelmingly support the effectiveness of modified-ILIB in controlling oral and/or systemic conditions in dentistry.

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For decades, periodontitis has been considered to be a local inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues in the oral cavity. Initially, associations of periodontitis with a multitude of noncommunicable diseases were each studied separately, and relationships were shown. The associations of periodontitis with morbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, have been demonstrated. As most such studies were cross-sectional in nature, questions about causality cannot be univocally answered. And periodontitis as an independent risk factor for one systemic disease, becomes even more difficult to assess since recently periodontitis has also been associated with multimorbidity. Periodontitis and many systemic diseases share environmental, lifestyle and genetic risk factors, and share immunopathology. Moreover, suffering from one common noncommunicable disease may increase the susceptibility for another such chronic disease; the systemic effects of one condition may be one of various risk factors for another such disease. The overarching effect of any systemic disease is it causing a pro-inflammatory state in the individual; this has also been shown for periodontitis. Moreover, in periodontitis a prothrombotic state and elevated immunological activity have been shown. As such, when we consider periodontal disease as another systemic disease, it can affect the susceptibility and progression of other systemic diseases, and importantly, vice versa. And with this, it is not surprising that periodontitis is associated with a variety of other noncommunicable diseases. The medical definition of a systemic disease includes diseases that affect different organs and systems. Thus, the aim of this opinion paper is to propose that periodontitis should be considered a systemic disease in its own right and that it affects the individual's systemic condition and wellbeing. The dental and medical profession and researchers alike, should adapt this paradigm shift, advancing periodontal disease out of its isolated anatomical location into the total of chronic noncommunicable diseases, being for some conditions a comorbid disease and, vice versa, comorbidities can affect initiation and progression of periodontal disease.

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OBJECTIVES: Periodontitis (PD) has the potential to induce systemic changes that affect both physical and behavioral aspects. These alterations may be associated with changes in both the inflammatory profile and the oxidative stress status of individuals with PD. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of PD on oxidative stress, as well as on behavioral parameters and cognitive impairment, in a preclinical model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to PD and sham groups. PD was induced by the ligature protocol for 14 days. Behavioral tests were initiated on the 9th day of the experiment to evaluate anxious behavior and cognition (learning and memory). After euthanasia, oxidative stress was evaluated in the gums, blood, hippocampus, and amygdala. Alveolar bone loss, bone microstructure, and elemental compositions of the mandibular bone were also assessed. RESULTS: PD increased alveolar bone loss, reduced the calcium and phosphorus content in the mandibular bone, and increased anxiety-like behavior and cognitive decline (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PD significantly affected the redox balance, as evidenced by increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the gingiva and hippocampus (p < 0.05). It also led to increased lipid peroxidation in the gingiva and erythrocytes (p < 0.05), decreased antioxidant defenses in erythrocytes (superoxide dismutase) and the hippocampus (catalase), and increased antioxidant activity (catalase) in the amygdala (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PD resulted in cognitive alterations, including impairments in spatial learning and memory, as well as increased anxious behavior, likely due to redox imbalance in rats.

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Introduction: Emerging evidence suggests that psoriasis and periodontitis are linked via systemic inflammation. However, the role of angiogenesis as an additional connecting mechanism between these diseases remains unclear. Methods: This case control study explored the effect of psoriasis on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in patients with different stages of periodontitis. Thirty-one patients with psoriasis (P) and thirty healthy controls (C) underwent physical and intraoral evaluations, with diagnoses confirmed by dermatologists and periodontists. GCF VEGF-A was measured using a multiplex-bead immunoassay. Statistical analyses included Fisher exact tests, Student's T-tests, linear regression models, and mediation analyses. Results: Psoriasis patients had significantly lower GCF VEGF-A levels compared to controls (p=0.008). Psoriasis was negatively associated with GCF VEGF-A (p=0.006), while severe periodontitis was positively associated with GCF VEGF-A levels, regardless of tobacco use (p=0.027). Further analyses revealed that severe periodontitis significantly increased GCF VEGF-A levels only in the C group (p=0.038), but not in psoriasis patients (p>0.610). Mediation analyses confirmed a significant direct and total effect of psoriasis on GCF VEGF-A (p>0.002), with no significant indirect effect through periodontitis (p=0.699). Discussion: Psoriasis and severe periodontitis are associated with GCF levels of VEGF-A in opposite and independent ways. In subjects with psoriasis, the impact of the dermatosis is direct with no mediation from periodontitis.

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There is scarcity of information on the determinants of periodontitis in Latin America and Caribbean countries. We conducted a comprehensive review of studies examining the association of smoking and diabetes with periodontitis outcomes in this region. We searched for population-based, cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies from Latin America and the Caribbean region that reported on the association between smoking or diabetes and periodontitis. Databases were searched up to October 2023 by two reviewers. Subsequently, two authors independently conducted a rigorous data extraction process, focusing on study characteristics, the definition of exposures, and periodontitis outcomes, including measures of association and main findings. The results revealed a significant association between smoking and periodontitis, with a stronger effect observed in heavy smokers. Conversely, while some studies observed a higher prevalence of periodontitis among diabetic individuals, the association between diabetes and periodontitis was not significant after adjusting for confounding factors. These findings underscore a significant research gap in population-based studies on the effect of smoking and diabetes on periodontitis within Latin American and Caribbean countries, particularly when it comes to cohort studies. Addressing these gaps is crucial for a deeper understanding of these associations, which could lead to more effective prevention and treatment strategies in the region.

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The aim of this review was to update knowledge about the prevalence of periodontitis in Latin America and the Caribbean. A critical review of was performed of all cross-sectional or cohort studies selected, pertaining to the region, and thirty-five studies conducted in 12 countries were selected. The countries with nationally representative studies were Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Uruguay. The prevalence of periodontal disease or need for periodontal treatment varied between the different studies and countries depending on the age group, the methodology used, and the case definition. The prevalence of severe periodontitis aged between 5.8% and 49.7% in adults. In adolescents, the prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis was 15.3%. Furthermore, a high prevalence of gingival bleeding in adolescents was reported. When analyzing the studies that used the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), Centers for Diseases Control and American Academy Periodontology (CDC/AAP) case definition, it was observed that as the age of the individuals analyzed increased, the prevalence of periodontal disease also increased. Whereas this rereview revealed that although the number of regional and nationally representative studies that analyzed the prevalence of periodontitis has risen in recent years, their methodological heterogeneity prevents global conclusions to be drawn concerning the region. Therefore, this ratifies the need to generate alliances between countries with the purpose of joining individual efforts to achieve collective goals which, among other objectives, will translate into conducting multicenter studies. These studies would allow description and monitoring of the epidemiological behavior of periodontitis in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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This study assessed the effectiveness of the local use of green propolis-loaded lipid nanoparticles (GPlnp) as an adjuvant therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) to manage experimental periodontitis (EP) in ovariectomized rats treated with zoledronate. Ten weeks before the experiment, 48 female rats were ovariectomized. On day 0, a ligature was installed in the lower first molar to induce EP. From day 0 to day 42, half of the rats were treated with vehicle (VEH), while the other half were treated with 100µg/Kg of zoledronate (ZOL). On day 14, the rats were allocated into the following groups: VEH-NLT, VEH-SRP, VEH-SRP-GPlnp, ZOL-NLT, ZOL-SRP, and ZOL-SRP-GPlnp. VEH-NLT and ZOL-NLT received no local treatment. VEH-SRP and ZOL-SRP received SRP and irrigation with physiological saline solution. VEH-SRP-GPlnp and ZOL-SRP-GPlnp received SRP and irrigation with GPlnp. A single SRP session was carried out, and four irrigation sessions were conducted (on days 14, 16, 18, and 20). On day 42, all animals were euthanized. The hemimandibles were processed for histological, histometric (percentage of total bone tissue (PTBT) and non-vital bone tissue (PNVBT)) and immunohistochemical (TNFα, IL-1ß, and TRAP) analysis. VEH-SRP-GPlnp showed better tissue repair, higher PTBT, and lower immunolabeling for TNFα and IL-1ß compared to the groups treated with VEH. ZOL-SRP-GPlnp showed a favorable tissue repair, with lower PNVBT, less local inflammation, and lower immunolabeling for TNFα and IL-1ß compared to the groups treated with ZOL. Irrigation with GPlnp proved to be effective as an adjuvant therapy to SRP in treating EP in ovariectomized rats treated with zoledronate.

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OBJECTIVES: LTF SNP rs1126478 (T>C) could modulate Lactoferrin function and release and has been associated with periodontal disease in different locations before, but not in America. Thus, this study aimed to assess the association between this SNP and Grade C Periodontitis (Generalized (PerioC-G) and Molar Incisor Pattern (PerioC-MIP)) and seek a relationship between its presence and LTF gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) production. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Oral cells from 361 Brazilians and 375 North Americans patients (Diseased and Health Controls (PH) from both locations) were collected. DNA was extracted, and a prefabricated probe system determined rs116478 genotyping. Immunoenzymatic analysis detected LTF levels in GCF. RESULTS: Higher allelic altered-C frequency was associated with PerioC. For PerioC-G, CT and CC genotypes presented a frequency of 44.7% and 34.1%, respectively, while 37.3% and 26.4% were found to PH group (OD=2.1 (p=0.004) for CT and OD=2.3 (p=0.003) for CC). PerioC-G was associated with a lower concentration (742.2±717.9 pg/ml) of LTF than PerioC-MIP (5851±5859.2 pg/ml), p<0.0001. Multiple logistic regression showed that CC genotype impacted LTF levels by acting as a predictor (ß =2.457, p=0.02, OD=1.17) despite the site or diagnosis. CONCLUSION: There is an association of rs1126478 with Grade C periodontitis, mainly the PerioC-G. Lower LTF levels in GCF might be associated with the generalized disease pattern. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study assessed and compared the genetic background in two distinct locations, paving the way for new studies regarding personalized risk and treatment for different ethnicities. As this SNP is in a region related to the antimicrobial function of LTF, it could impact PerioC-MIP and PerioC-G response against periodontopathogens. This discovery opens the way for in vitro studies analyzing the functionality of this SNP, and, in the future, it can be used to treat PerioC, individualizing the phenotypes.

RESUMO

A periodontite é caracterizada pela inflamação nos tecidos periodontais e consequente perda das estruturas de suporte do dente: osso alveolar, cemento e ligamento periodontal, podendo levar à perda de dentes. A homeostase do tecido ósseo é gerida fundamentalmente pela regulação da via de sinalização composta pelo Receptor Ativador do fator Nuclear B (RANK), seu ativador RANK Ligante (RANKL), e o falso ligante de RANKL Osteoprotegerina (OPG). O processo inflamatório destrutivo e com gatilho incerto da doença periodontal aumenta a expressão de RANKL, levando a desregulação no turnover ósseo, desbalanceado para reabsorção maior que a formação do osso alveolar. Visando reduzir danos ou promover resolução da inflamação, terapias de modulação da resposta imune do hospedeiro surgem como alternativa para manuseio da periodontite para além da abordagem sobre microrganismos uma vez que indivíduos respondem de maneiras diferetenes ao tratamento e possuem diferentes padrões de perda óssea. Anticorpos anti-RANKL demonstraram serem capazes de diminuir a reabsorção óssea em processos inflamatórios e já foram apontados com potencial terapêutico sobre a patologias que levam a reabsorção óssea, bem como a periodontite. Com o propósito de verificar o potencial de modulação da perda óssea alveolar por anticorpo anti-RANKL sobre a doença periodontal induzida em animais, este estudo foi conduzido seguindo as normas PRISMA e da Cochrane Lybrary. Estudos pré-clínicos em modelo animal de periodontite experimental foram considerados elegíveis. A busca eletrônica incluiu as bases de dados MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS e Web of Science para artigos publicados até agosto de 2022. O Risco de Viés foi analisado através da ferramenta Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentations. Foram incluídos 5 de 326 estudos encontrados nas bases de dados. Anticorpos anti-RANKL de diferentes origens foram ministrados em diferentes modelo de periodontite experimental induzida. Os estudos selecionados apresentaram importantes características a serem observadas na condução de estudos em animais. Essa revisão sistemática concluiu que a modulação da interação entre RANK e RANKL mediada por anticorpo anti-RANKL apresenta um potencial terapêutico adjunto ao manuseio da doença periodontal desde que considerado o momento de uso dessa abordagem. Além disso, mais estudos de farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética são necessários para aplicações sobre a periodontite.

RESUMO

This study aimed to investigate the impact of minocycline on the alveolar bone in experimental periodontitis in rats. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control without periodontitis; experimental periodontitis induced by ligature; experimental periodontitis + intraperitoneal administration minocycline for seven days. Ligatures remained in place in both periodontitis groups for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and one hemimandible underwent micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis to assess vertical bone loss and alveolar bone quality. Histopathological analysis was performed on the other hemimandible. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with Tukey's post-test (p<0.05). The results showed a significant reduction in vertical bone loss in the animals treated with minocycline compared with untreated animals. Minocycline also preserved the alveolar bone thickness, number, spacing, and bone volume to tissue volume ratio. Histopathological analysis indicated that minocycline reduced bone resorption, decreased inflammatory response, and maintained the bone collagen fibers. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of minocycline in reducing vertical bone loss and preserved bone quality in rats with experimental periodontitis. The results of this study indicate that minocycline has the potential to serve as an additional treatment option for periodontitis. However, further research is warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of minocycline use in patients with periodontitis.