RESUMO
Several studies have related reactive temperament to poorer productive and reproductive performance in cattle. However, no studies have aimed to investigate the effect of temperament on sexual development and precocity of male cattle. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that reactive animals exhibit delayed sexual development and poorer reproductive performance. For the study, 40 crossbred male cattle (Nellore x Santa Gertrudis) at 12 months were selected. The animals underwent behavioral evaluation and were divided into two groups: calm (CA; nâ¯=â¯24) and reactive (RE; nâ¯=â¯16). All steers were weighed to monitor weight gain, and blood samples were collected to measure cortisol and testosterone concentrations. Semen collections by electroejaculation were performed to determine the onset of puberty and assess sperm quality. Cryopreservation tests were conducted, and the samples were evaluated for kinetics and plasma membrane integrity. Ultrasound examinations assessed testicular development. Additionally, testicular biopsies were performed to evaluate spermatid and spermatozoa ratios. There was a trend toward higher cortisol production (Pâ¯=â¯0.07) in RE animals. Higher total (Pâ¯=â¯0.03), average (Pâ¯=â¯0.07), and daily (Pâ¯=â¯0.06) weight gains were observed for CA animals. RE steers produced a higher proportion of cells with minor sperm defects (Pâ¯=â¯0.06). Greater vesicular glands development was observed in CA animals (Pâ¯=â¯0.01). No effect of temperament was observed on sexual precocity, cryotolerance, or testosterone production. It was concluded that although temperament does not influence age at puberty, reactive bulls exhibit poorer performance in body development, vesicular glands development, and fresh semen quality compared to calm bulls.
Assuntos
Temperamento , Animais , Masculino , Bovinos/fisiologia , Temperamento/fisiologia , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Maturidade Sexual/fisiologia , Testosterona/sangue , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Reprodução/fisiologia , Testículo/fisiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This narrative review aims to provide the most updated knowledge regarding the treatment of adverse effects secondary to testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), such as gynecomastia, cardiovascular and hematologic risks, prostate health risk, and liver dysfunction risks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extensive literature review was conducted, incorporating guidelines from the American Urological Association and the Endocrine Society. The studies determined common adverse effects and their most common methods of management. RESULTS: TRT improves the quality of life, sexual function, and mood in hypogonadal men. Possible adverse effects associated with TRT include increased estrogen levels and gynecomastia, which are usually managed with aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen. Cardiovascular risks from TRT include hypertension and erythrocytosis, which mandate periodic hematocrit and blood pressure monitoring; therapeutic phlebotomy is indicated if the hematocrit exceeds 52%. No significant concern regarding prostate cancer has been observed in the closely monitored patient. However, TRT should not be administered to individuals with active evidence of untreated prostate cancer, except under rare circumstances such as active surveillance for very low-risk disease. Older oral forms of TRT can affect liver function; therefore, transdermal, newer oral forms and injectables are generally favored in men with a history of liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring and management of adverse effects are critical to maximize benefit and minimize the risks of TRT. Ongoing research will further elucidate the safety of TRT while advancing evidence-based practices in managing its associated adverse effects. Effective patient education and counseling are also essential to improve compliance and treatment outcomes.
Assuntos
Terapia de Reposição Hormonal , Testosterona , Humanos , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Testosterona/efeitos adversos , Testosterona/uso terapêutico , Hipogonadismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hipogonadismo/induzido quimicamente , Ginecomastia/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Fatores de Risco , Androgênios/efeitos adversos , Androgênios/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the use of the Improvac® vaccine to avoid heat and pregnancies in queens and fertility in males during the breeding season. Twenty-eight intact animals were divided into treated males (G1, n = 7), treated females (G2, n = 18), and untreated males (G3, n = 3) that were untamed and could not be captured for immunization. In cats from the G1 group, the testicular volume (337.35 ± 95.74 mm3) and testosterone concentration (1.31 ± 0.49 ng/mL) reached the lowest value 16 weeks after the first vaccination. At week 40, all queens exhibited both estrus cytology and estrus behavior, with serum estrogen (38.5 ± 1.93 pg/mL) and progesterone (0.5 ng/mL) concentrations within the physiological range for the phase. Eleven queens received a third dose of the vaccine at week 40, and none became pregnant by week 64. The remaining queens (n = 7) did not receive the third dose of the vaccine and became pregnant by week 44. In cats from the G1 and G2 groups, the hematologic parameters were within the physiological range for the species. The results of this study indicate that the Improvac® vaccine is safe and effective in the short to medium term in preventing cat reproduction.
Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Animais , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , Gravidez , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/imunologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Reprodução , Vacinas Anticoncepcionais/imunologia , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
The production of spermatozoa, a process known as spermatogenesis, is primarily controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-driven testosterone. LH acts on the Leydig cells, stimulating steroid production, predominantly testosterone, and activating critical inter-related spermatogenesis regulatory pathways. Despite evidence that exogenous gonadotropins containing LH activity can effectively restore spermatogenesis in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the use of these drugs to treat other forms of male infertility is the subject of an ongoing debate. In this review, we delve into the molecular properties and functions of LH activity in spermatogenesis regulation and explore available preparations for therapeutic use. We also examine the evidence regarding the effectiveness of LH-containing drugs in treating specific male infertility conditions and identify the main areas for future research. Our review highlights the critical role of LH in spermatogenesis and emphasizes the potential of LH-containing drugs in treating male infertility. However, further research is required to completely elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of LH activity on sperm production and to establish the most effective dosages and treatment durations.
Assuntos
Infertilidade Masculina , Hormônio Luteinizante , Espermatogênese , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/fisiologia , Masculino , Hormônio Luteinizante/metabolismo , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/metabolismo , Infertilidade Masculina/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Testosterona/metabolismo , Hipogonadismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hipogonadismo/metabolismo , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/metabolismo , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Lead (Pb) exposure during perinatal development alters testosterone (T) concentrations and delays puberty in children and laboratory rodents. In addition, exposure to the metal during adult life decreases T and libido in men and affects male reproductive behaviour (MRB) in rats. MRB is regulated by various brain nuclei including the medial preoptic area (MPOa) and the medial amygdala (MeA), in which T and oestradiol (E2) act through their respective androgen (AR) and oestrogen (ER) receptors. However, the mechanism by which MRB is affected by Pb exposure is not known. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether perinatal Pb exposure affects MRB and the number of cells immunoreactive to AR and ERα in the MPOa and the MeA. Male Wistar rats exposed to Pb (320 ppm) in drinking water from the beginning of pregnancy until weaning were used. The experimental group experienced significant alterations in MRB, an important decrease in T and E2 concentrations, and a significant increase in Pb concentrations in the blood, MPOa (hypothalamus) and MeA. In addition, in the studied areas the number of cells immunoreactive to AR and ERα, or detected using the Nissl technique, decreased significantly. These results show that perinatal exposure to Pb alters MRB. This event may be related to a decrease in both the concentrations of sex hormones and the number of cells that express their receptors as well as in the neuronal Nissl staining population. This ultimately affects the quality of life of the individual.
Assuntos
Chumbo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Área Pré-Óptica , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Androgênicos , Testosterona , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Chumbo/toxicidade , Área Pré-Óptica/metabolismo , Área Pré-Óptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangue , Testosterona/metabolismo , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Estradiol/sangue , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Tonsila do Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Objectives: The aim of this study was to adapt and apply the Portuguese version of the Transgender Man Voice Questionnaire in a sample of Brazilian transgender men and to investigate the relationship between voice satisfaction and hormone therapy duration. In addition, we suggest reducing and reformulating the questionnaire for screening. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 31 transgender men aged 18-50â¯years undergoing hormone therapy who answered a questionnaire adapted from the Transgender Woman Voice Questionnaire, validated in Portuguese. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the individuals' electronic medical records: age, smoking status, and type and duration of hormone therapy. The questionnaire, consisting of 30 questions rated on a Likert scale, was answered individually during a psychotherapy session. In each question, the gender-specific words were modified. Furthermore, we added a question: 31 (After GAHT, my voice became completely male), with the response options yes or no. In questions 32 and 33, asking participants to provide an overall rating of their voice. Total score ranged from 0 to 120, with higher scores indicating greater dissatisfaction with voice. Results: Mean patient age was 30.13⯱â¯7.6â¯years, and 19.4% were smokers. The mean duration of hormone therapy was 29.7⯱â¯24.9â¯months, and 95% received intramuscular testosterone cypionate, maintaining serum testosterone levels within the male reference range. The questionnaire mean total score was 51⯱â¯17.72. There was a significant negative correlation between the questionnaire total score and duration of hormone therapy (râ¯=â¯-0.484, pâ¯=â¯0.006). The questionnaire had a high level of internal consistency/reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95 for all items and a split-half Spearman-Brown coefficient of 0.96. For the elaboration of a screening tool, it is suggested to remove questions 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 23, 27, and 29 and modify question 1. Conclusion: Longer hormone therapy favors voice deepening and satisfaction with voice. The psychometric properties of the Transgender Man Voice Questionnaire are reliable, supporting its use as a screening tool in clinical practice and as an adjunct to the planning of vocal and communication support for transgender individuals.
Assuntos
Pessoas Transgênero , Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Brasil , Pessoas Transgênero/psicologia , Pessoas Transgênero/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Feminino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Qualidade da Voz , TestosteronaRESUMO
Cortisol and testosterone are important biomarkers for diagnosing complex disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome and Cushing's syndrome, where symptomatology usually overlaps with other prevalent disorders. This work proposes, for the first time, an analytical method based on a switchable hydrophilicity solvent as an extraction phase for the determination of cortisol and testosterone in oral fluid (OF) by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The optimized extraction conditions consisted of 1000 µL of OF, 100 µL of decanoic acid solution (65 mg/mL), 170 µL of Na2CO3, 900 µL of H2SO4 and 150 µL of acetonitrile for dilution. The method was validated, and coefficients of determination higher than 0.9926, the limit of detection of 4.55 ng/mL and the limit of quantification of 15.00 ng/mL were obtained. Intra-day precision varied from 5.6% to 11.9%, inter-day precision ranged from 6.1% to 13.5%, and relative recoveries ranged from 98.9% to 104.6% for cortisol, and 89.1% to 103.9% for testosterone. This methodology was successfully applied to five OF samples from volunteers. Moreover, the greenness of this methodology was evaluated based on the sample preparation metric of sustainability achieving a global score of 7.37 which can be considered sustainable.
Assuntos
Hidrocortisona , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Microextração em Fase Líquida , Saliva , Solventes , Testosterona , Hidrocortisona/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Testosterona/análise , Humanos , Solventes/química , Saliva/química , FemininoRESUMO
Mammalian prostate gland plays a role in alkaline substance synthesis including proteins. These functions are depending on glandular maturation and testosterone-androgen receptor (AR) dependent actions. Since tyrosine phosphorylated (TyrPho) proteins, also important for secreting pathways, have been localized in the androgen dependent organs, association between AR and TyrPho protein expressions in prostate is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the changes of such proteins in prostate gland of male castrated rats. Nine prepubertal and adult twenty-two adult male rats were divided into the prepubertal (Pre, n=9), Sham (n=6), castrate for 3 (Cas-3, n=8) and for 7 (Cas-7, n=8) days groups, respectively. Serum testosterone level was determined. Histology and AR localization in each prostatic lobe were observed. TyrPho and AR protein expressions were also examined. The results showed undetectable testosterone level and low AR expression in Pre and Cas prostates with the decreased size. Few histopathologies were found in Cas groups. In ventral lobe, a Tyrpho protein was increased at the 48 kDa but the 52, 33, and 26 kDas were decreased in the Pre and Cas groups. For dorsolateral lobe, they were decreased at 33 and 30 kDas in Pre group and only 30 kDa was decreased in Cas-3 group. In the anterior lobe, the TyrPho proteins 57, 49, 39, 30, and 26 kDas were decreased in Pre group while 57, 30, and 26 kDas were decreased in Cas-3 group. In conclusion, the alterations of testosterone level and AR expressions associate with TyrPho protein expressions in prostate gland during development.
Assuntos
Próstata , Receptores Androgênicos , Testosterona , Masculino , Animais , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Próstata/metabolismo , Testosterona/sangue , Ratos Wistar , Orquiectomia , Fosforilação , Ratos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Background/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances. Recent research suggests that probiotics and synbiotics may improve these parameters by modulating the gut microbiota. This study systematically reviewed randomized clinical trials evaluating the impact of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance and hormonal parameters in women with PCOS. Methods: Exhaustive searches were conducted in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized trials assessing supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics for at least 8 weeks in women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria were included. Data on participants, interventions, and outcomes related to insulin resistance and hormones were extracted. Results: Eleven studies from Iran involving overweight or obese women aged 15 to 48 were included. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation showed significant improvements in insulin resistance (reductions in HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, and insulin), lipid profiles (decreased LDL and triglycerides; increased HDL), and hormonal balance (increased SHBG, decreased total testosterone). Synbiotics had more pronounced effects than probiotics or prebiotics alone. Adherence was high, and side effects were minimal. Conclusions: Despite promising results, limitations such as small sample sizes, homogeneous populations, and short intervention durations limit the generalization of the findings. Larger, longer, multicenter trials with diverse populations and standardized methodologies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of synbiotics in managing PCOS. Integrating these interventions could improve clinical management and quality of life for affected women, but additional evidence is required to support widespread use.
Assuntos
Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Prebióticos , Probióticos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Simbióticos , Humanos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/terapia , Simbióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Prebióticos/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/terapia , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Glicemia/metabolismo , Insulina/sangue , Resultado do Tratamento , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/metabolismo , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/análise , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Paternal exposure to environmental challenges is critical for the offspring's future health, and the transmission of acquired traits through generations increases the risk of offspring developing diseases. Ivermectin (IVM) is widely used in veterinary and human medicine to treat parasitosis. Our previous studies showed that IVM acute administration induced disorganization of the germinal epithelium and could cause damage to sperm production. Thus, this study investigated the effects of paternal exposure to repeated high ivermectin doses on paternal testis histology. After mating, their pups' development and sexual behavior in adult rats were examined. Method: Two groups of male rats were treated with IVM or its vehicle once a week for three weeks. We observed these males' body weight, organs and testis histology, and testosterone levels. These rats were mated with females without any treatment: the reproductive performance, the offspring development, and the male and female sexual behavior observed in adulthood. Relative to controls, the IVM paternal testis histology showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Leydig cells and increased diameter of the seminiferous tubules-no impairment in reproductive performance. In males and females, the physical and reflexes were modified. In adult age, female rats of the IVM group showed reduced sexual behavior and sexual preferences for the same sex, while male sexual behavior was not altered. Thus, it is possible that paternal exposure to IVM interfered with pups' hormonal and growth factors during development and in adult age. Further studies are needed to explore IVM transgenerational effects identifying possible mechanisms underpinning behavioral effects.
Assuntos
Ivermectina , Exposição Paterna , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Testículo , Testosterona , Animais , Masculino , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/patologia , Ivermectina/toxicidade , Feminino , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Paterna/efeitos adversos , Testosterona/sangue , Antiparasitários/toxicidade , Ratos Wistar , RatosRESUMO
Boldenone (BOL) has been frequently detected in doping and food safety over the past few decades. Researchers have studied BOL metabolism across various species, reporting significant differences even within the same species due to variations in experimental designs and analytical methods. Additionally, detection methods face challenges such as matrix interferences and the presence of endogenous structural analogs at low concentrations. This study aims to compile and analyze the development of chromatographic techniques for detecting BOL and its metabolites in biological matrices. An integrative review of literature from May 2000 to September 2024 was conducted using databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, Wiley, and Taylor & Francis. The MeSH terms 'boldenone' AND 'detection,' restricted to titles or abstracts, yielded 167 records, with 79 meeting the inclusion criteria. Hyphenated techniques (e.g., LC/MS/MS and GC/C/IRMS) were predominantly used and generally successful in identifying BOL, its precursors, and metabolites, particularly in characterizing their endogenous origin or differentiating isomers. Urine was the most commonly observed matrix, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) was the predominant extraction technique. Future research should aim to improve extraction and detection methods to address current discrepancies in controlling BOL use, as its pharmacological properties have led to negative repercussions in sports and concerns about food safety.
Assuntos
Testosterona , Humanos , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Testosterona/urina , Testosterona/análise , Testosterona/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Animais , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Extração em Fase Sólida , Anabolizantes/urina , Anabolizantes/metabolismo , Anabolizantes/análise , Dopagem Esportivo/prevenção & controle , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodosRESUMO
Ketoprofen and meloxicam, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs widely used in clinical practice, lack comprehensive investigation regarding their impact on male reproductive health, particularly on epididymal duct contractions and sperm parameters. Therefore, this study investigated the negative effects of ketoprofen or meloxicam on the contractions of the epididymal duct, sperm parameters, and serum testosterone levels in rats. Firstly, we assessed the in vitro effects of ketoprofen or meloxicam (1-100 µM) on the contractions of the epididymal duct elicited by noradrenaline. Rats were also orally treated with 5 mg/kg ketoprofen or 1 mg/kg meloxicam for 15 days following evaluation of epididymal duct contractions, sperm parameters, and serum testosterone levels. In vitro exposure to meloxicam (100 µM), but not ketoprofen, significantly reduced the maximum effect of noradrenaline in epididymal duct. Moreover, in vivo administration of ketoprofen and meloxicam decreased testosterone levels, sperm production, and sperm count in the caput/corpus region of the rat epididymis. Conversely, the sperm count in the cauda epididymis remained unchanged in animals treated with both ketoprofen and meloxicam. Meloxicam, but not ketoprofen, caused a delay in sperm transit time in the cauda region of the epididymis. In vivo treatment with both ketoprofen or meloxicam hindered the noradrenaline-induced contractions in the epididymal duct. In conclusion, ketoprofen and meloxicam can modify sperm parameters by decreasing testosterone levels and the contractions of the epididymal duct isolated from the distal cauda region of the rat epididymis.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Epididimo , Cetoprofeno , Meloxicam , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Testosterona , Animais , Masculino , Meloxicam/farmacologia , Cetoprofeno/farmacologia , Testosterona/sangue , Ratos , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Epididimo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Objective: Thyroid diseases pose a substantial socioeconomic burden globally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between estradiol-to-testosterone (E2/T) ratio and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity in male patients with hypothyroidism or euthyroidism. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional observational study including 115 male patients with hypothyroidism or euthyroidism. The patients were divided into two groups based on positive or negative TPOAb results, with TPOAb positivity defined by a serum TPOAb value ≥ 35 IU/mL. Results: Patients with positive TPOAbs, compared with those with negative TPOAbs, had a higher prevalence of goiter and obesity and higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The median estradiol level was higher, and the median total testosterone and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were lower in the TPOAb-positive versus the TPOAb-negative group (p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis including only patients with hypothyroidism (n = 80), the median E2/T ratio was higher in the TPOAb-positive group (p = 0.016). The prevalence of TPOAb positivity increased with the increase in E2/T ratio quartiles, from 37.9% in the lowest quartile to 96.2% in the highest quartile (p value for trend across all quartiles < 0.001). On adjusted multivariate analysis, the E2/T ratio emerged as an independent predictor of TPOAb positivity. An E2/T ratio cutoff value of 6.565 x10-3 demonstrated the best diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 78.2% and specificity of 67.6%. Conclusion: The present study provides insights into the role of the E2/T ratio as a predictor of thyroid disorders.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos , Estradiol , Hipotireoidismo , Iodeto Peroxidase , Testosterona , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Estradiol/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto , Iodeto Peroxidase/imunologia , Iodeto Peroxidase/sangue , Idoso , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/análiseRESUMO
Background: A high-performance sport like soccer requires training strategies that aim to reach peak performance at the right time for the desired competitions. Thus, the investigation of biochemical markers in saliva is a tool that is beginning to be used in athletes within the physical training process. There is still no evidence on universal saliva collection and analysis protocols in soccer. This review aims to map the use of saliva as a tool for analyzing athletic performance in soccer, from the biomarkers used to the validated protocols for these analyses. Methods: A broad systematic literature search was carried out in the electronic databases Web of Science, Livivo, Scopus, PubMed, LILACS and gray literature (Google Scholar and ProQuest). Two reviewers selected the studies and extracted data on the type of salivary collection used, the salivary biomarker evaluated and monitored. Results: Ninety-three articles were included. The most frequently analyzed salivary biomarkers were cortisol (n = 53), testosterone (n = 35), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) (n = 33), salivary alpha amylase (n = 7), genetic polymorphisms (n = 4) and miRNAs (n = 2). The results of the studies indicated beneficial effects in monitoring salivary biomarkers in the assessment of sports performance, although most studies did not include a control group capable of comparison. Salivary collection and analysis protocols were varied and commonly not reported. Conclusions: This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of salivary biomarker research in soccer. The findings underscore the importance of these biomarkers in assessing athletes' physiological responses and overall well-being. Future research should focus on refining methodologies, exploring additional biomarkers, and investigating the practical implications of salivary biomarker monitoring in soccer and other sports.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Biomarcadores , Saliva , Futebol , Futebol/fisiologia , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Humanos , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Testosterona/análise , Testosterona/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/análise , MicroRNAs/metabolismoRESUMO
Several models of maternal undernutrition reveal impairment of testicular development and compromise spermatogenesis in male offspring. The expansion of the litter size model, valuable for studying the impact of undernutrition on early development, has not yet been used to evaluate the consequences of early undernutrition in the adult male reproductive system. For this purpose, pups were raised in either normal litter (ten pups/dam) or large litter (LL; sixteen pups/dam). On postnatal day 90, sexual behaviour was evaluated or blood, adipose and reproductive tissues were collected for biochemical, histological and morphological analysis. Adult LL animals were lighter and thinner than controls. They showed increased food intake, but decrease of retroperitoneal white adipose tissue weight, glycaemia after oral glucose overload and plasma concentration of cholesterol. Reproductive organ weights were not altered by undernutrition, but histopathological analysis revealed an increased number of abnormal seminiferous tubules and number of immature spermatids in the tubular lumen of LL animals. These animals also showed reduction in total spermatic reserve and daily sperm production in the testes. Undernutrition decreased the number of Sertoli cells, and testosterone production was increased in the LL group. Mitochondrial activity of spermatozoa remained unchanged between experimental groups, suggesting no significant impact on the energy-related processes associated with sperm function. All animals from both experimental groups were considered sexually competent, with no significant difference in the parameters of sexual behaviour. We conclude that neonatal undernutrition induces histological and physiological testicular changes, without altering sperm quality and sexual behaviour of animals.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Desnutrição , Ratos Wistar , Espermatogênese , Testículo , Animais , Masculino , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ratos , Feminino , Tamanho do Órgão , Testosterona/sangue , Espermatozoides , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Células de Sertoli/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer has a variable natural history and, despite the existence of biochemical recurrence (BCR) predictors, they are still limited in predicting outcomes. The role of testosterone in advanced prostate cancer is well known, however its role in localized prostate cancer is still uncertain. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship of testosterone levels and androgen receptor (AR) expression with oncological and functional outcomes, in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through a retrospective study, patients who underwent RRP, who had at least two preoperative total testosterone dosages, were analyzed and compared according to testosterone levels, oncological and functional outcomes. After analyzing data, tissue samples were selected in a biorepository to carry out the AR and the AR-V7 expression. RESULTS: After applying exclusion criteria, 212 patients were included in the analysis. Thirty-two patients (15.1%) had low testosterone levels and, in this group, a lower rates of erectile function recovery were observed at 24 months (53.1% vs. 71.7%; p = 0.037), a higher rate of BCR (21.9% vs. 9.4%; p = 0.041) and higher International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade in biopsy products. The AR expression was higher in patients with low testosterone, but there was no difference in relapse rates. CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of testosterone were related to lower rates of erectile function recovery at the end of 24 months after RRP, in addition to conferring higher rates of BCR and higher ISUP grades in biopsy. Furthermore, patients with total testosterone < 300 ng/dL had higher expression of AR, but no difference in BCR rates.
Assuntos
Prostatectomia , Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores Androgênicos , Testosterona , Humanos , Masculino , Prostatectomia/métodos , Testosterona/sangue , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , Recidiva Local de NeoplasiaRESUMO
Recently, hypoxic areas have been identified in water bodies of the Pampas region due to human activity. The objective of this work was to study the effect of low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) on the reproductive endocrine axis of a pampas fish (Odontesthes bonariensis). Groups of 8 males and 8 females were subjected to severe hypoxia (2-3 mg l-1) and normoxia (7-9 mg l-1) in 3000 l tanks by duplicate during the reproductive season (spring). After 21 days, 4 males and 4 females from each tank were sacrificed, and blood was drawn to measure estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T). The brain, pituitary gland and a portion of the gonads were extracted and processed to measure the expression of: gnrh1, cyp19a1b, fshß, lhß, fshr, lhcgr and cyp19a1a. From the second experimental week, no spawning was found in the hypoxic females, while at the end of the treatment period no male released sperm. Fish under hypoxic conditions showed signs of gonadal regression, reduction of GSI and plasma levels of sex steroids. Furthermore, the expression of gnrh1 in both sexes, cyp19a1b and fshr in males and only fshß and cyp19a1a in females decreased in comparison with normoxic fish. After 40 days under normal conditions, signs of reproductive recovery were observed in the treated fish. The results obtained demonstrated that hypoxia generated an inhibition of some components of the pejerrey's reproductive endocrine axis, but the effect was reversible.
Assuntos
Testosterona , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Testosterona/sangue , Hipóxia/veterinária , Estradiol/sangue , Aromatase/metabolismo , Aromatase/genética , Reprodução/fisiologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Peixes/fisiologia , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipófise/metabolismo , Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigênio/sangue , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Gônadas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Premenopausal, high-risk, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients are often treated with ovarian suppression in combination with aromatase inhibitors (AI). This combination has important adverse effects, particularly in sexual function, such as vaginal dryness and loss of libido. There is no effective therapy for reduced sexual function in this setting. Our study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety, particularly regarding sexual function, of a low-dose, topical testosterone gel administration. METHODS: This is a pilot, single-center study, designed to evaluate the efficacy of topical testosterone gel (3 mg/day) in improving sexual function in 29 premenopausal patients on ovarian suppression in combination with an AI. The primary safety endpoint was to assess serum estradiol elevation. The primary efficacy endpoint was sexual function improvement, assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire. RESULTS: We report the results on 29 patients. Twenty-two patients (75%) completed the 3-month treatment, and seven discontinued treatment before completion, mostly due to logistical difficulties related to the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients maintained the value of baseline mass spectrometry assay for estradiol of less than 2.7 pg/mL during the undertaken measurements. We observed a significant improvement in Female Sexual Function Index measures over the visits, with an increase from a mean of 11.7 at baseline to 19.1 in the third month (p < 0.001), with the greatest improvement observed between the second and third months. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that topical testosterone seems to be safe and may be effective in improving sexual function in patients on ovarian suppression and AI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The project was submitted and approved through the hospital's SGPP platform in 11/26/2019 (Project No. SGPP 393819) and CAAE (Research Ethics Committee) (CAAE No 25609719.5.0000.007).
Assuntos
Inibidores da Aromatase , Neoplasias da Mama , Testosterona , Humanos , Feminino , Inibidores da Aromatase/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Aromatase/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Aromatase/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Testosterona/administração & dosagem , Testosterona/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Projetos Piloto , Administração Tópica , Resultado do Tratamento , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/efeitos adversos , COVID-19 , Pré-Menopausa , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/etiologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The practice of hormone therapy is crucial in aligning secondary sex characteristics with the gender identity of transgender adults. This study examines the effects of a commonly used injectable hormone combination, specifically estradiol enanthate with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (EEn/DHPA), on serum hormonal levels and self-reported satisfaction with breast development in transwomen. Our research focused on a retrospective longitudinal study involving a large cohort of transwomen evaluated between 2020 and 2022, comprising 101 participants. We assessed serum levels of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), comparing the EEn/DHPA hormonal regimen with other combined estrogen-progestogen (CEP) therapies. Additionally, a subset of 43 transwomen completed a 5-question survey to evaluate self-reported satisfaction with breast development using Tanner scales. Our findings indicated that participants using the EEn/DHPA regimen exhibited significantly higher serum E2 levels (mean: 186 pg/mL ± 32 pg/mL) than those using other therapies (62 ± 7 pg/mL), along with lower FSH levels, but no significant differences in T and LH levels. Concerning satisfaction with breast development, 76% reported increased fulfillment with breast augmentation while using EEn/DHPA. These results suggest that an injectable, low-cost EEn/DHPA administered every three weeks could serve as an alternative feminizing regimen, particularly considering the extensive long-term experience of the local transgender community. Further longitudinal studies on the efficacy of feminizing-body effects and endovascular risks of various parenteral CEP types are warranted to improve primary healthcare provision for transgender persons.
Assuntos
Estradiol , Pessoas Transgênero , Humanos , Feminino , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/sangue , Adulto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Estudos Longitudinais , Mama/efeitos dos fármacos , Satisfação do Paciente , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária , Testosterona/administração & dosagem , Testosterona/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/administração & dosagem , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Testicular macrophages (TM) have long been recognized for their role in immune response within the testicular environment. However, their involvement in steroid hormone synthesis, particularly testosterone, has not been fully elucidated. This study aims to explore the capability of TM to synthesize and secrete testosterone de novo and to investigate the regulatory mechanisms involved. RESULTS: Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant expression of Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd3b1, and Hsd17b3 in TM, which are key enzymes in the testosterone synthesis pathway. qPCR analysis and immunofluorescence validation confirmed the autonomous capability of TM to synthesize testosterone. Ablation of TM in mice resulted in decreased physiological testosterone levels, underscoring the significance of TM in maintaining testicular testosterone levels. Additionally, the study also demonstrated that Cebpb regulates the expression of these crucial genes, thereby modulating testosterone synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: This research establishes that TM possess the autonomous capacity to synthesize and secrete testosterone, contributing significantly to testicular testosterone levels. The transcription factor Cebpb plays a crucial role in this process by regulating the expression of key genes involved in testosterone synthesis.