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1.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2848: 135-150, 2025.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39240521

RESUMO

Mammals do not possess the ability to spontaneously repair or regenerate damaged retinal tissue. In contrast to teleost fish which are capable of retina regeneration through the action of Müller glia, mammals undergo a process of reactive gliosis and scarring that inhibits replacement of lost neurons. Thus, it is important to discover novel methods for stimulating mammalian Müller glia to dedifferentiate and produce progenitor cells that can replace lost retinal neurons. Inducing an endogenous regenerative pathway mediated by Müller glia would provide an attractive alternative to stem cell injections or gene therapy approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now recognized to serve as a novel form of cell-cell communication through the transfer of cargo from donor to recipient cells or by the activation of signaling cascades in recipient cells. EVs have been shown to promote proliferation and regeneration raising the possibility that delivery of EVs could be a viable treatment for visual disorders. Here, we provide protocols to isolate EVs for use in retina regeneration experiments.


Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Regeneração , Retina , Animais , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Retina/metabolismo , Retina/citologia , Retina/fisiologia , Células Ependimogliais/metabolismo , Células Ependimogliais/citologia , Camundongos , Comunicação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia
2.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2848: 217-247, 2025.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39240526

RESUMO

Various strategies for replacing retinal neurons lost in degenerative diseases are under investigation, including stimulating the endogenous regenerative capacity of Müller Glia (MG) as injury-inducible retinal stem cells. Inherently regenerative species, such as zebrafish, have provided key insights into mechanisms regulating MG dedifferentiation to a stem-like state and the proliferation of MG and MG-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). Interestingly, promoting MG/MGPC proliferation is not sufficient for regeneration, yet mechanistic studies are often focused on this measure. To fully account for the regenerative process, and facilitate screens for factors regulating cell regeneration, an assay for quantifying cell replacement is required. Accordingly, we adapted an automated reporter-assisted phenotypic screening platform to quantify the pace of cellular regeneration kinetics following selective cell ablation in larval zebrafish. Here, we detail a method for using this approach to identify chemicals and genes that control the rate of retinal cell regeneration following selective retinal cell ablation.


Assuntos
Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Retina/citologia , Retina/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Proliferação de Células , Regeneração , Células Ependimogliais/citologia , Células Ependimogliais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Cinética , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia
3.
Biomaterials ; 312: 122732, 2025 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39088913

RESUMO

Fully restoring the lost population of cardiomyocytes and heart function remains the greatest challenge in cardiac repair post myocardial infarction. In this study, a pioneered highly ROS-eliminating hydrogel was designed to enhance miR-19a/b induced cardiomyocyte proliferation by lowering the oxidative stress and continuously releasing miR-19a/b in infarcted myocardium in situ. In vivo lineage tracing revealed that ∼20.47 % of adult cardiomyocytes at the injected sites underwent cell division in MI mice. In MI pig the infarcted size was significantly reduced from 40 % to 18 %, and thereby marked improvement of cardiac function and increased muscle mass. Most importantly, our treatment solved the challenge of animal death--all the treated pigs managed to live until their hearts were harvested at day 50. Therefore, our strategy provides clinical conversion advantages and safety for healing damaged hearts and restoring heart function post MI, which will be a powerful tool to battle cardiovascular diseases in patients.


Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , MicroRNAs , Infarto do Miocárdio , Miócitos Cardíacos , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Suínos , Hidrogéis/química , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo
4.
Biomaterials ; 312: 122760, 2025 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39163825

RESUMO

Inflammation-resident cells within arthritic sites undergo a metabolic shift towards glycolysis, which greatly aggravates rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Reprogramming glucose metabolism can suppress abnormal proliferation and activation of inflammation-related cells without affecting normal cells, holding potential for RA therapy. Single 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG, glycolysis inhibitor) treatment often cause elevated ROS, which is detrimental to RA remission. The rational combination of glycolysis inhibition with anti-inflammatory intervention might cooperatively achieve favorable RA therapy. To improve drug bioavailability and exert synergetic effect, stable co-encapsulation of drugs in long circulation and timely drug release in inflamed milieu is highly desirable. Herein, we designed a stimulus-responsive hyaluronic acid-triglycerol monostearate polymersomes (HTDD) co-delivering 2-DG and dexamethasone (Dex) to arthritic sites. After intravenous injection, HTDD polymersomes facilitated prolonged circulation and preferential distribution in inflamed sites, where overexpressed matrix metalloproteinases and acidic pH triggered drug release. Results indicated 2-DG can inhibit the excessive cell proliferation and activation, and improve Dex bioavailability by reducing Dex efflux. Dex can suppress inflammatory signaling and prevent 2-DG-induced oxidative stress. Thus, the combinational strategy ultimately mitigated RA by inhibiting glycolysis and hindering inflammatory signaling. Our study demonstrated the great potential in RA therapy by reprogramming glucose metabolism in arthritic sites.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Desoxiglucose , Dexametasona , Glucose , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Animais , Glucose/metabolismo , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Dexametasona/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Desoxiglucose/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Polímeros/química , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Humanos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos
5.
Biomaterials ; 313: 122773, 2025 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39217794

RESUMO

The development of artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPCs) has led to improvements in adoptive T cell therapy (ACT), an immunotherapy, for cancer treatment. aAPCs help to streamline the consistent production and expansion of T cells, thus reducing the time and costs associated with ACT. However, several issues still exist with ACT, such as insufficient T cell potency, which diminishes the translational potential for ACT. While aAPCs have been used primarily to increase production efficiency of T cells for ACT, the intrinsic properties of a biomaterial-based aAPC may affect T cell phenotype and function. In CD8+ T cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress accumulation can activate Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) to transcribe antioxidants which reduce ROS and improve memory formation. Alginate, a biocompatible and antioxidant rich biomaterial, is promising for incorporation into an aAPC formulation to modulate T cell phenotype. To investigate its utility, a novel alginate-based aAPC platform was developed that preferentially expanded CD8+ T cells with memory related features. Alginate-based aAPCs allowed for greater control of CD8+ T cell qualities, including, significantly improved in vivo persistence and augmented in vivo anti-tumor T cell responses.


Assuntos
Alginatos , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Memória Imunológica , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Alginatos/química , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Animais , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/imunologia , Memória Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos
6.
Biomaterials ; 313: 122777, 2025 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39222545

RESUMO

Telomere length plays a crucial role in cellular aging and the risk of diseases. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can extend their own survival by maintaining telomere stability through telomere maintenance mechanism. Therefore, regulating the lengths of telomeres have emerged as a promising approach for anti-cancer treatment. In this study, we introduce a nanoscale octopus-like structure designed to induce physical entangling of telomere, thereby efficiently triggering telomere dysfunction. The nanoscale octopus, composed of eight-armed PEG (8-arm-PEG), are functionalized with cell penetrating peptide (TAT) to facilitate nuclear entry and are covalently bound to N-Methyl Mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) to target G-quadruplexes (G4s) present in telomeres. The multi-armed configuration of the nanoscale octopus enables targeted binding to multiple G4s, physically disrupting and entangling numerous telomeres, thereby triggering telomere dysfunction. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the nanoscale octopus significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis through telomere entanglement, and ultimately suppresses tumor growth. This research offers a novel perspective for the development of innovative anti-cancer interventions and provides potential therapeutic options for targeting telomeres.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Telômero , Telômero/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Camundongos , Quadruplex G/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Nus , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/química , Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/farmacologia , Nanoestruturas/química
7.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 336: 118711, 2025 Jan 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39181286

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: According to the theory of Qi and blood in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the combination of Qi-reinforcing herbs and blood-activating herbs has a synergistic effect in improving blood stasis syndrome, especially in tumor treatment. The classic "Radix Astragali - Salvia miltiorrhiza" duo exemplifies this principle, renowned for invigorating Qi and activating blood flow, employed widely in tumor therapies. Our prior research underscores the potent inhibition of pancreatic tumor xenografts by the combination of Formononetin (from Radix Astragali) and Salvianolic acid B (from Salvia miltiorrhiza) in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether this combination can inhibit the abnormal vascularization of pancreatic tumors to achieve its anti-cancer effect. AIM OF THE STUDY: Abnormal vasculature, known to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Strategies to normalize tumor-associated blood vessels provide a promising avenue for anti-tumor therapy. This study aimed to unravel the therapeutic potential of Formononetin combined with Salvianolic acid B (FcS) in modulating pancreatic cancer's impact on endothelial cells, illuminate the underlying mechanisms that govern this therapeutic interaction, thereby advancing strategies to normalize tumor vasculature and combat cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A co-culture system involving Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and PANC-1 cells was established to investigate the potential of targeting abnormal vasculature as a novel anti-tumor therapeutic strategy. We systematically compared HUVEC proliferation, migration, invasion, and lumenogenesis in both mono- and co-culture conditions with PANC-1 (H-P). Subsequently, FcS treatment of the H-P system was evaluated for its anti-angiogenic properties. Molecular docking was utilized to predict the interactions between Formononetin and Salvianolic acid B with RhoA, and the post-treatment expression of RhoA in HUVECs was assessed. Furthermore, we utilized shRhoA lentivirus to elucidate the role of RhoA in FcS-mediated effects on HUVECs. In vivo, a zebrafish xenograft tumor model was employed to assess FcS's anti-tumor potential, focusing on cancer cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and vascular development. RESULTS: FcS treatment demonstrated a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of PANC-1-induced alterations in HUVECs, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation capabilities. Molecular docking analyses indicated potential interactions between FcS and RhoA. Further, FcS treatment was found to downregulate RhoA expression and modulated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in PANC-1-induced HUVECs. Notably, the phenotypic inhibitory effects of FcS on HUVECs were attenuated by RhoA knockdown. In vivo zebrafish studies validated FcS's anti-tumor activity, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and vascular sprouting, while promoting tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the promising potential of FcS in countering pancreatic cancer-induced endothelial alterations. FcS exhibits pronounced anti-abnormal vasculature effects, potentially achieved through downregulation of RhoA and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby presenting a novel therapeutic avenue for pancreatic cancer management.


Assuntos
Benzofuranos , Movimento Celular , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Isoflavonas , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP , Isoflavonas/farmacologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Animais , Benzofuranos/farmacologia , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neovascularização Patológica/tratamento farmacológico , Peixe-Zebra , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Depsídeos
8.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 336: 118706, 2025 Jan 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39186989

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been widely used as adjuvant of anti-tumor therapy for variety tumors. The bioactive ingredients of G. lucidum mainly include triterpenes, such as Ganoderic acid A, Ganoderic acid B, Ganoderenic acid A, Ganoderenic acid B, Ganoderenic acid D, and Ganoderic acid X. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of G. lucidum are often challenging in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the potential role and mechanism of enhancer-associated lncRNAs (en-lncRNAs) in G. lucidum treated HCC through the in vivo and in vitro experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice model were established to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of G. lucidum treated HCC. Ki67 and TUNEL staining were used to detect the tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in vivo. The Mouse lncRNA 4*180K array was implemented to identify the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and mRNAs of G. lucidum treated tumor mice. The constructed lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network and bioinformatics analysis were used to selected core en-lncRNAs and its neighboring genes. The UPLC-MS method was used to identify the triterpenes of G. lucidum, and the in vitro experiments were used to verify which triterpene monomers regulated en-lncRNAs in tumor cells. Finally, a stable knockdown/overexpression cell lines were used to confirm the relationship between en-lncRNA and neighboring gene. RESULTS: Ki67 and TUNEL staining demonstrated G. lucidum significantly inhibited tumor growth, suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the existence of 126 DE lncRNAs high correlated with 454 co-expressed mRNAs in G. lucidum treated tumor mice. Based on lncRNA-mRNA network and qRT-PCR validation, 6 core lncRNAs were selected and considered high correlated with G. lucidum treatment. Bioinformatics analysis revealed FR036820 and FR121302 might act as enhancers, and qRT-PCR results suggested FR121302 might enhance Popdc2 mRNA level in HCC. Furthermore, 6 main triterpene monomers of G. lucidum were identified by UPLC-MS method, and in vitro experiments showed FR121302 and Popdc2 were significantly suppressed by Ganoderenic acid A and Ganoderenic acid B, respectively. The knock/overexpression results demonstrated that FR121302 activating and enhancing Popdc2 expression levels, and Ganoderenic acid A and Ganoderenic acid B dramatically suppressed FR121302 and decreased Popdc2 level in Hepa1-6 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Enhancer-associated lncRNA plays a crucial role as an enhancer during hepatocarcinogenesis, and triterpenes of G. lucidum significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by regulating en-lncRNAs. Our study demonstrated Ganoderenic acid A and Ganoderenic acid B suppressed en-lncRNA FR121302 may be one of the critical strategies of G. lucidum inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , RNA Longo não Codificante , Reishi , Triterpenos , Animais , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Triterpenos/isolamento & purificação , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Reishi/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Masculino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação
9.
Gene ; 932: 148900, 2025 Jan 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39209180

RESUMO

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide because of its high morbidity and the absence of effective therapies. Even though paclitaxel is a powerful anticancer chemotherapy drug, recent studies have indicated its ineffectiveness against GC cells. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 has a high expression in GC cells and increases the progression of tumors via inducing drug resistance. In the present study, the effects of the siRNA-mediated lncRNA PVT1 gene silencing along with paclitaxel treatment on the rate of apoptosis, growth, and migration of AGS GC cells were investigated. AGS cells were cultured and then transfected with siRNA PVT1 using electroporation. The MTT test was used to examine the effect of treatments on the viability of cultured cells. Furthermore, the flow cytometry method was used to evaluate the impact of treatments on the cell cycle process and apoptosis induction in GC cells. Finally, the mRNA expression of target genes was assessed using the qRT-PCR method. The results showed that lncRNA PVT1 gene suppression, along with paclitaxel treatment, reduces the viability of cancer cells and significantly increases the apoptosis rate of cancer cells and the number of cells arrested in the G2/M phase compared to the control group. Based on the results of qRT-PCR, combined treatment significantly decreased the expression of MMP3, MMP9, MDR1, MRP1, Bcl-2, k-Ras, and c-Myc genes and increased the expression of the Bax gene compared to the control group. The results of our study showed that lncRNA PVT1 gene targeting, together with paclitaxel treatment, induces apoptosis, inhibits growth, alleviates drug resistance, and reduces the migratory capability of GC cells. Therefore, there is a need for further investigations to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach in vivo in animal models.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Inativação Gênica , Paclitaxel , RNA Longo não Codificante , Neoplasias Gástricas , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética
10.
Gene ; 932: 148904, 2025 Jan 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39218415

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer, primarily caused by HPV infection, remains a global health concern. Current treatments face challenges including drug resistance and toxicity. This study investigates combining E5-siRNA with chemotherapy drugs, Oxaliplatin and Ifosfamide, to enhance treatment efficacy in HPV-16 positive cervical cancer cells, targeting E5 oncoprotein to overcome limitations of existing therapies. METHODS: The CaSki cervical cancer cell line was transfected with E5-siRNA, and subsequently treated with Oxaliplatin/Ifosfamide. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to assess the expression of related genes including p53, MMP2, Nanog, and Caspases. Cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell viability were evaluated using Annexin V/PI staining, DAPI staining, and MTT test, respectively. Furthermore, stemness ability was determined through a colony formation assay, and cell motility was assessed by wound healing assay. RESULTS: E5-siRNA transfection significantly reduced E5 mRNA expression in CaSki cells compared to the control group. The MTT assay revealed that monotherapy with E5-siRNA, Oxaliplatin, or Ifosfamide had moderate effects on cell viability. However, combination therapy showed synergistic effects, reducing the IC50 of Oxaliplatin from 11.42 × 10-8 M (45.36 µg/ml) to 6.71 × 10-8 M (26.66 µg/ml) and Ifosfamide from 12.52 × 10-5 M (32.7 µg/ml) to 8.206 × 10-5 M (21.43 µg/ml). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated a significant increase in apoptosis for combination treatments, with apoptosis rates rising from 11.02 % (Oxaliplatin alone) and 16.98 % (Ifosfamide alone) to 24.8 % (Oxaliplatin + E5-siRNA) and 34.9 % (Ifosfamide + E5-siRNA). The sub-G1 cell population increased from 15.7 % (Oxaliplatin alone) and 18 % (Ifosfamide alone) to 21.9 % (Oxaliplatin + E5-siRNA) and 27.1 % (Ifosfamide + E5-siRNA), indicating cell cycle arrest. The colony formation assay revealed a substantial decrease in the number of colonies following combination treatment. qRT-PCR analysis showed decreased expression of stemness-related genes CD44 and Nanog, and migration-related genes MMP2 and CXCL8 in the combination groups. Apoptosis-related genes Casp-3, Casp-9, and pP53 showed increased expression following combination therapy, while BAX expression increased and BCL2 expression decreased relative to the control. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that combining E5-siRNA with Oxaliplatin or Ifosfamide enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in HPV-16 positive cervical cancer cells. This synergistic approach effectively targets multiple aspects of cancer cell behavior, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and stemness. The findings suggest that this combination strategy could potentially allow for lower chemotherapy doses, thereby reducing toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. This research provides valuable insights into targeting HPV E5 as a complementary approach to existing therapies focused on E6 and E7 oncoproteins, opening new avenues for combination therapies in cervical cancer treatment.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Papillomavirus Humano 16 , Ifosfamida , Oxaliplatina , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Humanos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Oxaliplatina/farmacologia , Feminino , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ifosfamida/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos
11.
Biomaterials ; 312: 122713, 2025 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39084096

RESUMO

Traditional bioreactor systems involve the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds or stem cell aggregates, limiting the accessibility to the production of cell-secreted biomolecules. Herein, we present the use a pulse electromagnetic fields (pEMFs)-assisted wave-motion bioreactor system for the dynamic and scalable culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) with enhanced the secretion of various soluble factors with massive therapeutic potential. The present study investigated the influence of dynamic pEMF (D-pEMF) on the kinetic of hBMSCs. A 30-min exposure of pEMF (10V-1Hz, 5.82 G) with 35 oscillations per minute (OPM) rocking speed can induce the proliferation (1 × 105 â†’ 4.5 × 105) of hBMSCs than static culture. Furthermore, the culture of hBMSCs in osteo-induction media revealed a greater enhancement of osteogenic transcription factors under the D-pEMF condition, suggesting that D-pEMF addition significantly boosted hBMSCs osteogenesis. Additionally, the RNA sequencing data revealed a significant shift in various osteogenic and signaling genes in the D-pEMF group, further suggesting their osteogenic capabilities. In this research, we demonstrated that the combined effect of wave and pEMF stimulation on hBMSCs allows rapid proliferation and induces osteogenic properties in the cells. Moreover, our study revealed that D-pEMF stimuli also induce ROS-scavenging properties in the cultured cells. This study also revealed a bioactive and cost-effective approach that enables the use of cells without using any expensive materials and avoids the possible risks associated with them post-implantation.


Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Campos Eletromagnéticos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Osteogênese , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Proliferação de Células , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Transcriptoma
12.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol ; 38(9): e23833, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39243199

RESUMO

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent bone malignancy in humans. Previous evidence suggest that circ_0032463 is an oncogenic circular RNA (circRNA) in various cancers, including OS. However, the molecular mechanism of circ_0032463 involved in OS is still unclear. Circ_0032463, microRNA-145-5p (miR-145-5p), GDNF receptor alpha 1 (GFRA1), and Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) levels were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis were analyzed using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell, and tube formation assays. Western blot analysis was performed to measure matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, GFRA1, and WTAP protein levels. Binding between miR-145-5p and circ_0032463 or GFRA1 was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter and pull-down assay. The biological role of circ_0032463 on OS cell growth was also analyzed using a xenograft tumor model in vivo. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay validated the interaction between WTAP and circ_0032463. Circ_0032463, GFRA1, and WTAP levels were increased, and miR-145-5p was decreased in OS tissues and cells. Circ_0032463 deficiency might hinder OS cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and promote apoptosis in vitro. Mechanically, circ_0032463 worked as a miR-145-5p sponge to increase GFRA1 expression. Repression of circ_0032463 knockdown on tumor cell growth was proved in vivo. Besides, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification facilitates the biogenesis of circ_0032463. Taken together, m6A-mediated biogenesis of circ_0032463 facilitates OS cell malignant biological behavior partly via regulating the miR-145-5p/GFRA1 axis, suggesting a promising molecular marker for OS treatment.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Receptores de Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial , MicroRNAs , Osteossarcoma , RNA Circular , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Humanos , Osteossarcoma/genética , Osteossarcoma/patologia , Osteossarcoma/metabolismo , RNA Circular/genética , RNA Circular/metabolismo , Receptores de Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/genética , Receptores de Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Camundongos , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Fatores de Processamento de RNA/genética , Fatores de Processamento de RNA/metabolismo , Camundongos Nus , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Proliferação de Células/genética , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , RNA Neoplásico/genética , RNA Neoplásico/metabolismo , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular
13.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol ; 38(9): e23846, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39243204

RESUMO

As a subclass of noncoding RNAs, circular RNA play an important role in tumour development. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of circ_0004674 in osteosarcoma glycolysis and the molecular mechanism of its regulation. We examined the expression of circ_0004674, miR-140-3p, TCF4 and glycolysis-related proteins (including HK2, PKM2, GLUT1 and LDHA) in osteosarcoma cells and tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting (Western blot analysis). The role of circ_0004674, miR-140-3p and TCF4 in the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of OS cells was examined using CCK8 assay, Apoptosis assay, Wound healing assay, Transwell migration and Matrigel invasion assay. The interaction of circ_0004674/miR-140-3p and miR-1543/TCF4 was also analysed using a dual luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the glycolytic process was assessed by glucose uptake assays and lactate production measurements. The results showed that the expression of circ_0004674 and TCF4 was significantly higher in MG63 and U2OS cells compared to hFOB1.19 cells, while the expression of miR-140-3p was downregulated. Silencing of circ_0004674 gene significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells and promoted apoptosis of cancer cells. Experiments such as dual luciferase reporter analysis showed that circ_0004674 regulates the expression of glycolysis-related proteins through the miR-140-3p/TCF4 pathway, and inhibition of this gene attenuated the depletion of glucose content and the production of lactate in cancer cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-140-3p or overexpression of TCF could reverse the phenotypic changes in cancer cells induced by circ_0004674 silencing. In summary, this study elucidated the specific function and potential mechanisms of circ_0004674 in osteosarcoma glycolysis. The findings demonstrate that miR-140-3p and TCF4 function respectively as a tumor suppressor gene and an oncogene in osteosarcoma. Notably, they influence glycolysis and associated pathways, regulating osteosarcoma proliferation. Therefore, circ_0004674 promotes osteosarcoma glycolysis and proliferation through the miR-140-3p/TCF4 pathway, enhancing the malignant behaviour of tumours, and it is expected to be a potential molecular target for osteosarcoma treatment.


Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Glicólise , MicroRNAs , Osteossarcoma , RNA Circular , Fator de Transcrição 4 , Humanos , Osteossarcoma/genética , Osteossarcoma/metabolismo , Osteossarcoma/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , RNA Circular/genética , RNA Circular/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição 4/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição 4/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Movimento Celular , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Apoptose/genética , Transdução de Sinais
14.
Hematol Oncol ; 42(5): e3307, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39243399

RESUMO

Homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX) mainly exerts its transcriptional repression by physically sequestering the serum co-repressor and recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC), possessing important potential as a prognostic gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). HDACs play crucial roles in cell growth, gene regulation, and metabolism, and they are also important factors in promoting AML progression. Therefore, this project attempts to investigate whether HOPX affects AML progression by interacting with HDAC2 protein. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to identify potential prognostic genes in AML. Flow cytometry and MTT assays were performed to analyze the cellular biological functions of the AML prognostic marker HOPX. The interaction network of HOPX was analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and the interaction between HOPX and HDAC2 was observed using endogenous and exogenous immunoprecipitation. HOPX is highly expressed in AML cells. Further research uncovered that low expression of HOPX can repress the proliferation activity, anti-apoptotic ability, and differentiation blockage of AML cells. Moreover, mechanistically, HOPX induced AML differentiation blockage and malignant progression through interaction with HDAC. HOPX can serve as a prognostic marker for AML and can interact with HDAC2 to induce AML differentiation blockage and malignant progression.


Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Histona Desacetilase 2 , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Histona Desacetilase 2/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proliferação de Células , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Prognóstico , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor
15.
Int J Biol Sci ; 20(11): 4532-4550, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39247808

RESUMO

Adenosine receptor-mediated signaling, especially adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) signaling, has been implicated in wound healing. However, the role of endothelial cells (ECs) in A2AR-mediated wound healing and the mechanism underlying this effect are still unclear. Here, we showed that the expression of A2AR substantially increased after wounding and was especially prominent in granulation tissue. The delaying effects of A2AR knockout (KO) on wound healing are due mainly to the effect of A2AR on endothelial cells, as shown with A2AR-KO and EC-A2AR-KO mice. Moreover, the expression of c-Ski, which is especially prominent in CD31-positive cells in granulation tissue, increased after wounding and was decreased by both EC-A2AR KO and A2AR KO. In human microvascular ECs (HMECs), A2AR activation induced EC proliferation, migration, tubule formation and c-Ski expression, whereas c-Ski depletion by RNAi abolished these effects. Mechanistically, A2AR activation promotes the expression of c-Ski through an ERK/CREB-dependent pathway. Thus, A2AR-mediated angiogenesis plays a critical role in wound healing, and c-Ski is involved mainly in the regulation of angiogenesis by A2AR via the ERK/CREB pathway. These findings identify A2AR as a therapeutic target in wound repair and other angiogenesis-dependent tissue repair processes.


Assuntos
Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico , Camundongos Knockout , Receptor A2A de Adenosina , Cicatrização , Cicatrização/fisiologia , Cicatrização/genética , Animais , Receptor A2A de Adenosina/metabolismo , Receptor A2A de Adenosina/genética , Camundongos , Humanos , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Transdução de Sinais , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células/genética , Movimento Celular/genética , Angiogênese
16.
Int J Biol Sci ; 20(11): 4190-4208, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39247819

RESUMO

Inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) has been reported to be involved in the malignant progression of cancers. Ursolic acid (UA) has shown remarkable antitumor effects. However, its antitumor mechanisms regarding of ING5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we found that UA significantly suppressed the proliferation, anti-apoptosis, migration and invasion of HCC cells. In addition, ING5 expression in HCC cells treated with UA was obviously downregulated in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, the pro-oncogenic role of ING5 was confirmed in HCC cells. Further investigation revealed that UA exerted antitumor effects on HCC by inhibiting ING5-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Notably, UA could also reverse sorafenib resistance of HCC cells by suppressing the ING5-ACC1/ACLY-lipid droplets (LDs) axis. UA abrogated ING5 transcription and downregulated its expression by reducing SRF and YY1 expression and the SRF-YY1 complex formation. Alb/JCPyV T antigen mice were used for in vivo experiments since T antigen upregulated ING5 expression by inhibiting the ubiquitin-mediated degradation and promoting the T antigen-SRF-YY1-ING5 complex-associated transcription. UA suppressed JCPyV T antigen-induced spontaneous HCC through inhibiting ING5-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings suggest that UA has the dual antitumoral functions of inhibiting hepatocellular carcinogenesis and reversing sorafenib resistance of HCC cells through targeting ING5, which could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Sorafenibe , Triterpenos , Ácido Ursólico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Triterpenos/uso terapêutico , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , Sorafenibe/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
17.
Int J Biol Sci ; 20(11): 4146-4161, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39247829

RESUMO

Ferroptosis has attracted extensive interest from cancer researchers due to its substantial potential as a therapeutic target. The role of LATS2, a core component of the Hippo pathway cascade, in ferroptosis initiation in hepatoblastoma (HB) has not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of decreased LATS2 expression remains largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated decreased LATS2 expression in HB and that LATS2 overexpression inhibits HB cell proliferation by inducing ferroptosis. Increased LATS2 expression reduced glycine and cysteine concentrations via the ATF4/PSAT1 axis. Physical binding between YAP1/ATF4 and the PSAT1 promoter was confirmed through ChIP‒qPCR. Moreover, METTL3 was identified as the writer of the LATS2 mRNA m6A modification at a specific site in the 5' UTR. Subsequently, YTHDF2 recognizes the m6A modification site and recruits the CCR4-NOT complex, leading to its degradation by mRNA deadenylation. In summary, N6-methyladenosine modification of LATS2 facilitates its degradation. Reduced LATS2 expression promotes hepatoblastoma progression by inhibiting ferroptosis through the YAP1/ATF4/PSAT1 axis. Targeting LATS2 is a potential strategy for HB therapy.


Assuntos
Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição , Adenosina , Ferroptose , Hepatoblastoma , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP , Humanos , Hepatoblastoma/metabolismo , Hepatoblastoma/genética , Hepatoblastoma/patologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/metabolismo , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Fator 4 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/metabolismo , Ferroptose/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Metiltransferases
18.
Development ; 151(17)2024 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39250533

RESUMO

The cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlying the decision of a stem/progenitor cell to either proliferate or differentiate remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify the transmembrane protein Lrig1 as a physiological homeostatic regulator of FGF2-driven proliferation and self-renewal of neural progenitors at early-to-mid embryonic stages of cortical development. We show that Lrig1 is expressed in cortical progenitors (CPs), and its ablation caused expansion and increased proliferation of radial/apical progenitors and of neurogenic transit-amplifying Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors. Notably, our findings identify a previously unreported EGF-independent mechanism through which Lrig1 negatively regulates neural progenitor proliferation by modulating the FGF2-induced IL6/Jak2/Stat3 pathway, a molecular cascade that plays a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of CPs. Consistently, Lrig1 knockout mice showed a significant increase in the density of pyramidal glutamatergic neurons placed in superficial layers 2 and 3 of the postnatal neocortex. Together, these results support a model in which Lrig1 regulates cortical neurogenesis by influencing the cycling activity of a set of progenitors that are temporally specified to produce upper layer glutamatergic neurons.


Assuntos
Janus Quinase 2 , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Camundongos Knockout , Células-Tronco Neurais , Neurogênese , Neurônios , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Camundongos , Neurogênese/genética , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Proliferação de Células , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/embriologia , Diferenciação Celular , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso
19.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol ; 38(9): e23778, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39252517

RESUMO

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal form of liver cancer, and the tumor microenvironment, particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), plays a critical role in its progression. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which CAF-derived exosomes regulate the development of HCC. The study employed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for mRNA expression analysis and western blot analysis for protein expression detection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to investigate the relationship between zinc finger protein 250 (ZNF250) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). Transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis were used to characterize the isolated exosomes. The transferability of CAF-derived exosomes and normal fibroblasts (NFs)-derived exosomes into HCC cells was analyzed using a green fluorescent labeling dye PKH67. Cell proliferation was assessed via a 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay, while Transwell assays were conducted to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Flow cytometry was performed to measure cell apoptosis, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and perforin. Finally, a xenograft mouse model was constructed to examine the effects of exosomes derived from ZNF250-deficient CAFs on the tumor properties of HCC cells. The study revealed increased expression of ZNF250 in HCC tissues and cells, with ZNF250 transcriptionally activating PD-L1 in HCC cells. ZNF250 expression was associated with HbsAg, clinical stage and tumor size of HCC patients. CAF-derived exosomal ZNF250 can regulate PD-L1 expression in HCC cells. Furthermore, exosomes derived from ZNF250-deficient CAFs inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune escape of HCC cells by downregulating PD-L1 expression. Moreover, CAF-derived exosomal ZNF250 promoted tumor formation in vivo. These findings provide insights into the role of CAF-derived exosomes in the suppression of HCC development, highlighting the significance of ZNF250 and PD-L1 regulation in tumor progression.


Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1 , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Exossomos , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/imunologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/imunologia , Humanos , Exossomos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Animais , Camundongos , Invasividade Neoplásica , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Evasão Tumoral , Camundongos Nus , Masculino , Ativação Transcricional , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica
20.
Eur J Histochem ; 68(3)2024 Sep 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39252536

RESUMO

Medical treatment with low ozone concentrations proved to exert therapeutic effects in various diseases by inducing a cytoprotective antioxidant response through the nuclear factor erythroid derived-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor pathway. Low ozone doses are increasingly administered to oncological patients as a complementary treatment to mitigate some adverse side-effects of antitumor treatments. However, a widespread concern exists about the possibility that the cytoprotective effect of Nrf2 activation may confer drug resistance to cancer cells or at least reduce the efficacy of antitumor agents. In this study, the effect of low ozone concentrations on tamoxifen-treated MCF7 human breast cancer cells has been investigated in vitro by histochemical and molecular techniques. Results demonstrated that cell viability, proliferation and migration were generally similar in tamoxifen-treated cells as in cells concomitantly treated with tamoxifen and ozone. Notably, low ozone concentrations were unable to overstimulate the antioxidant response through the Nfr2 pathway, thus excluding a possible ozone-driven cytoprotective effect that would lead to increased tumor cell survival during the antineoplastic treatment. These findings, though obtained in an in vitro model, support the hypothesis that low ozone concentrations do not interfere with the tamoxifen-induced effects on breast cancer cells.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Sobrevivência Celular , Ozônio , Tamoxifeno , Humanos , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Ozônio/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Feminino , Células MCF-7 , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/farmacologia
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