Structuration of lipid bases zero-trans and palm oil-free for food applications.

This work evaluated structured lipids (SLs) through chemical and enzymatic interesterification (CSLs and ESLs). Blends of soybean oil and peanut oil 1:1 wt% were used, with gradual addition of fully hydrogenated crambe to obtain a final behenic acid concentration of 6, 12, 18, and 24 %. Chemical catalysis used sodium methoxide (0.4 wt%) at 100 °C for 30 min, while enzymatic catalysis used Lipozyme TL IM (5 wt%) at 60 °C for 6 h. Major fatty acids identified were C16:0, C18:0, and C22:0. It was observed that with gradual increase of hard fat, the CSLs showed high concentrations of reaction intermediates, indicating further a steric hindrance, unlike ESLs. Increased hard fat also altered crystallization profile and triacylglycerols composition and ESLs showed lower solid fat, unlike CSLs. Both methods effectively produced SLs as an alternative to trans and palm fats, view to potential future applications in food products.

Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol in liver of male and female viviparous fish (Poecilia vivipara).

4-n-Nonylphenol (NP) is one of the most toxic alkylphenols found in the environment. To evaluate the transcriptional effects of NP in the viviparous fish Poecilia vivipara, a hepatic transcriptome and qPCR analysis of genes were carried out. Guppies separated by sex were injected with two doses of NP (15 µg/g and 150 µg/g) or peanut oil (control). After 24 h, analysis of transcriptional level of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), Estrogen Nuclear Receptor Alpha (ESR1), Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), Cytochromes P450 (CYP1A, CYP2K1 and CYP3A30), Glutathione S-transferase A3 and Mu 3 (GSTa3 and GSTMu3), SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9), Vitellogenin-1 (VIT), ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 1 (ABCC1), Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 (MRP2) and UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1 (UGT1A1) was evaluated. 205,046 transcripts were assembled and protein prediction resulted in 203,147 predicted peptides. In females, no significant changes were detected in the transcription of some phase I biotransformation and ABC transporter genes. AhR, PXR, GSTa3 and SOX9 genes where higher in the lower dose group (15 µg/g) compared to control. In male fish, no changes were observed in the transcript levels of the nuclear receptors, in endocrine disruption and phase I biotransformation genes. GSTa3 showed lower transcription in fish treated with both doses. ABCC1 was higher in guppies treated with the lower dose while MRP2 showed less transcripts. This short-term and low-dose exposure to NP caused changes that could serve as early indicators of deleterious processes. These results indicate P. vivipara as a good sentinel in biomonitoring programs.

Dark chocolate with a high oleic peanut oil microcapsule content.

BACKGROUND: In accordance with the market demand for healthier indulgent food products, the present study aimed to determine the viability of the industrial production of dark chocolate with microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil content. Microcapsules of high oleic peanut oil were added to a control formulation using variations of mixing time. RESULTS: The chocolates presented a rheology characterized by a pseudoplastic behavior adjusted to the Casson model (r > 0.98) and calorimetric behavior indicating melting onset (21 °C), peak melting (32 °C) and melting end (41 °C); caramelization peak (183 °C); and carbonization peak (237 °C), being considered thermal stable. The mixing time and the amount of microcapsules added to the control chocolate did not significantly influence the flow limit (11.09 ± 1.73 Pa) or the physical characteristics of the chocolate: pH (6.74 ± 0.14), maximum particle size (0.019 ± 0.001 mm), water activity (0.358 ± 0.023) and brittleness (18.61 ± 3.74 N). However, the addition of microcapsules with a high oleic peanut oil content significantly increased the chocolate whiteness index, thixotropy and Casson's plastic viscosity, although it did not have a significant influence on the mixing time. CONCLUSION: The products obtained have a desirable quality and physical properties, being suitable for industrial production. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Energy balance in grazing Jersey cows in early lactation supplemented with peanut and sunflower oils.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of supplementation with peanut and sunflower oils on intake and digestibility, milk yield and composition, energy balance (EB), changes in weight and body condition score (BW and BCS), and blood metabolites of Jersey cows on pasture in early lactation. Twenty-four cows were distributed in a randomized block design where they received the following treatments: concentrate without oil (CON), concentrate plus 59.6 g/kg DM peanut oil (PEA), concentrate plus 59.6 g/kg DM sunflower oil (SUN), and concentrate plus 59.6 g/kg DM of a 1:1 mixture of peanut oil and sunflower oil (MIX). The data were analyzed at 30 and 60 days in milk (DIM). Oil supplementation did not affect total dry matter intake or forage intake. The treatment SUN reduced daily milk yield, 4% fat-corrected milk yield, and milk fat, while the other treatments generated similar results. The treatment SUN reduced the milk net energy and the use efficiency of the NEL for milk production and BW and BCS changes, and improved EB up to 60 DIM. On tropical pastures, supplementation with unsaturated oils for cows in early lactation does not result in better milk performance. The supplementation with sunflower oil improves the energy balance in early lactation.

Development and application of KASP marker for high throughput detection of AhFAD2 mutation in peanut

Background: Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major oilseed crop worldwide. Fatty acid composition of peanut oil may affect the flavor and shelf life of the resulting food products. Oleic acid and linoleic acid are the major fatty acids of peanut oil. The conversion from oleic acid to linoleic acid is controlled by theΔ12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD) encoded byAhFAD2AandAhFAD2B, two homoeologous genes from A and B subgenomes, respectively. One nucleotide substitution (G:C→A:T) ofAhFAD2Aand an "A" insertion ofAhFAD2Bresulted in high-oleic acid phenotype. Detection ofAhFAD2mutation had been achieved by cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). However, a low cost, high throughput and high specific method is still required to detectAhFAD2genotype of large number of seeds. Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) can detect both alleles in a single reaction. The aim of this work is to develop KASP for detectionAhFAD2genotype of large number of breeding materials. Results: Here, we developed a KASP method to detect the genotypes of progenies between high oleic acid peanut and common peanut. Validation was carried out by CAPS analysis. The results from KASP assay and CAPS analysis were consistent. The genotype of 18 out of 179 BC4F2seeds was aabb. Conclusions: Due to high accuracy, time saving, high throughput feature and low cost, KASP is more suitable fordeterminingAhFAD2genotype than other methods.

Fontes de lipídios e classe sexual no confinamento de ovinos / Lipid sources in the diets and sexual condition of feedlot sheep

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de fontes de lipídios na ração e da classe sexual sobre as características de carcaça, componentes não-carcaça e composição centesimal do lombo de ovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 20 machos e 20 fêmeas, com peso inicial 19,5+2,8 kg, os quais receberam alimento na relação volumoso concentrado de 40:60. Cinco rações foram testadas, a controle, sem inclusão de lipídio, e outras quatro contendo as fontes de lipídios: grãos de girassol, grãos de amendoim, óleo bruto de amendoim ou gordura protegida. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (2 classes sexuais x 5 fontes de lipídios). Os animais foram abatidos ao atingirem 37,5+0,8 kg. Não houve efeito da fonte de lipídio sobre as variáveis de carcaça (P>0,05). Machos apresentaram maiores pesos de carcaça e rendimento verdadeiro e fêmeas tiveram maiores porcentagem de gordura omental+mesentérica+pélvica (8,8 vs 6,4%), espessura de gordura subcutânea (4,51 vs 2,23 mm), e concentração de extrato etéreo intramuscular (5,06 vs 3,77 g 100g-1 de músculo). Fêmeas são mais propensas à deposição de gordura quando abatidas no mesmo peso que os machos. É possível incluir estas fontes de lipídios nas rações de animais em confinamento sem alterar a produção e composição da carne ovina.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipid sources in the diet and sexual condition on carcass traits, non-carcass components and muscle chemical composition of feedlot sheep. Twenty male and 20 female Dorper cross St Ines sheep, with initial weight of 19.5+2.8 kg were fed on a diet consisting of 40:60 roughage: concentrate ratio. Five rations were tested, the control ration contained no additional lipids whereas the four test rations contained lipids sourced from either sunflower grains, peanut kernels, crude peanut oil or protected fat. A randomized complete block design in factorial scheme was used (2 sexes x 5 lipid sources). The animals were slaughtered at an average of 37.5+0.8 kg. There was no effect of lipid source on any of the carcass variables measured (P> 0.05). Males had higher carcass weights and true yields than females. Females, however, had higher percentages of omental+mesenteric+pelvic fat (8.8 vs 6.4%), subcutaneous fat thickness (4.51 vs 2.23 mm), and intramuscular lipid concentrations (5.06 vs 3.77 g 100g-1 of muscle). Therefore, it appears that females are more inclined to fat deposition when slaughtered at the same weight as males. Further research is required to determine if it is possible to include these lipid sources in feedlot rations without changing the production and composition of sheep meat.

Fontes de lipídios e classe sexual no confinamento de ovinos / Lipid sources in the diets and sexual condition of feedlot sheep

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de fontes de lipídios na ração e da classe sexual sobre as características de carcaça, componentes não-carcaça e composição centesimal do lombo de ovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 20 machos e 20 fêmeas, com peso inicial 19,5+2,8 kg, os quais receberam alimento na relação volumoso concentrado de 40:60. Cinco rações foram testadas, a controle, sem inclusão de lipídio, e outras quatro contendo as fontes de lipídios: grãos de girassol, grãos de amendoim, óleo bruto de amendoim ou gordura protegida. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (2 classes sexuais x 5 fontes de lipídios). Os animais foram abatidos ao atingirem 37,5+0,8 kg. Não houve efeito da fonte de lipídio sobre as variáveis de carcaça (P>0,05). Machos apresentaram maiores pesos de carcaça e rendimento verdadeiro e fêmeas tiveram maiores porcentagem de gordura omental+mesentérica+pélvica (8,8 vs 6,4%), espessura de gordura subcutânea (4,51 vs 2,23 mm), e concentração de extrato etéreo intramuscular (5,06 vs 3,77 g 100g-1 de músculo). Fêmeas são mais propensas à deposição de gordura quando abatidas no mesmo peso que os machos. É possível incluir estas fontes de lipídios nas rações de animais em confinamento sem alterar a produção e composição da carne ovina.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipid sources in the diet and sexual condition on carcass traits, non-carcass components and muscle chemical composition of feedlot sheep. Twenty male and 20 female Dorper cross St Ines sheep, with initial weight of 19.5+2.8 kg were fed on a diet consisting of 40:60 roughage: concentrate ratio. Five rations were tested, the control ration contained no additional lipids whereas the four test rations contained lipids sourced from either sunflower grains, peanut kernels, crude peanut oil or protected fat. A randomized complete block design in factorial scheme was used (2 sexes x 5 lipid sources). The animals were slaughtered at an average of 37.5+0.8 kg. There was no effect of lipid source on any of the carcass variables measured (P> 0.05). Males had higher carcass weights and true yields than females. Females, however, had higher percentages of omental+mesenteric+pelvic fat (8.8 vs 6.4%), subcutaneous fat thickness (4.51 vs 2.23 mm), and intramuscular lipid concentrations (5.06 vs 3.77 g 100g-1 of muscle). Therefore, it appears that females are more inclined to fat deposition when slaughtered at the same weight as males. Further research is required to determine if it is possible to include these lipid sources in feedlot rations without changing the production and composition of sheep meat.(AU)

Lipids, proteins, phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivated in Tunisia.

Fatty acid composition of peanut seed oil in four varieties cultivated in Tunisia showed that linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1) and palmitic (C16) acids account for more than 84% for Chounfakhi and Massriya and for more than 85% of the total fatty acids of Trabilsia and Sinya seed oil respectively. Seed oil contents were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) and did not exceed 48%. The study of total phenolics revealed that Chounfakhi contained more total phenolics (2.1 mg GAE/g DW), followed by the Massriya and Sinya cultivars (1.35 mg GAE/g DW for each); Trabilsia presented the lowest total phenolic content with 1 mg GAE/g DW. Considerable antiradical ability was found, especially in the Trabilsia peanut seed cultivar (IC50 = 1550 µg/ml), the Massriya and Sinya cultivars had, respectively, 720 and 820 mg/ml IC50. In the Massriya variety the sterol fraction showed antibacterial activity against Listeria ivanovii, Listeria inocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococus aureus, Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus cereus.

Effect of ω-3 and ω-9 fatty acid rich oils on lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases enzymes and on the growth of a mammary adenocarcinoma model.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional factors play a major role in cancer initiation and development. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have the ability to induce modifications in the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that affect tumour growth. We studied the effect of two diets enriched in 6% Walnut and Peanut oils that are rich in ω-3 and ω9 PUFAs respectively on a murine mammary gland adenocarcinoma as compared with the control (C) that received commercial diet. RESULTS: Peanut oil enriched diet induced an increase in membrane arachidonic acid (AA) content and the cyclooxygenase enzyme derived 12-HHT (p < 0.05) and simultaneously showed decrease in 12-LOX, 15-LOX-2, 15-LOX-1 and PGE activities (p < 0.05) that corresponded to higher apoptosis and lower mitosis seen in this group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Peanut oil group showed lower T-cell infiltration (p < 0.05), number of metastasis (p < 0.05) and tumour volume (p < 0.05) and longer survival rate compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study showed that Peanut oil-enriched diet protects against mammary cancer development by modulating tumour membrane fatty acids composition and LOX and COX enzyme activities.

Effects of peanut oil load on energy expenditure, body composition, lipid profile, and appetite in lean and overweight adults.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of peanut oil intake on appetite, energy expenditure, body composition, and lipid profile in lean and overweight adults. METHODS: In a parallel-arm, long-term feeding trial, lean and overweight participants received a daily peanut oil load in a milk shake equivalent to 30% of their resting energy expenditure for 8 wk. Forty-eight adults (24 lean and 24 overweight, 12 male and 12 female in each group) completed the protocol. Anthropometric indices, appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, and plasma lipids were monitored. RESULTS: Energy intake increased significantly in the overweight but not in the lean participants. A statistically significant body weight gain (median 2.35 kg) was also observed among the overweight subjects, although this corresponded to only 43% of the theoretical weight gain. Among overweight subjects, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased at week 4, but neither concentration was significantly different from baseline at week 8. Similar, but less marked, changes were observed in lean subjects. Resting energy expenditure was 5% greater (P < 0.01) in the overweight group, but no significant difference was observed in the lean subjects. No marked differences of appetite were observed over time in either group or between overweight and lean participants. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that ingestion of peanut oil elicits a weaker compensatory dietary response among overweight compared with lean individuals. Body weight increased, albeit less than theoretically predicted. The weaker effect of whole nuts on body weight reported in previous studies suggests components other than oil may be responsible.

Effects of peanut oil consumption on appetite and food choice.

OBJECTIVE: Peanut consumption may improve lipid profiles without promoting weight gain. Both properties have been attributed to their high-unsaturated fat content. Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids reportedly hold stronger satiety value than saturated fats and may help appetite control. This study investigated the effects of chronic peanut oil consumption on appetite and food choice. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 129 healthy adults from three countries (Brazil, Ghana and US) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment arms: consumption of peanut oil, olive oil or safflower oil as 30% of individual resting energy expenditure (REE) for 8 weeks or no dietary intervention. Participants received no other dietary guidance. They completed appetite questionnaires eliciting information about hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption during all waking hours for 1 day at weeks 2 and 6 and for 1 or 3 days at weeks 0, 4 and 8. Diet records were completed at weeks 0, 4 and 8. RESULTS: No differences in appetitive ratings were observed over the 8-week trial. There were no significant treatment by time interactions. Total caloric intake was significantly higher at week 8 relative to baseline (F=10.08, P<0.05). The increases for each treatment were: peanut oil=197+/-114; olive oil=237+/-121; safflower oil=274+/-90; control=75+/-71. Free-feeding intake, an index of dietary compensation, was reduced significantly at weeks 4 and 8 compared to baseline (F=9.08, P<0.00). The declines (compensation scores) were (kcals): peanut oil=-208+/-105 (46%); olive oil=-235+/-105 (50%); safflower oil=-186+/-102 (44%). There were no significant differences across countries in appetite ratings. DISCUSSION: A prior intervention with whole peanuts reported a dietary compensation score of 66% over 8 weeks, this compares to a 46% compensation score observed with peanut oil. Our data suggests that the lipid fraction in peanuts elicits a weak effect on satiety.

Oil quality and sugar content of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) grown in Argentina: their relationship with climatic variables and seed yield.

The ratio of oleic to linoleic acids (O/L) and the tocopherol content are important features in determining peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed shelf life. Soluble carbohydrates are known to be important precursors in roasted peanut flavor. The chemical qualities of Argentine grain are different from those of other countries, but no previous studies that associate grain quality and environmental parameters have been performed. Relationships were determined between O/L, tocopherol and sugar contents, and variations in temperature and rainfall during the grain filling period of Florman INTA peanuts. Dry seed yield was used as another explanatory variable. Multiple regression procedure gave mean temperature (positive coefficient) and total precipitation (negative coefficient) as the explanatory variables for variations in O/L. Total precipitation and dry seed yield (both negative coefficients) were found to be predictor variables for tocopherol and sugar contents. Total precipitation was an explanatory variable included in all of the linear regression models obtained in this study.

Death and replacement of uterine epithelial cells during oil-induced deciduoma development in the mouse.

BACKGROUND: A decidual cell reaction can be induced in rodent endometrium by an intrauterine injection of oil. The epithelial lining is thought to be instrumental to transduce intralumenal stimuli for decidualization. One of the consequences of oil injection is the death of uterine epithelial cells. No information is available on the effect that sustained contact with oil has on the epithelium. METHODS: A decidual cell reaction was induced in 4-day pseudopregnant mice by injection of 30 microliters of arachis oil into the uterine lumen. Samples from the uteri were collected 24, 48, and 72 h after the injection and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after the oil injection, some of the initial modifications of epithelial cell surfaces were very similar to those induced by the contact with the blastocyst during normal pregnancy. Uterine epithelial cells internalized injected oil and many cells were seen in various stages of degeneration. At 48 h, many epithelial cells were detached from the basal lamina. At 72 h, the uterine lining was re-established by flattened cells. CONCLUSIONS: The contact of oil with the uterine epithelium of pseudo pregnant mice induces epithelial cell death in the antimesometrial region of the uterine crypt. There is, however, replacement of epithelial lining by epithelial cells, which probably migrate from the mesometrial region of the crypt. The prolonged presence of oil within the uterine lumen seems to induce cycles of epithelial cell death and replacement.

Neonatal androgen effects on conditioned emotional response extinction of adult rats under various hormonal regimens.

Intact male rats and spayed female rats received 0.5 mg testosterone propionate in the first 24 hours after birth. They were divided into different groups, administered peanut oil, progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and testosterone propionate in adulthood. The animals were conditioned to fear with a shock paired sound. The experimental test consisted of investigating the conditioned emotional response (CER) extinction. It was verified that as to conditioned emotional response extinction, neonatally androgenized males were different from control males; neonatally androgenized females, testosterone propionate treated in adulthood were also different from control females. There was no significant difference between neonatally androgenized females oestradiol benzoate treated in adulthood and their control group. In comparing neonatally androgenized females having different hormonal treatment in adulthood, we verified that testosterone propionate treated females were significantly different from those treated with progesterone. On the other hand, neonatally androgenized females treated with oestradiol benzoate in adulthood were different from those that have had the same hormonal manipulation in neonatal period, but that were injected with progesterone in adulthood. It was concluded that conditioned emotional response extinction is facilitated by neonatal androgenization in non-oestrogenized male and female rats.