RESUMO
Flavonoids are glycosylated in the final steps of their synthesis by UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase enzymes. We present the functional characterization of the first maize flavonoid O-glucosyltransferase enzyme from family 85, which exhibits properties not previously described. ZmUGT85W2 catalyzes the O-glucosylation of flavonols, flavones and flavanones, to form primarily 7-O-glucosides, but also flavonol O-glucoside positional isomers, flavones and flavonol di-O-glucosides. ZmUGT85W2 exhibited a differential kinetic behavior depending on the flavonoid acceptor, showing hyperbolic dependence for flavonols and sigmoidal response for flavanones and flavones. Structural and molecular docking analyses predicted conserved residues interacting with the sugar donor, with close contact with the 7-hydroxyl of the flavonoid acceptors, consistent with enzymatic activity results. In addition, ZmUGT85W2 is induced by UV-B radiation, and its expression is controlled by the B and PL1 transcription factors. Consistently, higher levels of flavone and flavonol O-glycosides are accumulated in leaves of plants exposed to solar UV-B compared to control plants, suggesting that ZmUGT85W2 is involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites in maize leaves, contributing to UV-B tolerance. The activity of ZmUGT85W2, along with its elevated expression in silks and pericarps expressing the R2R3-MYB transcription factor P1, highlights its critical role in the accumulation of flavonoid O-glucosides in these tissues. Together, our findings reveal a key step in maize flavonoid O-glycosides biosynthesis, with the observed positive cooperative behaviors suggesting that ZmUGT85W2 plays a crucial role in finely regulating metabolic flux towards these compounds in planta.
Assuntos
Flavonoides , Glucosídeos , Glucosiltransferases , Proteínas de Plantas , Zea mays , Zea mays/enzimologia , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Glucosiltransferases/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/biossíntese , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Glucosídeos/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/biossíntese , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de PlantasRESUMO
Azospirillum argentinense Az19 is an osmotolerant plant growth-promoting bacterium that protects maize plants from drought. In this work, we explored the role of trehalose in the superior performance of Az19 under stress. The trehalase-coding gene treF was constitutively expressed in Az19 through a miniTn7 system. The resulting recombinant strain, Az19F, did not accumulate trehalose, was affected in its capacity to cope with salt-, osmotic-, and UV-stress, and showed higher reactive oxygen species levels. Physiological alterations were also observed under normal conditions, such as increased growth in biofilms, higher motility, and decreased auxin secretion. Even so, the capacity of Az19F to colonize maize roots was not affected, either under normal or drought conditions. When inoculated in maize, both Az19 and Az19F strains promoted plant growth similarly under normal irrigation. However, unlike Az19, the trehalose-deficient strain Az19F could not improve the height, aerial fresh weight, or relative water content of maize plants under drought. Notably, Az19F triggered an exacerbated oxidative response in the plants, resulting in higher levels of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. We conclude that the role of trehalose metabolism in A. argentinense Az19 transcends stress tolerance, being also important for normal bacterial physiology and its plant growth-promoting activity under drought. KEY POINTS: ⢠Trehalose is required by Az19 for full tolerance to salt-, osmotic-, and UV-stress. ⢠A restriction in trehalose accumulation alters Az19 normal cell physiology. ⢠Trehalose contributes to Az19-induced maize growth promotion under drought.
Assuntos
Azospirillum , Secas , Trealose , Zea mays , Zea mays/microbiologia , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trealose/metabolismo , Azospirillum/genética , Azospirillum/metabolismo , Azospirillum/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Trealase/metabolismo , Trealase/genética , Pressão Osmótica , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCADs) is a strategy for lignocellulosic biomass valorization due to their high value-added nature and the possibility of application as flavoring and antioxidants. This study proposes correlations between the composition and taxonomy of 28 globally available agro-industrial feedstocks with the production of HCADs using chemometric tools. Principal component analysis indicated strong correlations between ferulic acid release and hemicellulose type and content, especially in grass biomasses. Conversely, p-coumaric acid release was mainly correlated with cellulose content across diverse taxonomic origins. Among the evaluated agro-industrial feedstocks, corn-based biomasses were identified as prime sources of ferulic acid after mild alkaline treatment, releasing up to 10.5 g kg-1 and producing hydrolysates with an antioxidant capacity up to 3.3 mmol Trolox equivalents g-1. Notably, sugar cane bagasse was the best source of p-coumaric acid, yielding 4.8 g kg-1. Corn hydrolysates were successfully converted into 4-vinylguaiacol using a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, achieving high yields of 0.75 g L-1. This work enhances our understanding of HCAD sources and biomass valorization strategies, demonstrating potential applications in the food and cosmetics sectors.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Biomassa , Ácidos Cumáricos , Aromatizantes , Lignina , Zea mays , Ácidos Cumáricos/metabolismo , Ácidos Cumáricos/química , Lignina/química , Lignina/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Aromatizantes/química , Aromatizantes/metabolismo , Celulose/química , Celulose/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saccharum/química , Saccharum/metabolismo , HidróliseRESUMO
Sulfur is an essential nutrient for various physiological processes, including protein synthesis and enzyme activation. We aimed to evaluate how S-benzyl-L-cysteine (SBC), an inhibitor of the sulfur assimilation pathway, affects maize plants' growth, photosynthesis, and leaf proteomic profile. Thus, maize plants were grown for 14 days in vermiculite supplemented with SBC. Photosynthesis was assessed using light and CO2 response curves and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Leaf proteome analysis was conducted to evaluate photosynthetic protein biosynthesis, and ROS content was quantified to assess oxidative stress. Applying SBC resulted in a significant decrease in the growth of maize plants. The gas exchange analysis revealed that maize plants exhibited a diminished rate of CO2 assimilation attributable to both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. Furthermore, SBC suppressed the activity of important elements involved in the photosynthetic electron transport chain (including photosystems I and II, cytochrome b6f, and ATP synthase) and enzymes responsible for the Calvin cycle, some of which have sulfur-containing prosthetic groups. Consequently, the diminished electron flow rate resulted in a substantial increase in the levels of ROS within the leaves. Our research highlights the crucial role of SBC in disrupting maize photosynthesis by limiting L-cysteine and assimilated sulfur availability, which are essential for the synthesis of protein and prosthetic groups and photosynthetic processes, emphasizing the potential of OAS-TL as a new herbicide site of action.
Assuntos
Cisteína , Fotossíntese , Folhas de Planta , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteoma , Enxofre , Zea mays , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Enxofre/metabolismo , Cisteína/metabolismo , Cisteína/análogos & derivados , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), which is caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus along with a potyvirus, has threatened the food security of smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa. Mutations in eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), which also facilitate virus genome translation, are known to confer variable resistance against viruses. Following phylogenetic analysis, we selected two eIF4E proteins from maize as the most likely candidates to facilitate MLN infection. A knockout (KO) of each of the corresponding genes in elite but MLN-susceptible maize lines conferred only partial protection. Our inability to knockout both the genes together suggested that at least one was required for survival. When we edited (ED) the eIF4E genes in Mini Maize, however, the plants with the eif4e1-KO became highly resistant, whereas those with the eif4e2-KO remained susceptible. Neither of the causal viruses could be detected in the MLN-inoculated eif4e1-KO plants. The eIF4E2 cDNA in Mini Maize lacked the entire 4th exon, causing a 22-amino acid in-frame deletion, which shortened the protein to 198 amino acids. When we introduced mutations in the 4th exon of the eIF4E2 gene in two elite, MLN-susceptible lines pre-edited for an eif4e1-KO, we obtained as strong resistance against MLN as in eif4e1-KO Mini Maize. The MLN-inoculated lines with eif4e1-KO/eIF4E2-exon-4ED performed as well as the uninoculated wild-type lines. We demonstrate that the C-terminal 38 amino acids of eIF4E2 are dispensable for normal plant growth but are required for the multiplication of MLN viruses. Our discovery has wide applications across plant species for developing virus-resistant varieties.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Doenças das Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Tombusviridae , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/virologia , Zea mays/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença/genética , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Tombusviridae/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação em Eucariotos/genética , Fatores de Iniciação em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Edição de Genes , Fator de Iniciação 4E em Eucariotos/genética , Fator de Iniciação 4E em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Potyvirus/fisiologia , Potyvirus/patogenicidade , Filogenia , Plantas Geneticamente ModificadasRESUMO
Bacteria can solubilize phosphorus (P) through the secretion of low-molecular-weight organic acids and acidification. However, the genes involved in the production of these organic acids are poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to verify the calcium phosphate solubilization and the production of low-molecular-weight organic acids by diverse genera of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains (PSBS); to identify the genes related to the synthesis of the organic acids in the genomes of these strains and; to evaluate growth and nutrient accumulation of maize plants inoculated with PSBS and fertilized with Bayóvar rock phosphate. Genomic DNA was extracted for strain identification and annotation of genes related to the organic acids production. A greenhouse experiment was performed with five strains plus 150 mg dm- 3 P2O5 as Bayóvar rock phosphate (BRP) to assess phosphate solubilization contribution to maize growth and nutrition. Paraburkholderia fungorum UFLA 04-21 and Pseudomonas anuradhapurensis UFPI B5-8A solubilized over 60% of Ca phosphate and produced high amounts of citric/maleic and gluconic acids in vitro, respectively. Eleven organic acids were identified in total, although not all strains produced all acids. Besides, enzymes related to the organic acids production were found in all bacterial genomes. Plants inoculated with strains UFPI B5-6 (Enterobacter bugandensis), UFPI B5-8A, and UFLA 03-10 (Paenibacillus peoriae) accumulated more biomass than the plants fertilized with BRP only. Strains UFLA 03-10 and UFPI B5-8A increased the accumulation of most macronutrients, including P. Collectively, the results show that PSBS can increase maize growth and nutrient accumulation based on Bayóvar rock phosphate fertilization.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Fosfatos , Zea mays , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/microbiologia , Zea mays/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/classificação , Fosfatos de Cálcio/metabolismo , Microbiologia do Solo , Genoma Bacteriano , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Solubilidade , Gluconatos/metabolismo , Genômica , Fósforo/metabolismo , FilogeniaRESUMO
The research aimed to assess the effects of incorporating germinated Lupinus angustifolius flour into corn extrudates for different periods (3, 5, and 7 days), focusing on starch digestibility, morphological structure, thermal, and pasting properties. Extrudate with germinated lupinus flour for 7 days (EG7) significantly increased the content of slowly digestible starch up to 10.56% (p < 0.05). Crystallinity increased up to 20% in extrudates with germinated flour compared to extrudates with ungerminated flour (EUG), observing changes at the molecular level by FTIR that impact the thermal and pasting properties. X-ray diffraction revealed angles of 2θ = 11.31, 16.60, 19.91, and 33.04 as a result of the germination and extrusion processes. Microstructural analysis indicated starch-protein interactions influencing changes in calorimetry, viscosity, X-ray diffraction, and digestibility. PCA allowed establishing that the addition of germinated flours significantly affected the properties and microstructural characteristics of extruded products, potentially affecting digestibility and nutritional quality.
Assuntos
Digestão , Germinação , Lupinus , Amido , Difração de Raios X , Zea mays , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/metabolismo , Lupinus/química , Lupinus/metabolismo , Lupinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Amido/química , Amido/metabolismo , Farinha/análise , Viscosidade , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Manipulação de AlimentosRESUMO
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed (CS) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed (PS) are used in ruminant diets as energy sources. The current experiment studied the impact of dietary inclusion of CS and PS on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition of dairy sheep. Twelve primiparous Texel × Suffolk ewes [70 ± 5 days in milk (DIM); 0.320 ± 0.029 kg milk yield] were distributed in a 4 × 3 Latin square design and fed either a butter-based control diet [CON; 13 g/kg dry matter] or two diets with 61 g/kg DM of either CS or PS. Dietary inclusion of CS and PS did not alter live weight (p >0.1) and DM intake (p >0.1). However, compared to the CON, dietary inclusion of both CS and PS increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (p <0.001) and acid detergent lignin (p < 0.001). Milk production (p = 0.001), fat-corrected milk (p < 0.001), and feed efficiency (p < 0.001) were enhanced with PS, while the highest milk protein yield (p < 0.05) and lactose yield (p < 0.001) were for CS-fed ewes. Compared to the CON diet, the ingestion of either CS and/or PS decreased (p < 0.001) the C16:0 in milk. Moreover, both CS and PS tended to enhance the content of C18:3n6 (p > 0.05) and C18:3n3 (p > 0.05). Overall short-term feeding of CS and/or PS (up to 6.1% DM of diet) not only maintains the production performance and digestibility of nutrients but also positively modifies the milk FA composition.
Assuntos
Cucurbita , Animais , Feminino , Ovinos , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Lactação , Salvia hispanica , Detergentes , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Sementes/metabolismo , Digestão , Ração Animal/análise , Zea mays/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Rúmen/metabolismoRESUMO
The expansion of agriculture and the need for sustainable practices drives breeders to develop plant varieties better adapted to abiotic stress such as nutrient deficiency, which negatively impacts yields. Phosphorus (P) is crucial for photosynthesis and plant growth, but its availability in the soil is often limited, hampering crop development. In this study, we examined the response of two popcorn inbred lines, L80 and P7, which have been characterized previously as P-use inefficient and P-use efficient, respectively, under low (stress) and high P (control) availability. Physiological measurements, proteomic analysis, and metabolite assays were performed to unravel the physiological and molecular responses associated with the efficient use of P in popcorn. We observed significant differences in protein abundances in response to the P supply between the two inbred lines. A total of 421 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were observed in L80 and 436 DEPs in P7. These proteins were involved in photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and energy metabolism. In addition, flavonoids accumulated in higher abundance in P7. Our results help us understand the major components of P utilization in popcorn, providing new insights for popcorn molecular breeding programs.
Assuntos
Fósforo , Fotossíntese , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteômica , Zea mays , Fósforo/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteômica/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Estresse Fisiológico , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismoRESUMO
Maize ranks as the second most widely produced crop globally, yielding approximately 1.2 billion tons, with corn cob being its primary byproduct, constituting 18 kg per 100 kg of corn. Agricultural corn production generates bioactive polysaccharide-rich byproducts, including xylan (Xyl). In this study, we used the redox method to modify corn cob xylan with gallic acid, aiming to enhance its antioxidant and protective capacity against oxidative stress. The conjugation process resulted in a new molecule termed conjugated xylan-gallic acid (Xyl-GA), exhibiting notable improvements in various antioxidant parameters, including total antioxidant capacity (1.4-fold increase), reducing power (1.2-fold increase), hydroxyl radical scavenging (1.6-fold increase), and cupric chelation (27.5-fold increase) when compared with unmodified Xyl. At a concentration of 1 mg/mL, Xyl-GA demonstrated no cytotoxicity, significantly increased fibroblast cell viability (approximately 80%), and effectively mitigated intracellular ROS levels (reduced by 100%) following oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Furthermore, Xyl-GA exhibited non-toxicity toward zebrafish embryos, offered protection against H2O2-induced stress, and reduced the rate of cells undergoing apoptosis resulting from H2O2 exposure. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Xyl-GA possesses potential therapeutic value in addressing oxidative stress-related disturbances. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the molecular structure of this novel compound and establish correlations with its pharmacological activities.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Ácido Gálico , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Xilanos/farmacologia , Zea mays/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Corn head smut is a disease caused by the fungus Sporisorium reilianum. This phytosanitary problem has existed for several decades in the Mezquital Valley, an important corn-producing area in central Mexico. To combat the problem, a strain identified as Bacillus subtilis 160 was applied in the field, where it decreased disease incidence and increased crop productivity. In this study, the sequencing and analysis of the whole genome sequence of this strain were carried out to identify its genetic determinants for the production of antimicrobials. The B. subtilis 160 strain was found to be Bacillus velezensis. Its genome has a size of 4,297,348 bp, a GC content of 45.8%, and 4,174 coding sequences. Comparative analysis with the genomes of four other B. velezensis strains showed that they share 2,804 genes and clusters for the production of difficidin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, macrolantin, bacillaene, fengycin, butirosin A, locillomycin, and surfactin. For the latter metabolite, unlike the other strains that have only one cluster, B. velezensis 160 has three. A cluster for synthesizing laterocidine, an antimicrobial reported only in Brevibacillus laterosporus, was also identified. IMPORTANCE: In this study, we performed sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of the strain initially identified as Bacillus subtilis 160 as part of its characterization. This bacterium has shown its ability to control corn head smut in the field, a disease caused by the basidiomycete fungus Sporisorium reilianum. Analyzing the complete genome sequence not only provides a more precise taxonomic identification but also sheds light on the genetic potential of this bacterium, especially regarding mechanisms that allow it to exert biological control. Employing molecular and bioinformatics tools in studying the genomes of agriculturally significant microorganisms offers insights into the development of biofungicides and bioinoculants. These innovations aim to enhance plant growth and pave the way for strategies that boost crop productivity.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Bacillus , Basidiomycota , Agentes de Controle Biológico/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Genoma Bacteriano , Bacillus subtilis/genética , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Fungos/genéticaRESUMO
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding RNAs. They play essential roles in plants' physiology, as in the regulation of plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stresses, and symbiotic processes. This work aimed to better understand the importance of maize's miRNA during Azospirillum-plant interaction when the plant indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production was inhibited with yucasin, an inhibitor of the TAM/YUC pathway. Twelve cDNA libraries from a previous Dual RNA-Seq experiment were used to analyze gene expression using a combined analysis approach. miRNA coding genes (miR) and their predicted mRNA targets were identified among the differentially expressed genes. Statistical differences among the groups indicate that Azospirillum brasilense, yucasin, IAA concentration, or all together could influence the expression of several maize's miRNAs. The miRNA's probable targets were identified, and some of them were observed to be differentially expressed. Dcl4, myb122, myb22, and morf3 mRNAs were probably regulated by their respective miRNAs. Other probable targets were observed responding to the IAA level, the bacterium, or all of them. A. brasilense was able to influence the expression of some maize's miRNA, for example, miR159f, miR164a, miR169j, miR396c, and miR399c. The results allow us to conclude that the bacterium can influence directly or indirectly the expression of some of the identified mRNA targets, probably due to an IAA-independent pathway, and that they are somehow involved in the previously observed physiological effects.
Assuntos
Azospirillum brasilense , MicroRNAs , Azospirillum brasilense/genética , Azospirillum brasilense/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
In this study, the metabolic adjustments performed by maize (Zea mays L.) seminal roots exposed to 25 µM Cd2+ or 25 µM Cu2+ at pre-emergence are compared, focusing on the proteomic changes after metal exposure. Root width was increased, and root length was decreased after 72 h of metal treatment. Both metals induced H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the root tip. These changes were accompanied by increases in lipoxygenase activity and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal content. NMR spectroscopy revealed that the abundance of 38 water-soluble metabolites was significantly modified by Cd and Cu exposure; this set of metabolites comprised carboxylic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and unidentified phenolic compounds. Linoleic acid content significantly decreased in Cu-treated samples. The total amount of proteins detected in maize root apexes was 2,171. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the differentially accumulated proteins was performed to detect pathways probably affected by metal additions. Both metals altered redox homeostasis, up-regulated oxylipins biosynthetic process, and shifted metabolism towards the oxidative pentose-phosphate in the root apexes. However, the methionine salvage pathway appears as a key metabolic module only under Cd stress. The integrative analysis carried out in this study suggests that most molecular features behind the reprogramming of maize root tips to cope with cadmium and copper toxicity are common, but some are not.
Assuntos
Cobre , Poluentes do Solo , Cobre/metabolismo , Cádmio/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Meristema/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Proteômica , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the energy values and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of corn, corn protein meal (CPM), corn germ (CG), and dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in broiler diets. In the first experiment, the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values were determined using the total excreta collection method. A total of 240 14-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, including four different feed ingredients and a reference diet, each with eight replicates of six birds. In the second experiment, to determine the coefficient values of amino acids, 240 birds aged 14 to 28 days were randomly assigned to five treatments, including four different feed ingredients and a nitrogen-free diet, each with eight replicates of six birds. At 28 days of age, birds were slaughtered, and the digesta were collected to determine the standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and, subsequently, the digestibility of amino acids. The AMEn for corn, CPM, CG, and DDGS is 3178, 2171, 2473, and 3398 kcal/kg, respectively. The metabolizability coefficient of the AMEn percentages are 68.03% for corn, 46.62% for CPM, 44.15% for CG, and 73.39% for DDGS. The average digestibility of essential amino acids in corn, CPM, CG, and DDGS is 92.55, 52.63, 73.07, and 81.51%, respectively. For non-essential amino acids, the average digestibility in corn, CPM, CG, and DDGS is 90.59, 54.36, 70.20, and 79.47%, respectively, with an overall average of 85.21%.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Metabolismo Basal/fisiologia , Galinhas/metabolismo , Digestão/fisiologia , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMO
Fermented soybean grain (FSBG) is considered improper to use as a protein source in animal nutrition, since it is assumed that defects cause changes on its chemical composition and favor mycotoxins production, but chemical composition data does not support this theory and in vivo studies are missing. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of FSBG in feedlot lamb diets. For that, two types of FSBG (partially fermented and completely fermented, PFSBG and CFSBG) and one standard soybean grain (SSBG) were obtained and evaluated alone or as a component of experimental diets by in vitro and in vivo studies, where FSBG totally replaced SSBG in feedlot lamb diets, which was included in the experimental diets in 17.4% on dry matter basis as protein source. Before the studies, both soybeans were sent to a specialized laboratory where no mycotoxins were detected. As a result, lower DM and carbohydrate contents but higher crude protein, fiber, and indigestible NDF contents were measured in CFSBG than in SSBG. Furthermore, both types of FSBG showed lower digestibility in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) than SSBG when evaluated separately; however, when evaluated in experimental diets, the substitution of SSBG for FSBG did not affect IVDMD. It was also observed that FSBG also had less rumen-degradable protein than SSBG (mean 47.9 vs 86.4%). In the in vivo study, FSBG did not affect nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, or animal performance (i.e., average daily gain and carcass gain). Thus, mycotoxins-free FSBG may be an alternative to totally replace SSBG in feedlot lamb diets.
Assuntos
Alimentos Fermentados , Glycine max , Ovinos , Animais , Ração Animal/análise , Digestão , Dieta/veterinária , Rúmen/metabolismo , Grão Comestível , Ruminantes , Valor Nutritivo , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMO
Corn grain particle size has the potential to influence the performance of lactating dairy cows and the overall profitability of a dairy farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of lactating cows fed diets containing finely or coarsely ground corn grain. Fifty lactating Holstein cows (n = 50; 10 primiparous and 40 multiparous), averaging (mean ± standard deviation, SD) 658 ± 64 kg of BW, 38.8 ± 7.3 kg of milk/d, and 155 ± 80 DIM, were fed diets with finely ground corn grain (FGC) or coarsely ground corn grain (CGC) in a randomized block design with a 28-d treatment period. Finely and coarsely ground corn grain had an average particle size of 660 and 915 µm, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was reduced (p < 0.01) for cows fed FGC (22.1 vs. 21.2 kg d-1). Milk yield and efficiency were not affected by treatments (37.9 vs. 36.8 kg d-1; p = 0.12 and 1.78 vs. 1.79; p = 0.15). Concentrations of milk protein and fat, as well as other milk solids, were unaffected (p > 0.05) by treatments. Fecal starch (FS) concentrations were greater (p < 0.01) for cows fed CGC (7.0 vs. 4.9%), whereas plasma concentrations of D-lactate were greater (p < 0.05) for cows fed FGC (98.5 vs. 79.7 µM). Overall, feeding finely ground corn grain increased total-tract starch digestibility and reduced DMI while maintaining milk yield.
Assuntos
Lactação , Zea mays , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão , Tamanho da Partícula , Rúmen/metabolismo , Silagem , Amido/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMO
This study evaluated the effect of different fiber sources supplied with cactus cladodes in diets on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, milk yield, and composition of dairy goats. The fiber sources were corn silage, sorghum silage, Digitaria pentzii Stent. hay, and sugarcane bagasse. Twelve Saanen goats with an average weight of 48.9 ± 7.3 kg and average production of 2.8 ± 0.7 kg of milk/day were assigned in three simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares (four animals, four treatments, and four experimental periods). There was no difference between the fiber sources for intake (P > 0.05) of dry matter (2.58 kg/day), organic matter (2.30 kg/day), crude protein (0.385 kg/day), neutral detergent fiber (0.895 kg/day), non-fibrous carbohydrates (0.858 kg/day), and metabolizable energy (5.66 Mcal/day). Also, the fiber sources did not influence dry matter and nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05). The association of cactus cladodes with silages, hay, and sugarcane bagasse did not change milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5% of fat and corrected for energy (2.78; 2.53 and 2,55 kg/day, respectively), in addition to milk composition (P > 0.05). No differences were observed in ingestive behavior (P > 0.05). Any fiber sources evaluated are recommended.
Assuntos
Cactaceae , Saccharum , Feminino , Animais , Celulose/metabolismo , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Lactação , Digestão , Dieta/veterinária , Leite/metabolismo , Silagem/análise , Zea mays/metabolismo , Cabras/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismoRESUMO
A theoretical analysis of the potential inhibition of human sucrase-isomaltase (SI) by flavonoids was carried out with the aim of identifying potential candidates for an alternative treatment of type 2 diabetes. Two compounds from maize silks, maysin and luteolin, were selected to be studied with the structure-based density functional theory (DFT), molecular docking (MDock), and molecular dynamics (MD) approaches. The docking score and MD simulations suggested that the compounds maysin and luteolin presented higher binding affinities in N-terminal sucrase-isomaltase (NtSI) than in C-terminal sucrase-isomaltase (CtSI). The reactivity parameters, such as chemical hardness (η) and chemical potential (µ), of the ligands, as well as of the active site amino acids of the NtSI, were calculated by the meta-GGA M06 functional in combination with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The lower value of chemical hardness calculated for the maysin molecule indicated that this might interact more easily with the active site of NtSI, in comparison with the values of the acarbose and luteolin structures. Additionally, a possible oxidative process was proposed through the quantum chemical calculations of the electronic charge transfer values (∆N) between the active site amino acids of the NtSI and the ligands. In addition, maysin displayed a higher ability to generate more oxidative damage in the NtSI active site. Our results suggest that maysin and luteolin can be used to develop novel α-glucosidase inhibitors via NtSI inhibition.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Zea mays/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Luteolina/farmacologia , Oligo-1,6-Glucosidase/química , Sacarase/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , AminoácidosRESUMO
An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and foliar application of salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of maize during 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. Split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Experimental factors included mycorrhiza species of (G. mosseae), (G. geosporum) and (G. intraradices) at two levels (no consumption and consumption of mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid at two levels (no consumption and consumption of 1 mµ of salicylic acid). Results of interaction effects of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid on the measured traits revealed that the maximum 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen percentage and yield of maize grain protein were observed in G. mosseae treatment under foliar application of salicylic acid. Foliar application of salicylic acid increases the root length and provides the necessary conditions for increasing water and nutrient uptake alongwith increase in photosynthesis and thus allocates more photosynthetic substance for development of reproductive organs. Hence, it increases maize grain weight and accordingly grain yield. In general, the results revealed that mycorrhiza and foliar application of salicylic acid increase growth indicators, yield and yield components. It also improved the quality traits of the maize plant. Based on results, the interaction effect of G. mosseae treatment and foliar application of salicylic acid yielded better results than other treatments. Mycorrhiza increases the number of grain in the ear, the number of rows in the ear, increases the plant's ability to absorb phosphorus, and the increase of mycorrhiza along with salicylic acid shows the maximum grain yield in maize. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid can be effective in increasing grain in the plant.
Assuntos
Micorrizas , Zea mays , Humanos , Grão Comestível , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Fotossíntese , Ácido Salicílico/farmacologia , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismo , Locos de Características QuantitativasRESUMO
Cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) heterodimers have multiple phosphorylation targets and may alter the activity of these targets. Proteins from different metabolic processes are among the phosphorylation targets, that is, enzymes of central carbon metabolism. This work explores the interaction of Cyc/CDK complex members with the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase 7 (HXK7) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP). Both enzymes interacted steadily with CycD2;2, CycB2;1 and CDKA;1 but not with CDKB1;1. However, Cyc/CDKB1;1 complexes phosphorylated both enzymes, decreasing their activities. Treatment with a CDK-specific inhibitor (RO-3306) or with lambda phosphatase after kinase assay restored total HXK7 activity, but not GAP activity. In enzymatic assays, increasing concentrations of CDKB1;1, but not of CycD2;2, CycB2;1 or CycD2;2/CDKB1;1 complex, decreased GAP activity. Cell cycle regulators may modulate carbon channeling in glycolysis by two different mechanisms: Cyc/CDK-mediated phosphorylation of targets (e.g., HXK7; canonical mechanism) or by direct and transient interaction of the metabolic enzyme (e.g., GAP) with CDKB1;1 without a Cyc partner (alternative mechanism).