Conhecimentos e atitudes de crianças escolares sobre prevenção de acidentes / Knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren about the prevention of accidents

Resumo Os acidentes são frequentes na infância em razão da menor percepção de risco e maior vulnerabilidade à desastres. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os conhecimentos e as atitudes de crianças escolares em relação à prevenção de acidentes e os fatores associados. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e transversal realizado entre novembro e dezembro de 2017 em Simão Dias, Sergipe, Brasil. A partir de cálculo amostral, foram avaliadas por meio de entrevista com uso de imagens ilustrativas 97 crianças escolares de sete a nove anos. Os resultados mostraram que pouco mais da metade das crianças entrevistadas consideram o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual uma forma de prevenir lesões em casos de acidentes (58,8%; n=57), sendo menos frequente entre as que possuíam menor escolaridade (RP: 0,66; IC95%: 0,16-0,99). O conhecimento e/ou uso desses equipamentos foi de 60,8% (n=59) para cinto de segurança, 54,6% (n=53) para capacete, 47,4% (n=46) para joelheira e 40,2% (n=39) para cotoveleira. Em relação às atitudes, 20,6% (n=20) responderam que não há problemas em colocar a mão (sem lavar) sobre o machucado e 12,4% (n=12) em atravessar a rua sem a companhia de um adulto. Concluiu-se que as crianças escolares avaliadas possuem conhecimentos e atitudes equivocadas sobre prevenção de acidentes.

Abstract Accidents are frequent in childhood because of the lower risk perception and greater vulnerability to disasters. This study aimed to analyze the knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren concerning the prevention of accidents and associated factors. This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study conducted in November and December/2017 in Simão Dias, Sergipe, Brazil. Ninety-seven schoolchildren aged between 7 and 9 years of age from a sample calculation were evaluated through interviews with representative images. The results showed that little more than half of the children consider the use of personal protective equipment as a way of preventing injuries in case of accidents (58.8%; n=57), and is infrequent among those with low education level (PR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.16- 0.99). The knowledge or use of this equipment was 60.8% (n=59) for safety belt, 54.6% (n=53) for helmet, 47.4% (n=46) for knee pad and 40.2% (n=39) for elbow support. Regarding attitudes, 20.6% (n=20) answered that there is no problem putting their (unwashed) hand on the wound and 12.4% (n=12) crossing the street accompanied without an adult. It was concluded that the knowledge and attitudes of schoolchildren concerning the prevention of accidents are misguided.

Inventive nesting behaviour in the keyhole wasp Pachodynerus nasidens Latreille (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Australia, and the risk to aviation safety.

The keyhole wasp (Pachodynerus nasidens Latreille 1812), a mud-nesting wasp native to South and Central America and the Caribbean, is a relatively recent (2010) arrival in Australia. In its native range it is known to use man-made cavities to construct nests. A series of serious safety incidents Brisbane Airport related to the obstruction of vital airspeed measuring pitot probes on aircraft possibly caused by mud-nesting wasps, prompted an assessment of risk. An experiment was designed to determine the species responsible, the types of aircraft most affected, the seasonal pattern of potential risk and the spatial distribution of risk on the airport. A series of replica pitot probes were constructed using 3D-printing technology, representing aircraft with high numbers of movements (landings and take-offs), and mounted at four locations at the airport. Probes were monitored for 39 months. Probes blocked by mud nesting wasps were retrieved and incubated in mesh bags. Emerging wasps were identified to species. Results show that all nests in probes were made by P. nasidens, and peak nesting occurs in the summer months. Nesting success (as proportion of nests with live adult emergents) was optimal between 24 and 31°C and that probes with apertures of more than 3 mm diameter are preferred. Not all areas on the airport are affected equally, with the majority of nests constructed in one area. The proportion of grassed areas within 1000 m of probes was a significant predictor of nesting, and probe volume may determine the sex of emerging wasps.

Speech Analysis for Fatigue and Sleepiness Detection of a Pilot.

BACKGROUND: Mental fatigue and sleepiness are well recognized determinants of human-error related accidents and incidents in aviation. In Brazil, according to the Center for Investigation and Prevention of Aeronautical Accidents (CENIPA), the rate of accidents in the aerial modal is 1 per 2 d. Human factors are present in 90% of these accidents.CASE REPORT: This paper describes a retrospective study of the communication between a pilot and an air traffic control tower just before a fatal accident. The objective was the detection of fatigue and sleepiness of a pilot, who complained of these signs and symptoms before the flight, by means of voice and speech analysis. The in-depth accident analysis performed by CENIPA indicated that sleepiness and fatigue most likely contributed to the accident. Speech samples were analyzed for two conditions: 1) nonsleepy data recorded 35 h before the air crash (control condition), which were compared with 2) data from samples collected about 1 h before the accident and also during the disaster (sleepy condition). Audio recording analyses provided objective measures of the temporal organization of speech, such as hesitations, silent pauses, prolongation of final syllables, and syllable articulation rate.DISCUSSION: The results showed that speech during the day of the accident had significantly low elocution and articulation rates compared to the preceding day, also indicating that the methodology adopted in this study is feasible for detection of fatigue and sleepiness through speech analysis.de Vasconcelos CA, Vieira MN, Kecklund G, Yehia HC. Speech analysis for fatigue and sleepiness detection of a pilot. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(4):415-418.

Acidentes com aeronaves especializadas em aplicações aéreas na agricultura / Accidents involving specialized aircraft in agriculture aerial spraying

O grande desafio para a prática da aviação agrícola tem sido evitar acidentes. Ainda que haja progresso tecnológico e elevados recursos destinados à segurança, acidentes continuam acontecendo. O artigo analisa a influência e ocorrência dos fatores em acidentes aeroagrícolas ocorridos no Brasil recentemente. Com base em pesquisas e trabalhos técnico-científicos elaborados por pesquisadores e autoridades de aviação, são avaliadas as recomendações direcionadas para reduzir os riscos inerentes a esta modalidade de aviação. Os principais fatores responsáveis pelos acidentes normalmente são erros de operação, manobras e falta de manutenção que ocasionam colisões de voo, falhas do motor e perda de altitude. A qualificação e conscientização do profissional convergem para o sucesso do piloto aeroagrícola na detecção de perigos inerentes ou esporádicos nos diversos sistemas envolvidos.

The great challenge for the practice of agricultural aviation has been to avoid accidents. Although, there are technological progress and high resources for safety, accidents continue to occur. The objective of this research was to analyze the influence and occurrence of factors in agricultural aviation accidents in Brazil recently. Based on research and technical - scientific papers written by researchers and aviation authorities, recommendations directed towards reducing the risks associated with this aircraft modality are assessed. The main factors responsible for accidents are normally operational errors and maneuvers that cause flight collisions, engine failures and altitude loss. Professional awareness and qualification converge towards the success of the agricultural pilot in the detection of inherent dangers or occasional in the various systems involved.

Acidentes com aeronaves especializadas em aplicações aéreas na agricultura / Accidents involving specialized aircraft in agriculture aerial spraying

O grande desafio para a prática da aviação agrícola tem sido evitar acidentes. Ainda que haja progresso tecnológico e elevados recursos destinados à segurança, acidentes continuam acontecendo. O artigo analisa a influência e ocorrência dos fatores em acidentes aeroagrícolas ocorridos no Brasil recentemente. Com base em pesquisas e trabalhos técnico-científicos elaborados por pesquisadores e autoridades de aviação, são avaliadas as recomendações direcionadas para reduzir os riscos inerentes a esta modalidade de aviação. Os principais fatores responsáveis pelos acidentes normalmente são erros de operação, manobras e falta de manutenção que ocasionam colisões de voo, falhas do motor e perda de altitude. A qualificação e conscientização do profissional convergem para o sucesso do piloto aeroagrícola na detecção de perigos inerentes ou esporádicos nos diversos sistemas envolvidos.(AU)

The great challenge for the practice of agricultural aviation has been to avoid accidents. Although, there are technological progress and high resources for safety, accidents continue to occur. The objective of this research was to analyze the influence and occurrence of factors in agricultural aviation accidents in Brazil recently. Based on research and technical - scientific papers written by researchers and aviation authorities, recommendations directed towards reducing the risks associated with this aircraft modality are assessed. The main factors responsible for accidents are normally operational errors and maneuvers that cause flight collisions, engine failures and altitude loss. Professional awareness and qualification converge towards the success of the agricultural pilot in the detection of inherent dangers or occasional in the various systems involved.(AU)

Human identification through the analysis of smile photographs.

The comparison between antemortem and portmortem data comprehends the basis of the dental identification process. High-tech devices allow for optimal manipulation of postmortem data. However, in especial situations, the victims do not have records of dental treatments, making necessary the search for antemortem data from personal belongings. Smile photographs are one of the most common sources of dental information detected from personal belongings. In this context, the present study reports a forensic case in which a charred body was positively identified through the application of 3 techniques for the analysis of smile photographs.

Cuando la humillación se convierte en accidente: las condiciones laborales de los pilotos en Brasil / When humiliation becomes an accident: working conditions of commercial pilots in Brazil

Este trabajo es parte de una breve discusión de las condiciones y organización del trabajo de los pilotos de aviones en Brasil, teniendo en cuenta sus implicaciones para la salud de esos trabajadores que están inmersos en una “crisis de la aviación”, hoy llamada “crisis aérea”. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, desarrollado bajo la lógica del método histórico y dialéctico, que capta lo real con su dinamismo. Es un estudio teórico, analítico y empírico respecto de la crisis en la aviación comercial brasileña, desde el punto de vista y la percepción de los pilotos del avión. Abarca, también, el análisis de las condiciones y de la organización de esos profesionales y las consecuencias en la “crisis de la aviación”. Varias investigaciones e intervenciones han sido llevadas a cabo con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones y la organización del trabajo. Sin embargo, aún se hace necesario emprender más estudios de esa magnitud, para poder entender mejor el contenido simbólico existente entre las relaciones subjetivas del trabajador con la actividad que desarrolla, la humillación (relación esa que puede ocultar incidentes provocadores de graves accidentes) y el desgaste generado por la actividad y sus efectos en la salud física y mental de las personas. Esa es la intención al proponer este trabajo.

This study is a brief reflection on the working conditions and organization of Brazilian aircraft pilots, in the context of their health implications for these workers, who are currently immersed in the so-called “air crisis”. It is a qualitative study carried out using the dialectical historical method, which captures reality through its dynamics. It is a theoretical and empirical study that analyzes the crisis in the Brazilian commercial aviation sector through the perceptions of aircraft pilots. It is also an analysis of the working conditions and organization of these professionals and the implications for the so-called “aviation crisis”. Several studies and interventions have been conducted aimed at both improving productivity and work conditions / work organization. However, it is still necessary to advance research aimed at better understanding the symbolic content of work and workers’ subjective relationships with their activity, the humiliation (leading to concealment of incidents that may become severe accidents) and the wear generated by the activity and its effects on physical and mental health. This is our intention in proposing this work.

EMS response to an airliner crash.

This report of an aircraft crash at a major airport in Kingston, Jamaica examines the response of the local Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Factors that impacted the response are discussed, and the need for more disaster simulation exercises is highlighted. The objective of this case report was to document the response of EMS personnel to the crash of American Airlines Flight 331, and to utilize the information to examine and improve the present protocol. While multiple errors can occur during a mass-casualty event, these can be reduced by frequent simulation exercises during which various personnel practice and learn designated roles. Efficient triage, proper communication, and knowledge of the roles are important in ensuring the best possible outcome. While the triage system and response of the EMS personnel were effective for this magnitude of catastrophe, more work is needed in order to meet predetermined standards. Ways in which this can be overcome include: (1) hosting more disaster simulation exercises; (2) encouraging more involvement with first responders; and (3) strengthening the links in the local EMS system. Vigorous public education must be instituted and maintained.

Analysis of the work of air traffic controllers of the approach control area (APP) of Porto Alegre, Brazil.

This article presents a study on the activities of the air traffic controllers of the Approach Control Area (APP) of Porto Alegre, Brazil, in different real scenarios. Based on interviews, questionnaires and the analysis of film of real scenes, the following were identified and analyzed: i) the perceptions of risk and complexity of the different air traffic scenes observed; ii) the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy and attention dynamics) involved in the task and iii) the perception of the controller's workload. The results showed that the task complexity depends on the weather conditions, the number and type of aircraft in observation and that the controllers perceive the scenes in a similar way irrespective of their time in the profession and the type of control (radar or coordination). Attention is the cognitive factor with the greatest impact on the work and mental demand has the greatest impact on workload followed by time demand. The literature on the controllers work in Brazil is scarce and, therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the work in one APP in order to promote future changes in the very problematic Brazilian air traffic system.

Air accident investigation among regulatory agencies.

The aim of this manuscript is to describe and compare regulatory aviation agencies according to their subordination and attributions to investigate air accidents. Possible consequences in identifying the contributory factors are also presented. Distinct procedures investigating air accidents among agencies lead to a lack of standardization of the statistics, making it difficult to analyze the data globally. Separately the information does not configure the entire scenario of what occurred, affecting the analysis and subsequent interventions. We recommend a joint and collaborative work between the different committees that operate in the investigation of air accidents.

The passing of the shift in aircraft maintenance--a task that produces deaths.

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and installation of an operational component, the second round was then reinstall the faulty component, not realizing he had information about the problem attached.

Automation under suspicion--case flight AF-447 Air France.

The probes allow the pilot to control the aircraft speed was essential to the balance of the flight. Opinions of experts who claim that "the design of the plane would have exercised a not inconsiderable role in the occurrence of a disaster." These messages revealed a series of important operating errors in a zone of turbulence, "making the plane uncontrollable, leading to a rapid depressurization device, according to these reports. A lawsuit in Toulouse and in Brazil aims to recognition of the liability of Air France and Airbus not insignificant role in the design and operation of the aircraft in the event of catastrophe. Opinions are taken from senior pilots that no commercial aviation training for certain situations abnormal flight that, if realized, could have influenced the pilots of the AF-447 to remove the plane's fatal dive show what experiments performed in simulators for military pilots, who are permanently subject to critical flight situations.

Modeling activities in air traffic control systems: antecedents and consequences of a mid-air collision.

In this article we present a model of some functions and activities of the Brazilian Air traffic Control System (ATS) in the period in which occurred a mid-air collision between flight GLO1907, a commercial aircraft Boeing 737-800, and flight N600XL, an executive jet EMBRAER E-145, to investigate key resilience characteristics of the ATM. Modeling in some detail activities during the collision and related them to overall behavior and antecedents that stress the organization uncover some drift into failure mechanisms that erode safety defenses provided by the Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), enabling a mid-air collision to be happen.

Cognition and asynchronous distribution between human and machine building accidents.

The creation of meaning in communication is a trading activity, resulting from the construction that is born of the interaction between subjects. That is, the meaning is not inherent to the relationship between words, signs and symbols that arise from negotiating a necessary and unavoidable. As the concepts of sense as discrete and static representations imply a notion of classical computing and design of a cognitive system corresponding conceptions of meaning construction as located and shared among agents implies notions of different computing and cognition. Several efforts have been developed to meet these demands. Among them are the Connectionism (also known as neural networks. Records on aspects of mental health and stress of flight professionals are present in the official reports of the organs of investigation of aviation accidents worldwide since its inception. Problems related to health physical and mental health of pilots (fatigue, stress, physiological and psychosocial problems) account for 19% of causal factors in aircraft accidents. The training seems a paradox when we know that these professionals receive regular training, have high education and technical training of high level. However, problems arise related to the implementation of learning that can be influenced to reduce their cognitive capacity, making it in practice, relatively unable to exercise its functions effectively and safely.

Helicopter crashes related to oil and gas operations in the Gulf of Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: The hazards inherent in flight operations in the Gulf of Mexico prompted investigation of the number and circumstances of crashes related to oil and gas operations in the region. METHODS: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database was queried for helicopter crashes during 1983 through 2009 related to Gulf of Mexico oil or gas production. The crashes were identified based on word searches confirmed by a narrative statement indicating that the flight was related to oil or gas operations. RESULTS: During 1983-2009, the NTSB recorded a total of 178 helicopter crashes related to oil and gas operations in the Gulf of Mexico, with an average of 6.6 crashes per year (5.6 annually during 1983-1999 vs. 8.2 during 2000-2009). The crashes resulted in a total of 139 fatalities, including 41 pilots. Mechanical failure was the most common precipitating factor, accounting for 68 crashes (38%). Bad weather led to 29 crashes (16%), in which 40% of the 139 deaths occurred. Pilot error was cited by the NTSB in 83 crashes (47%). After crashes or emergency landings on water, 15 helicopters sank when flotation devices were not activated automatically or by pilots. DISCUSSION: Mechanical failure, non-activation of flotation, and pilot error are major problems to be addressed if crashes and deaths in this lethal environment are to be reduced.

Fatores contribuintes aos acidentes aeronáuticos / Factores contribuyentes de accidentes aeronáuticos / Contributive factors to aviation accidents

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os resultados de investigações de acidentes aeronáuticos brasileiros do Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos (Cenipa) com os do sistema de análise e classificação de fatores humanos (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System - HFACS). Foram analisados e comparados os relatórios finais de 36 investigações de acidentes aeronáuticos ocorridos entre 2000 e 2005, no estado de São Paulo. Foram mencionados 163 fatores contribuintes dos acidentes aeronáuticos nos relatórios do Cenipa, enquanto 370 foram identificados por meio do HFACS. Conclui-se que as análises do Cenipa não contemplaram fatores organizacionais associados aos acidentes aéreos.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los resultados de investigaciones de accidentes aeronáuticos brasileños del Centro de Investigación y Prevención de Accidentes Aeronáuticos (CENIPA) con los del sistema de análisis y clasificación de factores humanos (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System - HFACS). Se analizaron y compararon los informes finales de 36 investigaciones de accidentes aeronáuticos ocurridos entre 2000 y 2005, en el estado de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. Se mencionaron 163 factores contribuyentes de accidentes aeronáuticos en los informes del CENIPA, mientras que 370 fueron identificados por medio del HFACS. Se concluye que los análisis del CENIPA no contemplaron factores organizacionales asociados con los accidentes aéreos.

Contributive factors to aviation accidents.

The objective of the study was to compare the results of aviation accident analyses performed by the Center for Investigation and Prevention of Aviation Accidents (CENIPA) with the method Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). The final reports of thirty-six general aviation accidents occurring between 2000 and 2005 in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil were analyzed and compared. CENIPA reports mentioned 163 contributive factors, while HFACS identified 370 factors. It was concluded that CENIPA reports did not contemplate the organizational factors associated with aviation accidents.